不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

贵州是我国第二大烤烟种植省份,为获得更高的经济效益,烟区常采用连作的种植模式。本研究采取大田试验,通过设置4个处理:烤烟连作(T)、白菜-烤烟轮作(C-T)、豌豆-烤烟轮作(P-T)、绿肥-烤烟轮作(GM-T),分析不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,烤烟轮作使土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和微生物量磷(MBP)分别提高了0.77%~12.44%、10.78%~38.51%、11.76%~17.65%、10.65%~20.67%、36.58%~160.36%和14.66%~36.21%;土壤中铵态氮(AN)、硝态氮(NN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量分别降低了1.01%~71.67%、19.29%~24.32%、23.09%~52.21%和6.18%~10.09%。与T处理相比,烤烟轮作提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,提升幅度为12.38%~42.96%和4.00%~22.67%,以GM-T处理效果最佳。同时,烤烟轮作提高了细菌OTU数量,并改变了细菌群落的相对丰度,但未对细菌群落组成产生影响。此外,轮作还增加了土壤中有益细菌类群数量,尤其是杆菌类细菌。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,MBP是驱动群落变异的主要因子,且与黄杆菌属和褚氏杆菌属呈正相关关系。综上所述,通过烤烟轮作可以均衡土壤养分、改善土壤微环境,以GM-T处理效果最佳。本研究结果可为贵州省烤烟的种植提供理论参考,为解决烤烟连作问题提供技术支撑。     

洱海流域不同轮作与施肥方式对农田氮磷径流损失的影响

为了探讨洱海流域不同轮作与施肥方式对农田土壤径流氮磷损失的影响,在洱海地区利用田间小区试验,研究了7种轮作模式(大蒜-玉米、大麦-水稻、油菜-水稻、蚕豆-烤烟、大蒜-烤烟、蚕豆-水稻、大蒜-水稻)和3种施肥方式(速效肥、缓释掺混肥、不施肥)下的作物产量以及地表径流氮磷损失特征。与习惯施肥处理(CF)相比,施用缓释掺混肥(BB)能够减少肥料使用量,氮、磷肥减少量分别为9.85%～47.49%和10.81%～63.33%;同时部分作物产量有明显提高,大麦-水稻轮作下水稻产量提高19.69%,蚕豆-水稻轮作下蚕豆产量提高16.99%,大蒜-水稻轮作下大蒜产量提高24.32%,油菜-水稻轮作下油菜产量提高35.79%。7种轮作模式下施用BB肥均能降低土壤径流中氮磷损失,BB处理较CF处理土壤径流总氮和总磷流失量分别降低10.72%～28.80%和17.13%～47.87%。种植烤烟施肥量偏高,易造成土壤径流氮磷流失,总氮和总磷流失量分别达到5 907.00g·hm-2和821.25 g·hm-2;油菜-水稻轮作易造成土壤径流磷损失,总磷损失量达到1 045.77 g·hm-2。研究表明,在洱海地区,施用相应作物专用BB肥能够有效降低土壤径流氮磷损失,蚕豆-水稻轮作是一种较好的减少氮磷面源污染的种植模式。     

大理红塔植烟基地土壤养分状况分区评价

为了准确评价大理州主要植烟土壤养分现状,对该州9个红塔基地县(市)土壤pH值、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硼、水溶性氯共10个指标进行调查和分析。结果表明:各烟区土壤pH、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量适宜,有机质含量丰富,交换性镁、水溶性氯含量偏高,而交换性钙、有效硫含量远高于生长适宜范围上限,同时有效硼含量普遍不足;除土壤有效硼外,其余养分指标均存在不同程度的空间变异,其中土壤交换性钙(91.2%)、交换性镁(81.5%)、有效硫(86.8%)含量变异系数均大于80%;以云南省植烟土壤养分含量适宜标准分析,全州9个县(市)大部分地区均应控制钙、镁、硫养分的施用,加大硼肥的投入;同时,弥渡、漾濞、南涧和云龙四县则有部分土壤应控制钾肥施用;除漾濞县外,其余县(市)土壤水溶性氯含量均偏高,应适当减少含氯肥料的投入,忌施人粪尿,以确保植烟土壤养分含量的协调性。     

