生物纤维饲料在蛋鸡生产中的应用研究

生物纤维饲料是对玉米淀粉湿磨国工过程中的浸泡液，黄浆和玉米皮渣等副产品经生物发酵方法而形成的一种新型饲料。本文研究了生物纤维饲料在蛋鸡饲养中的饲喂效果。试验表明，半风干生物纤维饲料（含水分26．68％）以5％比例添加蛋鸡日粮中的饲喂效果与对照组相比，日均产蛋量提高6．4％，平均产蛋率提高6．05％，料蛋比下降13．01％，毛利润提高90．70％，而风干生物纤维饲料（含水分15．44％），则以10％比添加于蛋鸡日粮时，表现出较明显的增产效果，其与对照组相比，日均产蛋量提高4．04％，平均产蛋率提高4．18％，料蛋比下降4．09％，毛利润提高25．74％。     

有效微生物菌群在蛋鸡生产中的应用试验

有效微生物菌群(EV)是一种复合高效微生物制剂,在养殖业上使用EM具有改善饲养环境、降低发病率、提高饲料报酬、增加养殖效益等作用。本研究进行了EM对产蛋鸡应用效果试验。试验表明:EM对蛋鸡生产具有明显促进作用,10周试验表明,以10%比例将EM发酵饲料添加于蛋鸡日粮中,并配合饮用EM发酵水,日均产蛋量提高4.70%,产蛋率提高2.90%,料蛋比下降4.73%,毛利润提高12.79%。     

中草药饲料添加剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

试验旨在探讨中草药饲料添加剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响,选取53周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡120只,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、2组、3组是在基础日粮的基础上添加0.75%、1.5%、3%中草药添加剂的日粮,试验为期7周,试验结果表明在蛋鸡饲料里分别添加0.75%、1.5%、3%中草药添加剂,蛋鸡的产蛋率和日均产蛋量均有不同程度的提高,与对照组相比,试验2组产蛋率、日均产蛋量分别提高5.33%、6.58%,差异显著(P0.05),可见在蛋鸡饲料里添加中草药饲料添加剂可以提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能,且添加1.5%中草药饲料添加剂效果较好。     

低聚木糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳品质的影响

为研究在产蛋后期蛋鸡日粮中添加0.025%低聚木糖对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响,试验选择427日龄(61周龄)健康罗曼粉商品蛋鸡420只,随机分成2个处理,每个处理7个重复,分别饲喂基础日粮和添加0.025%低聚木糖的试验日粮。试验持续16周(63~78周龄)。结果:低聚木糖组产蛋率比对照组平均提高2.12%(P0.05),料蛋比比对照组平均下降3.74%(P0.01),采食量、产蛋量及蛋重无显著差异。试验组蛋壳强度、蛋白高度和哈夫单位均显著高于对照组(P0.01),分别比对照组提高6.05%、12.43%和9.66%。试验表明:产蛋后期蛋鸡日粮中添加0.025%低聚木糖可显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率和产蛋量,降低料蛋比,提高饲料利用率,还可改善产蛋后期的鸡蛋品质。     

黄芪多糖对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

将450只海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成3组(对照组、0.1%添加剂量组、0.2%添加剂量组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,0.1%添加剂量组在基础日粮中添加0.1%黄芪多糖,0.2%添加剂量组在基础日粮中添加0.2%黄芪多糖,比较分析日均采食量、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、不合格蛋率等检测指标,以期研究黄芪多糖对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响。试验结果显示:0.1%添加剂量组与对照组相比,日均采食量提高1.12%,产蛋率提高了1.77个百分点,不合格蛋率降低了0.92个百分点。0.2%添加剂量组与对照组相比,日均采食量提高了2.11%,料蛋比降低了2.42%,产蛋率提高了4.03个百分点,不合格蛋率降低了1.44个百分点。0.2%添加剂量组与0.1%添加剂量组相比,产蛋率提高了2.23个百分点,不合格蛋率降低了0.52个百分点。表明黄芪多糖添加在蛋鸡基础日粮中能够显著提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能,且黄芪多糖添加剂量越大作用效果越明显,建议以0.2%作为临床添加剂量。     

