早春树干液流用于白桦营养诊断的可行性

【目的】探讨树干液流中养分含量用于白桦人工林营养诊断的潜力,探索更经济、方便的树木营养诊断方法。【方法】以12年生白桦人工林为对象,选择地势相对平坦的地块,设立研究样地(30 m×120 m)。随机选择40株生长正常、无病虫害的样木。在完全展叶前采集林木叶片、单株林木所占土体表层土壤、树干液流3种样品,测定养分含量。分析3种样品养分含量与林木长势的相关系数,判定利用树干液流进行营养诊断的可行性。【结果】树干液流元素含量由高到低依次是全碳(TC)(4.03±0.16)g·L^-1、全氮(TN)(60.66±4.02)mg·L^-1、全钾(TK)(34.41±2.14)mg·L^-1、全磷(TP)(5.84±0.52) mg·L^-1。树高与土壤、叶片、树干液流的TC含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),逐步回归分析显示树干液流TC含量对树高的贡献度最大(R²=0.145); 3种诊断材料中仅树干液流的TN、TP含量与胸径呈显著正相关(P<0.05),逐步回归分析中仅树干液流的T...     

白桦枝叶的空间分布及导管特征

分别从8个不同方位测定7株白桦解析木树冠上层、中层和下层一级枝的叶面积、枝长与倾角及其导管直径、管孔密度和导管组织比量。结果表明:叶面积在树冠下层南向最大,上层东北方向最小。枝的数量在树冠下层东向最少,中层北向最多。在树冠下层的东南方向枝最长,东向倾角最大;在树冠上层东北方向,枝最短,倾角最小。导管直径和组织比量是树冠中层西向最大,树冠上层南向最小;管孔密度是树冠下层南向最小,上层西北方向最大。研究结果表明白桦树冠不同部位的叶、枝及其导管特征存在差异。讨论了白桦树冠叶、枝及其导管特征与微环境的关系。     

白桦不同种源苗期生长性状变化初步研究

利用白桦２１个产地的种子育苗，调查苗期２年的苗高，地径等生长指标，采用方差分析和多重比较等方法，首次进行了白不同种源苗期生长性状变异的研究。初步研究结果表明，白桦不同种源在苗期的生长特性方面均存在显著或极显著差异，苗高生长最快的种源与最差种源相比，高出１１８．８４％；地径最粗的种源比最低值种源大５４．３３％。一同参试的光皮桦不能适应北方低温气温气候，于第１年冬季受冻害死亡，垂枝桦适应性较强，苗期生     

杨树木纤维和导管长度沿径向的变异

引言杨树适应性强,生长速度快,采伐周期短,经济效益高,易于繁殖栽培,是我国北方的优选造林树种。杨树有100多个种类。由于立地条件、种类不同,在物理力学性质上有很大差异。因此,对杨树材性进行研究,为合理开发利用杨树人工林资源提供理论参考,这是本项研究的目的。我们选择了黑龙江省分布面积大且具有     

大兴安岭南部天然白桦生长规律研究

通过在3种不同立地条件下白桦天然林内选取标准木进行树干解析,研究不同立地条件下白桦的胸径、树高和材积的生长规律。结果表明:立地条件的好坏与白桦的生长量呈正相关,立地条件好的林木速生期出现早、生长量增速明显,但持续增长的时间较短;立地条件差的林木速生期滞后,生长量增速较缓慢,但持续增长的时间较长。林龄70a的白桦单株树木材积平均生长量仍在持续增长,说明经过多次抚育间伐的林分,其数量成熟年龄远大于行业标准所规定的该树种的林分成熟年龄。     

白桦和新疆杨树干茎流变化规律及与环境因子的关系

对白桦和新疆杨在7～10月的树干茎流速率变化规律及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究,结果表明：白桦的茎流日变化过程呈现单峰曲线,且变幅大,而新疆杨则呈现多峰曲线;茎流速率与环境温度呈显著正相关,与环境湿度呈显著负相关,与大气气压无显著相关性。两树种树干茎流到达峰值的时刻均表现为秋季比夏季晚约1 h,且新疆杨比白桦到达峰值的...     

