Pavoninins: shark-repelling ichthyotoxins from the defense secretion of the pacific sole

A series of ichthyotoxic and hemolytic steroid aminoglycosides, pavoninins-1, to -6, has been isolated from the defense secretion of the sole Pardachirus pavoninus, and their respective chemical structures have been established by spectroscopic studies and chemical conversions. The pavoninins exert repellent activity against sharks and are considered to be the factors responsible for the predator-repelling property of the sole.     

对虾抗菌肽Penaeidins的研究进展

抗菌肽广泛存在于自然界中，在寄主先天性免疫机制中占有重要地位。尽管已经对其他节肢动物(包括昆虫和螯肢动物)体内的大量抗菌肽进行了研究鉴定，对甲壳动物体内分离出来的抗菌肽的研究报道却较少。Penaeidins是从南美白对虾血液中分离出来的一组抗菌肽。本文介绍了Penaeidins的结构、抗菌属性、免疫功能以及受到微生物刺激时Penaeidin基因的表达和Penaeidins的分布，并且对Penaeidins以及其他抗菌肽在水产动物疾病防治中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Antibody combining site: the B polypeptide chain

The antibody molecule consists of several polypeptide chains. Peptides, which appear to have been derived from the binding region of the rabbitantibody molecule directed against pazobenzenearsonate, have been isolated. The particular polypeptide chain from which these peptides are derived has now been identified as the B chain described by Fleischman, Pain, and Porter.     

Coherin: a new peptide of the bovine neurohypophysis with activity on gastrointestinal motility

A factor with potent activity in the regulation of mammalian gastrointestinal motor function has been isolated from the bovine posterior pituitary gland by a process allowing minimal dissociation of neurophysin-bound complexes and the separation of free unbound peptides. This substance alters the frequency, amplitude, rhythm, and duration of peristaltic contraction.     

Phytochelatins: the principal heavy-metal complexing peptides of higher plants

A set of novel heavy-metal complexing peptides was isolated from plant cell suspension cultures; the structure of the peptides was established as (gamma-glutamic acid-cysteine)n-glycine (n = 3 to 7). These peptides appear upon induction of plant cells with heavy metals and represent the principal metal-binding activities in the cells. The name phytochelatin is proposed for this new class of natural products.     

贻贝抗菌肽的分离纯化

[目的]从贻贝中提取具有抗菌作用的多肽。[方法]以紫贻贝为原料,采用0.5%的乙酸直接提取方式提取抗菌肽,再经过Sephacryl S-100聚丙烯酰胺凝胶色谱进行纯化,收集各馏分并用滤纸片扩散法测定其抗菌活性及对各种细菌的最低抑菌浓度,使用SDS-PAGE测定抗菌肽的分子质量,测定其在100℃条件下不同处理时间和不同pH条件下抗菌活性的变化。[结果]使用0.5%的乙酸作为提取液粗提取抗菌肽具有较高的提取效率,使用Sephacryl S-100纯化抗菌肽,可将抗菌肽纯化为单一物质。分离纯化出的贻贝抗菌肽具有较强的抗菌性,分子质量为5 908,且具有耐高温、耐酸碱的性质。[结论]该研究为抗菌肽的大规模生产奠定了基础。     

In situ hybridization to study the origin and fate of identified neurons

Egg-laying behavior in Aplysia is mediated by a set of peptides, including egg-laying hormone (ELH), which are released by a cluster of identified neurons, the bag cells. A family of neuropeptide genes which includes the gene encoding ELH along with two additional genes encoding the A and B peptides thought to initiate the egg-laying process has been isolated and their nucleotide sequence has been determined. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence was used to explore the origin and distribution of the neurons that express this family of genes. The ELH genes are expressed, not only in the bag cells, but in an extensive system of neurons distributed in four of the five ganglia of the central nervous system. The genes for ELH are expressed in these cells early in the animal's life cycle. As a result, it was possible to use in situ hybridization to trace the cells expressing ELH to their site of origin. The cells originate outside the central nervous system in the ectoderm of the body wall and appear to migrate to their final locations within the central nervous system by crawling along strands of connective tissue.     