洱海流域北部农田养分平衡及残留特性研究

为减少农田氮磷流失,改善洱海水质、遏制富营养化发展,以洱海流域北部8个乡（镇）为研究区域,采用现场调查与分析测试相结合的方法研究了洱海流域北部10种典型轮作模式的施肥量、作物养分吸收量、农田养分盈余量以及土壤养分残留状况,对不同轮作模式农田养分平衡及残留特性进行了分析评价。结果表明,水稻-大蒜轮作模式下有机肥和氮肥的投入量显著高于其他模式,水稻-蔬菜作物轮作模式的磷肥投入量显著高于其他模式;不同轮作模式间土壤养分残留差异性以硝态氮最为突出：水稻-大蒜轮作条件下土壤硝态氮残留量达43.4mg.kg-1,明显高于其他轮作模式;10种轮作模式均处于养分盈余状态,以水稻-大蒜轮作模式养分盈余量最大,为1258.8kgN.hm-2和1472.7kgP2O5.hm-2;养分盈余量差异主要凸现在小春季作物上;土壤中易流失的硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷与氮磷肥的投入量和养分盈余均呈显著相关。表明水稻-大蒜和水稻-蔬菜轮作是洱海流域农田环境污染风险较高的种植模式,需要重点防控。     

石灰和绿肥对不同种植制度植烟酸性土壤改良效果

为寻求酸性植烟土壤可持续改良方法,采用大田试验研究了石灰、石灰+绿肥在烤烟连作、烤烟与玉米轮作方式上对酸性植烟土壤物理特性、主要养分和酸度特征指标的影响,并分析了土壤pH与土壤理化指标的相关性。结果表明:在烤烟连作方式下,施用石灰并结合种植绿肥还田改良酸性土壤比单施石灰效果好,能使土壤容重、水解性酸、交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝分别降低11.97%,25.00%,18.46%,21.74%和16.67%,土壤孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、pH、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度和土壤缓冲容量分别提高42.26%,57.02%,11.86%,16.39%,50.65%,5.97%,8.05%,13.17%和81.90%。施用石灰并结合种植绿肥对烤烟与玉米轮作方式的酸性土壤修复效果较烤烟连作更好,土壤容重、水解性酸、交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝可分别降低4.00%,20.51%,27.92%,10.00%和37.14%,土壤孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、pH、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度和土壤缓冲容量可分别提高9.17%,13.97%,7.22%,12.06%,5.08%,5.15%,35.27%,15.44%和28.05%。石灰+绿肥协同改良酸性土壤的效果比单施石灰好,烤烟与玉米轮作较烤烟连作更有利于酸化土壤的修复。研究结果为采用石灰和种植绿肥还田改良酸性土壤提供了理论依据和实践指导。     

不同植烟模式对烤烟产质量、土壤养分和酶活性的影响

在贵州烟区具有代表性的第四纪黄壤上,进行了连续6年的田间定位试验,研究了烤烟连作,烤烟-玉米轮作和玉米-烤烟-烤烟轮作三种种烟模式对烤烟的产量和品质,土壤养分以及酶活性的影响。结果表明,烤烟连作降低烤烟的产量、质量和土壤pH,提高有效磷和速效钾含量,抑制脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,增加过氧化氢酶活性。相反,烤烟-玉米轮作和玉米-烤烟-烤烟轮作有益于提高烤烟的产量和质量,是值得推广的种烟模式。     

靖西市植烟土壤有机质含量的时空变异特征

为了解靖西市植烟土壤有机质含量时空变异特征,分析了土壤有机质含量状况、年际间变化、空间变异特征及与土壤养分、烟稻轮作年限的关系。结果表明:①2006年、2012年、2017年靖西市烟区植烟土壤有机质含量总体上属偏高和丰富水平,平均值分别为35.72、35.80和38.84 g/kg,无处于"缺乏"状态的植烟土壤样本,"偏低"的植烟土壤样本2012年仅为5.30%。地统计学表明,总体呈现偏高和丰富以上色斑。②植烟土壤有机质含量有随着时间推移,均值增加的趋势,2017年度植烟土壤有机质含量显著高于2006年度和2012年度。③2017年度植烟土壤有机质与对应的其他土壤养分因子的回归分析和灰色关联度分析均显示,全氮、碱解氮和有机质的相关性较高,且存在植烟土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随着土壤有机质含量增高而增加的趋势。     