白桦不同种源苗期生长性状变异初步研究

利用白桦２１个产地的种子育苗，调查苗期２年的苗高、地径等生长指标，采用方差分析和多重比较等方法，首次进行了白桦不同种源苗期生长性状变异的研究。初步研究结果表明，白桦不同种源在苗期的生长特性方面均存在显著或极显著差异。苗高生长最快的种源与最差种源相比，高出１１８．８４％；地径最粗的种源比最低值种源大５４．３３％。一同参试的光皮桦不能适应北方低温气候，于第１年冬季受冻害死亡；垂枝桦适应性较强，苗期生长表现一般。     

哈尔滨市3种阔叶树树干钠镁钙铝径向含量动态特征

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地黄波罗、蒙古栎和白桦为研究对象,分析不同阔叶树树干不同部位Na、Mg、Ca、Al元素径向含量动态变化特征。结果表明,黄波罗、蒙古栎和白桦树干不同高度Na、Mg、Ca、Al元素大多数径向格局呈现最高值出现在2000—2007年间,其他时间段含量较低且变化较为平缓的变化趋势。3个树种不同高度处Ca元素径向变幅最大,Na最小,Mg和Al居中;其中同一树高处蒙古栎Ca、Mg、Al元素径向变幅明显高于黄波罗和白桦。且随着树高升高,各元素径向变幅及不同树种同一元素平均含量差异呈减小趋势。以上树种树干不同部位各元素平均含量表现为:黄波罗Na、Al,白桦Mg元素是其他树种的1.1～2.1倍;各树种Ca元素差异不大,比值在1.1～1.2之间。     

黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林对水质的影响

对黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干茎流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了测定.结果表明:大气降水经过白桦人工林生态系统后,浊度和总溶解固体值逐渐升高.穿透水除Ca元素外,其他化学元素含量均有不同程度的增加,化学元素含量排序为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Mn＞ Fe ＞Zn＞ Cu.树干茎流中各化学元素含量排序为:K＞Ca＞Mg ＞Na＞Fe ＞Mn ＞Zn ＞Cu.地表径流中各化学元素含量为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Fe＞ Mn＞ Zn＞ Cu.除Na、Ca元素外,大气降水中其他元素的变异系数均较大.穿透水和树干茎流中Cu元素的变异系数大于其他元素,地表径流中Zn元素的变异系数最大.根据淋溶系数的大小排列,穿透水中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:Mn＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Na＞ Ca.树干茎流中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:K ＞Mn＞ Mg＞ Fe ＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Ca＞ Na.经过淋洗后,穿透水和树干茎流中K和Mg元素增加较多,Ca元素出现负淋溶.     

大青山米老排树干径向生长变化及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】研究南亚热带大青山林区乡土珍贵树种米老排径向生长日变化特征及对环境因子的响应,为理解米老排生长-气候响应的生理机制、森林培育和保护等提供基础数据。【方法】利用点状树木径向生长变化记录仪对米老排径向生长变化进行连续观测,采用气象站同步测量辐射总量、土壤含水量、相对空气湿度、空气温度等环境因子数据。通过径向生长与环境因子的相关分析,研究米老排生长季第一个高峰期(5月)的不同分化等级径向生长日变化规律、不同天气条件下生长变化及径向生长-环境因子相互关系。【结果】1)不同分化等级米老排5月份的径向生长日变化量优势木(17.08μm)>平均木(13.94μm)>被压木(-1.81μm),差异极显著(P<0.01),且不同阶段的起始时间、阶段时长、变化量也有所不同。2)不同天气条件下,三种分化等级米老排径向日净生长量和日变化幅度均表现为雨天>晴天>阴天,受雨水影响,雨天条件下径向变化量远超其自身生长量;同种天气条件下,径向日净生长量优势木最大,日变化幅度则表现为平均木最大。3)不同分化等级米老排径向生长与相对空气湿度、降雨量呈极显著正相关关系,与气温、总辐射呈极显著负相关关系,而20 cm土壤含水率无显著性相关,且各影响因子均存在不同时间滞后效应。【结论】不同分化等级米老排由于林木生长状况的差异,导致其受到环境因子影响程度的不同,进而使得其径向生长变化量产生差异。     

Growth and stem form changes in Picea abies as affected by stand nutrition

The changes in basal area, volume and tree shape in an ‘optimum fertility trial’ in Norway Spruce were studied after the treatments had been applied for 15 years. There was a marked response to N and a lesser response to P. Increased average tree taper was associated with the N application. Form factors tended to show less change, but, even allowing for tree height responses, there was up to a 10% reduction. Phosphate fertilizer in the presence of N increased form factor slightly; applying a ‘complete’ fertilizer reduced form factor and increased taper while the trees were under about 6 m tall. The use of individual treatment regressions of volume on basal area resulted in increased precision in estimating the volume of individual treatment means.     