EM生物技术在蛋鸡生产中的应用研究

有益微生物群技术对蛋鸡生产具有促进作用。６周试验表明，以２０％比例将ＥＭ发酵饲料添加于蛋鸡日粮中，日均产蛋量提高５．５４％，产蛋率提高４．７２％，料蛋比下降５．２５％；毛利润提高１９．５９％，边际成本利润率为２４．７５；蛋白哈氏单位提高１０．３１％，蛋黄颜色提高１．５罗氏级，蛋壳厚度增加６．９９％。     

杂粕型日粮添加不同酶谱的复合酶对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

旨在研究杂粕型日粮中添加不同酶谱的复合酶对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响。选择1 440只300日龄、体重和产蛋率相近的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复96只鸡。对照1组饲喂玉米—豆粕型日粮,不添加复合酶;对照2组饲喂玉米—杂粕型日粮,不添加复合酶;试验1、2、3组在饲喂玉米—杂粕型日粮的基础上,分别添加复合酶1、2、3。试验期为70 d。记录并比较各处理组蛋鸡的产蛋性能和蛋品质相关指标。结果表明,与对照2组相比,试验1、2、3组的产蛋率、平均蛋重、日采食量和产蛋量均显著提高(P<0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05),其中试验3组的变化幅度最大;各试验组的产蛋率、日采食量和料蛋比与对照1组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验1、2、3组蛋鸡的蛋品质与对照1组及对照2组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),且各试验组的蛋壳厚度与对照2组相比,均有提高的趋势,其中试验3组的提高幅度最大。结果提示,饲喂添加了复合酶的玉米—杂粕型日粮的处理组蛋鸡与饲喂玉米—豆粕型日粮蛋鸡的产蛋性能相近,不同酶谱的复合酶制剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质的改善程度有差异,其中甘露聚糖酶和蛋白酶含量较高的复合酶3效果最佳。     

发酵茶饲料对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

将茶叶、豆粕、玉米混匀后经微生物发酵制得发酵茶饲料,为了研究发酵茶饲料对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响,试验选取55周龄的新杨黑羽蛋鸡432只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复48只。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组以5%、10%发酵茶饲料替代基础日粮进行饲喂,正试期8周。结果显示：饲喂2周后,产蛋率表现为10%茶饲料组>5%茶饲料组>对照组;平均蛋重则相反。饲喂3周后,料蛋比表现为对照组>10%茶饲料组>5%茶饲料组;相比于对照组,5%茶饲料组的产蛋率显著提高且料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05),10%茶饲料组的产蛋率显著提高且平均蛋重显著降低(P<0.05)。6周后,10%茶饲料组的蛋清浓蛋白比例显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。8周后,10%茶饲料组的蛋清浓蛋白比例显著低于5%茶饲料组,且稀蛋白比例显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);相比于对照组,5%、10%茶饲料组的蛋黄胆固醇及丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05),而超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。综上,5%发酵茶饲料能够提高产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质。     

环境温度和日粮对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

用京白蛋鸡研究了高温期间采用高营养密度日粮(HND),及在蛋鸡开产前饲以等能高脂日根(HLD)对产蛋期的抗热应激效果,测定了产蛋率、产蛋量和蛋重、饲料利用率及蛋内容物各组分。在鸡性成熟前饲喂HLD日粮可显著减轻高温对产蛋率与产蛋量的不良影响,但对蛋重却无此效果。高温期间HND日粮不能完全克服高温对产蛋率、产蛋量和蛋重的明显降低作用。高温下饲料利用率明显提高,蛋黄重及其所占蛋重的比例均下降(P<0.05),蛋壳与蛋清部分占蛋重的比例与蛋大小无关,高温下蛋重降低的主要原因可能是蛋黄减小引起的。     

微生态制剂在鸡饲料中的应用及使用方法

1在蛋鸡饲料中的应用在蛋鸡饲料添加微生态制剂，可提高产蛋率和蛋品质，同时可改善饲料利用率，提高饲料报酬。据报道，在蛋鸡日粮中添加0．4％乳杆菌，产蛋量提高4．6％，差异显著（P〈0．05），产蛋率提高2．4％，死亡率下降2％。用微生态制剂对蛋鸡饮水试验，与对照组相比，试验组产蛋率提高10．4％，产蛋量提高1．1％。用1％微生态制剂处理蛋鸡饲料，     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.