武夷菌素生物合成调控基因wysPIII的功能

为了深入研究武夷菌素生物合成调控机理,通过筛选对武夷菌素产量有影响的基因,明确基因的功能,利用分子育种技术来获得武夷菌素高产菌株。本研究通过基因敲除和过表达技术,获得了wysPⅢ基因的缺失突变株、互补菌株和过表达菌株,验证了该基因在武夷菌素生物合成过程中的功能和武夷菌素产量的关系。结果表明：wysPⅢ基因的过表达菌株生长速率加快,产孢时间提前,而缺失突变株较野生菌株生长变慢,产孢量下降,孢子颜色由正常的深灰色变为灰白色,菌丝变稀疏,但是构建好的菌株与野生型菌株相比,武夷菌素产量没有显著变化。由此可知：wysPⅢ基因调节菌株的生长和产孢特征,而不影响武夷菌素的产量,过表达菌株生长速率加快可缩短武夷菌素发酵时间,降低生产成本。     

武夷菌素部分生物合成基因簇的克隆和分析

不吸水链霉菌武夷变种Streptomyces ahygroscopicus var.wuyiensis CK-15是从福建省武夷山土样中分离得到的一株链霉菌,其代谢产物武夷菌素对果蔬真菌病害具有良好的防治效果,但是因其产量低的缺点限制了武夷菌素工业化生产和农业生产中的应用。为了实现利用基因工程培育高产新菌株的目标,首先要获得武夷菌素的生物合成基因。根据大环内酯类抗生素聚酮合成酶基因设计引物筛选菌株CK-15的基因组文库,共获得9个阳性克隆。克隆和测序获得3个较长scaffold片段,序列总长度达53.291 kb,其中包含了14个可能阅读框,通过同源比对证实该序列与S.noursei ATCC 11455的制霉素生物合成基因有很高的同源性。本研究为进一步研究武夷菌素生物合成基因的功能,并通过基因工程培育高产新菌株奠定了基础。     

武夷菌素生物合成调控基因wysPⅢ的功能

为了深入研究武夷菌素生物合成调控机理,通过筛选对武夷菌素产量有影响的基因,明确基因的功能,利用分子育种技术来获得武夷菌素高产菌株。本研究通过基因敲除和过表达技术,获得了wysPⅢ基因的缺失突变株、互补菌株和过表达菌株,验证了该基因在武夷菌素生物合成过程中的功能和武夷菌素产量的关系。结果表明:wysPⅢ基因的过表达菌株生长速率加快,产孢时间提前,而缺失突变株较野生菌株生长变慢,产孢量下降,孢子颜色由正常的深灰色变为灰白色,菌丝变稀疏,但是构建好的菌株与野生型菌株相比,武夷菌素产量没有显著变化。由此可知:wysPⅢ基因调节菌株的生长和产孢特征,而不影响武夷菌素的产量,过表达菌株生长速率加快可缩短武夷菌素发酵时间,降低生产成本。     

武夷菌素产生菌CK-15中转录调控因子wysR3的功能研究

wys R3是武夷菌素产生菌Streptomyces ahygroscopicus var.wuyiensis CK-15中可能的调控因子。为了验证wys R3是否参与武夷菌素生物合成基因的转录调节,构建了用于过表达wys R3的基因重组质粒p SETC-R,并通过接合转移的方法转化至武夷菌素产生菌S.wuyiensis CK-15中,构建过表达菌株。过表达菌株生长速度明显缓慢;通过摇瓶发酵和HPLC检测分析发现,武夷菌素产量与野生型菌株相比没有发生明显变化;DNS法测定发酵液中糖含量也没有发生明显变化,说明该基因与武夷菌素的产量和糖含量在该种条件下没有直接关系,但是影响菌株表型生长。     

武夷菌素产生菌阻断突变株的筛选及分析

以不吸水链霉菌武夷变种Streptomyces ahygroscopicus var.wuyiensis为出发菌株,分别用亚硝基胍、氯化锂、微波为单一诱变剂,亚硝基胍和氯化锂为复合诱变剂进行处理,从亚硝基胍处理的菌株中筛选到1株丧失抑菌活性且性状稳定的突变株N1。突变株孢子丝为长螺旋形,孢子呈椭圆形,与出发菌株相比,在形态上没有显著变化且产孢量无变化。突变株的抑菌活性发生了显著变化,对所有8种供试菌株均无抑制作用。HPLC结果显示与出发菌株不同,突变株中抗生素的特征峰消失。本研究为今后开展武夷菌素合成途径和生物合成基因研究奠定基础。     

武夷菌素产品的创制与应用

武夷菌素是具有我国自主知识产权的生物农药,先后创制了1％、2％、3％武夷菌素系列产品.作为一种低毒、高效、广谱的核苷类微生物次级代谢产物,对多种作物的真菌性病害具有很好的防治效果.本文总结了四十年来,武夷菌素在产品创制、高产菌株选育、发酵工艺、提取工艺以及田间应用等方面的研究进展,展望了武夷菌素产业化发展过程中存在的问...     