油/麦-稻轮作和施肥对土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布的影响

通过田间定位试验探究油菜-水稻与小麦-水稻轮作在不同施肥措施下的土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布差异,为长江中游油麦交错区水旱轮作模式选择及培肥地力提供依据。利用湖北沙洋的定位试验,选择油-稻和麦-稻轮作的不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、化肥与秸秆还田相结合（NPK+S）3个处理,在试验布置的第4年于油菜和小麦收获后取0～20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量、孔隙度、团聚体分布和稳定性、团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率等指标。结果表明：（1）与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤有机质和有效磷含量在各施肥处理中分别提高了13.1%～19.2%和18.8%～59.5%,土壤全氮含量在秸秆不还田时提高了28.1%(CK处理)和29.2%(NPK处理);（2）秸秆不还田时,油-稻轮作土壤总孔隙度较麦-稻轮作显著提高了8.1%(CK处理)和10.3%(NPK处理),相应的毛管孔隙度分别提高了11.7%和10.5%;(3)与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、平均几何直径（GMD）和大团聚体含量（WSMA）在各施肥处理中均显著提高,且提高了大团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率;（4）...     

有机物料对植烟土壤氮素矿化及微生物性质的影响

采用稻草、油菜、黑麦草和菜籽饼等4种有机物料,采集高有机质含量(68.2 g·kg^–1)烟-稻轮作土壤和低有机质含量(17.2 g·kg^-1)旱地植烟土壤,在等氮(100 mg·kg^-1)投入条件下通过室内培育实验,分析了不同培育时段土壤无机氮(NO3-、NH4+)矿化动态、土壤酶活性以及微生物功能多样性的变化。结果表明:植烟土壤矿化氮动态特征与施用有机物料碳氮比(C/N)密切相关,高有机质植烟土壤中添加稻草、油菜和黑麦草显著降低土壤净矿化氮水平,而低C/N的菜籽饼添加显著促进了土壤净矿化速率,引起土壤无机氮积累。在低有机质植烟土壤添加各有机物料明显提升了土壤硝化速率,但稻草和油菜添加显著降低了培养前期土壤无机氮浓度;而菜籽饼添加显著促进了土壤的净矿化速率,在短期培养内(7 d)土壤铵态氮浓度较对照土壤增加了3.3倍~3.7倍。施入高C/N的有机物料显著提升了土壤微生物功能多样性,引起土壤酶活性增高;但不同物料添加下土壤微生物群落变异不同,诱导了对碳源利用类型不同的微生物种群变化。因此,烟-稻轮作区的高有机质植烟土壤上合理施用稻草是改善烤烟品质重要措施,而对旱地植烟土壤应更加重视高氮源有机肥料的施用,以实现不同植烟区提质增效的目标。     

纳板河自然保护区土壤酶对不同海拔、坡向的响应

在纳板河自然保护区内分海拔和坡向采集土样,测定分析了尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种主要土壤酶活性和主要养分指标的变化。结果表明:土壤有机质、水解氮含量随海拔升高显著增加;阳坡全氮含量随海拔升高呈现由中间向两端减小的趋势,阴坡全氮含量随海拔升高波动增加;土壤速效磷含量随海拔呈现由中间向两端减小趋势;蛋白酶活性高海拔 > 低海拔,海拔对表层过氧化氢酶活性影响较小,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随海拔呈现波动。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量阳坡 > 阴坡;土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性阴坡 > 阳坡,各土层土壤脲酶活性阳坡 > 阴坡。各养分含量及酶活性表层 > 中下层。土壤酶活性与各肥力因子间相关关系显著,各土壤酶活性间相关性显著。有机质、全氮、全磷是影响蛋白酶活性的主导因子,速效磷和水解氮为次要因子;全磷、速效磷、水解氮为影响脲酶活性的主要因子,有机质、全磷、速效钾为次要因子。主成分分析结果表明蛋白酶和脲酶活性作为保护区土壤肥力指标具有可行性。     

主成分分析、聚类分析在土地评价中的应用——以福建沙县夏茂镇水稻土为主要评价对象

本文采用主成分分析法 ,对福建省沙县夏茂镇的 9种水稻土土类进行综合评分 ,后用欧氏距离最短距离法对其进行聚类 ,分析了这 9种土类存在的主要问题 ,在此基础上提出了利用和改良这 9种土类的一些设想和基本措施。     

Comparison of HCl extraction versos total iron analysis for iron tissue analysis

Extraction of Fe from fresh leaves with 0.1 N HCl proved to be a better indicator of the Fe status of a variety of ornamental tropical foliage and flowering plants compared to total Fe, 0.1 N HCl‐ether, and IN HCl extraction. It consistently gave higher correlations (r = 0.73 to 0.95 depending on the species) with chlorophyll concentration than the other methods tested. However, even 0.1 N HCl extraction did not distinguish levels of Fe deficiency accurately when compared between species.     