Growth,stem quality and nutritional status of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in pure stands and mixtures

The growth, technical quality and nutritional status of pure and mixed silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) plantations were studied 21 and 22 years after planting on afforested organic soil arable land and on upland forest soil. In mixtures, 50% of both birch species was planted. Silver birch trees grew better, but had higher mortality than downy birch trees on both sites. Mortality of both species was highest, and the difference in their growth smallest, on organic soil. In pure stands on organic soil, downy birch dominant height, diameter and mean volume were 96%, 92% and 82% of those of silver birch and on mineral soil 87%, 84% and 60%, correspondingly. On mineral soil, silver birch had a higher mean annual increment (MAI) (5.8 m³ ha^?1a^?1) than downy birch (3.9 m³ ha^?1a^?1), but on organic soil the MAI of both species was similar (3.3–3.4 m³ ha^?1 a^?1). Planting birches in mixture did not affect the growth of the trees on organic soil. On mineral soil, the mean diameter and mean volume of silver birch trees were higher in mixed than in pure plantations. The technical stem quality of both tree species was low. On mineral soils, pure silver birch is more productive than mixture, but on peat soil the higher growth of silver birch could contribute to increased productivity and downy birch would ensure sufficient survival for future timber production.     

Measurement of diurnal changes in stem and branch diameters using strain gauges

The applicability of a strain gauge for monitoring the diurnal changes of tree stem diameters and the differences in diurnal shrinkages between a stem and branches were investigated. Estimates of stem diameter changes obtained by a strain gauge were compared with changes obtained by a differential transformer. Patterns of strain changes obtained by a strain gauge were remarkably similar to the changes in the tree trunk diameter. This results demonstrated that a strain gauge is an effective technique for examining the behavior of changes in tree trunk diameter. Diurnal changes of diameter at various parts of the a tree were also measured with the help of several strain gauges. Diurnal strain changes of a stem and branches showed similar patterns of shrinkage during the day and swelling at night. However, the precise times at which the branches had their maximum and minimum strains differed from those observed in the stem, and the maximum rates of the strain changes lagged behind the stems in a day. These results lead us to believe that there is a time lag in the supply of water, which is required for compensating the water deficit between the stem and its branches. A part of this paper was presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of Japanese Forestry Society (1994).     

杉木容器嫁接苗培育技术

通过对杉木容器嫁接苗培育的试验与生产推广实践,总结出容器制作、基质配比,容器砧木苗定植摆放、嫁接,苗期管理及容器嫁接苗出圃等一整套成功的操作技术。培育出的苗木达到了苗干通直、高度80 cm以上、轻质的理想效果,为新建分步式种子园和原有种子园间伐后补植改造提供了技术保障。     

不同西南桦种源的苗期变异性研究

选择西南桦（ＢｅｔｕｌａａｌｎｏｉｄｅｓＢｕｃｈＨａｍ．）中国分布区内的１３个种源进行苗期对比试验。结果表明：各种源间在种子千粒重、苗木高生长、地径生长、苗木全株生物量方面存在明显的遗传差异;种源内部也存在个体间的遗传差异;经苗期物候观察,各种源除发芽始期遗传差异不明显外,发芽盛期、发芽末期、真叶出现期均存在一定差异。综合苗高、地径、全株生物量等指标,确定云南西畴新马街、西畴莲花塘、腾冲、潞西为苗期生长快、生物量大的种源;云南镇源、屏边、广西田林为苗期生长中等的种源;云南龙陵、景洪、广西平果、凭祥、百色、靖西为苗期生长慢的种源。     

Variability in height growth,survival and nursery carryover effect of Betula papyrifera provenances

Eleven paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) provenances from a single geographic region in northern Idaho and four geographic regions in British Columbia (BC) were studied to determine whether morphometric variability was due to species' genetics, growing environment, or their interaction. Seedlings were grown at three nurseries in BC and Idaho and planted in a randomised single-tree interlocking block design at Skimikin (50°47′) and Red Rock (53°45′) common gardens in BC. Geographic variation in birch height growth was regulated by genetics and a complex interaction with environmental factors. Growth does not follow latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational clines although provenances at the southern garden showed better height growth compared to the northern garden. Greater percentages of seedling mortality were observed at the northern garden compared to provenances planted at the southern garden. Birch height growth was significantly influenced by nursery displacement effects up to four years after establishment. The safe range of southward seed-transfer distance may be as much as 5°, and beyond this limit a detrimental effect likely occurs. Collectively, these results suggest that a provenance best suited to one environment might not be the best for another environment. However, these findings will be useful in understanding the genecology of paper birch when establishing operational seed-transfer guidelines in BC.     

云南松直干、弯干材木材结构比较观察

利用光学显微镜对云南松直干、弯干材木材构造进行解剖学观察，结果表明：弯干材在解剖结构上跟直干材基本保持一致。与直干材相比，弯干材的早材比直干材的早材窄，树脂道多；早、晚材管胞的长度、壁厚、弦向直径差幅分别为：0．14、0．63、4．4、13．56、-0．46、0．81；最大交叉场纹孔数和最大单列射线细胞个数比直干材分别多1个和2个；纺锤形射线高度超出直干材的51．73％。弯干材具有右旋扭转纹。另外，两种材料都是较好的造纸原料，且以弯干材为优。