链霉菌S10遗传操作系统的优化

链霉菌StreptomycespratensisS10是分离自番茄叶霉病异常菌落上的一株生防菌,具有良好的生防应用价值。建立高效稳定的遗传操作系统对该生防菌进行基因定向改造、提高基因表达水平及深入研究其生防分子机制具有重要意义。本试验以具有安普霉素抗性基因标记的温敏型质粒pKC1139为载体,大肠杆菌Escherichia coli ET12567(pUZ8002)为供体菌,链霉菌S10为受体菌,通过接合转移的方法对其遗传操作系统进行优化。结果表明,选择高氏一号培养基为链霉菌S10接合转移的最适培养基,孢子50℃热激10 min,最适供受体比为1:100,安普霉素添加的最适浓度为25μg/mL,接合转移16 h后覆盖抗生素,添加MgCl2终浓度为15 mmol/L时接合转移效率最高,达到8.3×10-7。利用该遗传转化系统成功得到了一个调控基因的双交换突变株。获得链霉菌S10稳定高效的遗传操作系统,为进一步构建高产菌株和研究抑菌活性物质合成机理奠定了基础。     

武夷菌素可溶性粉剂的研究

比较研究了凹凸棒土、高岭土、硅藻土和水合二氧化硅等载体对武夷菌素发酵液的吸附性能;阴离子表面活性剂萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物(NNO)、高分子接枝磺酸盐GY-JZH-A、高分子羧酸盐聚合物GY-D02和聚环氧乙烷环氧丙烷醚CY-JM6180等助剂对武夷菌素可溶性粉剂配方的分散性、润湿性和悬浮率的影响;不同助剂对武夷菌素可溶性粉剂的生物学效果的影响.结果表明,水合二氧化硅对武夷菌素发酵液的饱和吸附量为3.52ml/g,最适合用于吸附武夷菌素发酵液以制备高含量的可溶性粉剂;采用聚环氧乙烷环氧丙烷醚GY-JM6180为助剂,配制的2%武夷菌素可溶性粉剂分散性好,悬浮率高,以稀释300倍液喷雾,其对小麦白粉病的防治效果达73.7%,而1%武夷菌素发酵液稀释150倍喷雾对小麦白粉病的防治效果仅为31.5%.在综合以上研究的基础上,研究出了2%武夷菌素可溶性粉剂的最优配方.     

武夷菌素防治大豆菌核病的作用机制

武夷菌素是一种核苷类农用抗生素,具有高效、广谱、低毒等优点,对大豆菌核病具有良好的防治效果。武夷菌素防治大豆菌核病包括抑制核盘菌和诱导大豆抗病性两方面的作用。本文分别从核盘菌生长发育、生理毒性和基因表达三个层面介绍了武夷菌素抑制核盘菌的作用机制,同时,从植物防御过程中的胼胝质沉积、防御相关酶活变化和激素信号传导途径三方面综述了武夷菌素诱导大豆抗病的作用机制。此外,本文分析并展望了今后深入研究武夷菌素防治大豆菌核病作用机制的工作重点。     

丁烯基多杀菌素高产菌株的巴龙霉素抗性筛选

为了提高须糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora pogona的丁烯基多杀菌素产量水平,利用核糖体工程技术,对其进行巴龙霉素抗性筛选,在10×MIC巴龙霉素浓度下,分离得到巴龙霉素自发抗性突变株54株。通过对原始菌株和突变株代谢产物变化的初步研究发现,相比于原始菌株,丁烯基多杀菌素组分在抗性突变株中的合成能力有明显差异,有6株抗性突变株的产量明显高于原始菌株,约20%左右的突变株产量提高,约45%左右的突变株产量降低。其中突变株P-7的丁烯基多杀菌素产量提高幅度最大,相比原始菌株提高2.2倍。对巴龙霉素抗性突变株P-7进行DNA序列分析,在编码核糖体S12蛋白的rps L基因保守区域中发现点突变,第314位的C突变为A,由脯氨酸突变为谷氨酰胺;第320位的C突变为T,由丙氨酸突变为缬氨酸。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.