土壤中降解甲磺隆除草剂的微生物的分离与筛选

以甲磺隆为唯一碳源，从经甲磺隆驯化的华家池潮土分离到细菌4株，真菌9株和放线菌20株。根据分离微生物的最大忍耐浓度和甲磺隆降解速率，筛选出其中的最优菌株F7（简称优选菌株），并初步鉴定为青霉属（Penicillium sp.)。     

烤烟根际土壤产普鲁兰酶菌株的分离鉴定及产酶活性

通过以支链淀粉为碳源的初筛分离培养和以普鲁兰糖为惟一碳源的鉴别复筛,从浓香型烤烟根际土壤中分离到一株具有产普鲁兰酶活性的菌株,编号为CLM2。通过形态特征、生化特性和16S r DNA序列分析及系统发育进化树的构建,确定CLM2隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),暂命名为Bacillus sp.CLM2。在以玉米淀粉为碳源、35℃、180 r/min条件下的发酵历程中,发酵54 h时普鲁兰酶活力达到最大值,为4.3 U/m L。     

一株异养氨氧化青霉（Penicillium sp.）特性研究

[目的]对分离自鸡粪好氧堆肥的一株氨氧化青霉(Penicillium sp.)M25-22进行异养氨氧化特性的研究,为该菌在鸡粪等固体废弃物好氧堆肥过程中的应用提供依据.[方法]在以铵盐为唯一氮源的培养基中,研究该菌生成亚硝酸盐氮与硝酸盐氮的能力;调整培养基的碳源种类、氮源种类、蔗糖浓度、铵态氮浓度、pH和培养温度等,研究环境条件对该菌氨氧化能力的影响.[结果]该菌在以铵盐为唯一氮源的培养基中,菌体生长量及铵态氮利用率在1-5 d迅速增加;硝酸盐氮浓度3-5 d上升迅速,以后维持在1.1-1.2 μg·mL~(-1);同时有少量亚硝酸盐氮生成.该菌在以葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉或纤维素为唯一碳源的培养基中均进行异养氨氧化,能氧化硫酸铵、蛋白胨、乙酰胺、尿素或L-天冬氨酸中的负三价氮,其中可溶性淀粉、纤维素、蛋白胨等缓效碳、氮源更有利.该菌在以蔗糖为唯一碳源、铵盐为唯一氮源的培养基中,异养氨氧化的最适条件为,蔗糖浓度12 g·L~(-1)、铵态氮浓度2.438 mg·mL~(-1)、pH 7.5和培养温度30℃.[结论]M25-22存在细菌的无机氮氧化途径,且能将生成的亚硝酸盐氮迅速氧化为硝酸盐氮,其氨氧化作用属于次级代谢.该菌能以多种有机物为碳源进行异养氨氧化,能氧化多种氮源中的负三价氮素,且在高有机物,高铵态氮浓度下表现出较强的异养氨氧化能力,因而在鸡粪等固体废弃物的好氧堆肥实践中具有应用价值.     

润滑油降解菌的筛选及其alkB基因的PCR分析

从重庆地区受润滑油污染的酸性土壤中筛选润滑油降解菌,采用形态学和16srDNA分析鉴定其分类地位,研究它们以润滑油作为唯一碳源的生长能力,并对其烷烃羟化酶基因(alkB)进行了PCR分析.从污染的土壤样品中分离出11株细菌.用酶法检测和干重法检测发现9株细菌均能分解利用润滑油,16srDNA分析表明这些菌分属Pseudomonas,Cupriavidus,Bacillus,Acinetobacter,Stenotrophomonas.对这些菌株的PCR分析发现其alkB基因扩增片段大小介干160和400 bp之间.     

一株石油降解菌Lysinibacillus fusiformis 23-1的筛选鉴定及原油降解特性

石油泄露造成了严重的环境问题和重大经济损失,微生物修复是解决石油污染的最为有效的途径。从青藏高原石油污染土样筛选产生物表面活性剂的低温石油降解菌,并研究了该菌株对石油的乳化性能、降解特性、降解条件以及对不同碳链烃类的利用。本实验用血平板法分离到一株产表面活性剂石油降解菌23-1,形态学和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定其为纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis 23-1),比色法测定该菌株的乳化性能为19.6%,超声波法测定乳化稳定性为37.5%,表明其能够降低油水界面张力,具有增溶作用。质量法测定L. fusiformis 23-1对石油的降解率为57%,适宜降解条件为:初始pH为7.5,温度为25 ℃,培养8 d后获得最佳降解效果。GC-MS方法测定该菌株的石油降解特性,结果表明,该菌对石油中不同碳链的烃类降解能力不同。L. fusiformis 23-1能产表面活性剂,具有较强的降解石油能力,可用于石油污染修复。     

一株纤维素降解菌的筛选及其产酶条件优化

从长期富含枯枝落叶的土壤和造纸厂排污口污泥中分离筛选到一株能降解纤维素的放线菌,对其在以羧甲基纤维素为惟一碳源的产酶培养基上进行产酶条件研究,结果表明,该菌产酶较合适的温度是28℃,培养基起始pH值是7.0,接种培养24 h的种子液产酶量较高,以2%的接种量接种酶活较高,其在优化条件下的酶活可达到44.76 U/mL。     

沙冬青根瘤菌表型特征和16SrDNAPCR-RFLP分析

应用表型数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP 分析方法,对分离自宁夏和内蒙古部分地区的沙冬青根瘤菌进行表型和遗传多样性研究.通过分离纯化获得44株供试根瘤菌,选取37株未知菌和11株参比菌株进行唯一碳氮源利用、抗生素和染料抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、生长温度范围和脲酶共94项生理生化性状测定,以及16S rDNA 基因扩增和扩增产物的限制性酶切分析.结果表明,沙冬青根瘤菌在碳源利用、抗生素敏感性和染料抗性方面存在差异;对15项所选氨基酸氮源均能利用,无明显差异;具有较强的耐盐碱和耐高温能力.经过数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP比较分析,测试菌株具有丰富的表型和遗传多样性.测试菌株和参比菌株在80%的相似水平上产生2个表观群,表观群I和表观群II在鉴别特征上存在差异.数值分类中聚群的根瘤菌菌株在16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析中也聚群,2种分析方法有基本的一致性.     

Sex stimulant and attractant in the Indian meal moth and in the almond moth

cis-9, trans-12-Tetradecadien-1-yl acetate was isolated from the female Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and the female almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). It is the major if not the sole component of the sex stimulatory and attractant pheromone of female Plodia. It is present in the pheromone of the female Cadra along with at least one synergist.     

普施特优势降解细菌的筛选与鉴定

从普施特生产厂的污泥和长期施用普施特的土壤中筛选获得了4株能以普施特为唯一碳源生长,且对普施特具有较好降解功能的细菌(降解率均在80%以上)。对其进行形态特征、生理生化及16SrDNA序列分析。结果表明,zx2和zx7为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp).,zx5是产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae bacterium)细菌,zx6是无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)。     

Alignment of rat cardionatrin sequences with the preprocardionatrin sequence from complementary DNA

Mammalian atria contain peptides that promote the excretion of salt and water from the kidney. When rat atrial tissue is extracted under conditions known to inhibit proteolysis, four natriuretic peptides, cardionatrins I to IV, are consistently isolated. These peptides derive from a common precursor, preprocardionatrin, of 152 amino acids, whose sequence was determined by DNA sequencing of a complementary DNA clone. Amino acid sequencing located the start points of cardionatrins I, III, and IV in the overall sequence. Cardionatrin IV most closely resembles procardionatrin because it begins immediately after the signal sequence at residue 25. Cardionatrin III begins at residue 73, and cardionatrin I, sequenced previously, begins at residue 123. Compositional analysis indicated that each of these cardionatrins extends up to tyrosine at position 150 but lacks the terminal two arginine residues.     

鸡小肠抗菌肽的提取及对肉鸡生产性能的影响

将新鲜鸡小肠超声破碎,经高温处理、5%乙酸浸提后,得到鸡小肠抗菌肽粗制品。将鸡小肠抗菌肽粗制品分别按0.05%,0.10%和0.20%的比例添加到肉鸡的基础日粮中,以研究其对肉鸡生产性能的影响,结果显示,该抗菌肽对肉鸡具有显著增加质量的作用,并能提高饲料转化率,其中,以添加0.10%的试验组效果最好。所提取的抗菌肽具有显著促进肉鸡生产性能的效果。     

硫丹降解菌H082的分离、筛选和抑菌性能研究

从土壤中分离到一株能以硫丹为唯一硫源生长的真菌H082,通过形态学观察初步鉴定为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)。采用高效液相色谱法测定了H082对硫丹的降解性能,并明确了其抗菌谱。结果表明:H082在7 d内对100 mg/L硫丹的降解率大于95%,H082对多种植物病原真菌有抑制作用。     

酵母菌S-2对草甘膦除草剂的降解特性

[目的]从福建三农集团污水处理池的活性污泥中分离草甘膦降解菌株,研究其降解特性。[方法]采用富集驯化和选择性培养,分离能以草甘膦为唯一碳源、氮源的酵母菌S-2,对其降解特性进行了研究。[结果]适宜菌株S-2生长和获得最佳降解率的条件为：接种量4%、pH值7.0、温度30℃、转速130～160r/min。[结论]该研究为草甘膦的生物降解与污染土壤的生物修复提供必要的参考。