Wild-captive metapopulation viability analysis

We developed an interactive management model for wild and captive populations of the ploughshare tortoise or angonoka, Geochelone yniphora. Interactive management is based on the translocation of individuals between wild and captive populations to simulate a metapopulation. Demographic parameters of one captive and two wild populations of this rare tortoise were used to conduct a metapopulation viability analysis (MVA). The effectiveness of the conservation strategy proposed for this species was then evaluated by modifying the probability of extinction and growth of the metapopulation over a fixed period of time. Several alternative scenarios of interactive management were then tested and ranked in terms of their effect on the viability of the metapopulation. The model predicted that catastrophic events such as bush fires would likely have a negative effect on the future of remaining wild populations. However, the model also predicted that the use of captive-born offspring to establish additional wild populations would decrease the risk of extinction of the metapopulation as a whole. We believe that, when supported by sound knowledge of the demographic parameters of a species, the use of MVA as part of an interactive management program can be an effective conservation tool that allows assessment of the probable response of both captive and wild populations to different management alternatives. One of the most interesting aspects of this interactive management approach is the link between in situ and ex situ conservation.     

Gas chromatographic organic acid profiling analysis of brandies and whiskeys for pattern recognition analysis

An efficient gas chromatographic profiling and pattern recognition method is described for brandy and whiskey samples according to their organic acid contents. It involves solid-phase extraction of organic acids using Chromosorb P with subsequent conversion to stable tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives for the direct analysis by capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 12 organic acids were reproducibly identified in liquor samples (1 mL). When the GC profiles were simplified to their retention index spectra, characteristic patterns were obtained for each liquor sample as well as for each group average. Stepwise discriminant analysis provided star symbols characteristic for each liquor sample and group average. As expected, canonical discriminant analysis correctly classified 23 liquor samples studied into two groups of either brandy or whiskey.     

Field analysis of mercury in water,sediment and soil using static headspace analysis

We developed a field screening method for the rapid analysis of mercury (Hg) in water, soil and sediment which can be applied cost-effectively at Hg-contaminated sites. The samples are chemically pretreated in ordinary containers, followed by analysis of the sample headspace Hg vapor using a portable commercially-available analyzer. Mercury in water samples is reduced directly by the addition of stannous chloride, while solids are first digested with aqua regia or piranha solution to liberate the Hg from the solids. Aided by vigorous agitation after addition of the reductant, the elemental Hg partitions between the solution and headspace according to Henry's Law. The method requires about 2 and 15 minutes to complete for water and solids, respectively. The method provides very useful detection limits for water (0.1μg/L) and solids (≤ 2μg/g). Intercomparisons with laboratory-analyzed environmental samples have shown reasonable agreement.     

Comparison of Carr-Price analysis and liquid chromatographic analysis for vitamin A in fortified milk

The determination of the vitamin A concentration in fortified milk was compared using Carr-Price analysis and liquid chromatography (LC). Carr-Price analysis required saponification of the sample with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, extraction with ether, and colorimetry with antimony trichloride in chloroform. LC analysis required hexane extraction of a 71% alcohol-sample solution and centrifugation at 2000 rpm. A 100 microL aliquot of the extract was analyzed on a LiChrosorb Si-60, 5 micron column, using an ethyl ether-hexane (2 + 98) mobile phase and detection at 313 nm. Each method was statistically evaluated for precision and sample-to-sample reproducibility. The LC extraction procedure was examined for efficiency. Each LC value was divided by the Carr-Price value obtained for the same sample; an average value of 0.975 with a coefficient of variation of 6.90% was obtained. It was concluded that the procedures were statistically equivalent.     

Soil-landscape chronograms for pedochronological analysis

Pedochronology is defined as the sequence of soil changes over time in a given landscape. Integrated stratigraphical and paleogeomorphic analysis of soil-landscape systems can offer information on landscape history that provides a rational basis for further pedological and soil-geomorphological studies. To connect these aspects of research, a new scheme, called chronogram, is introduced in which geogenic and pedogenic events can be summarized.Soil-landscape chronograms have time on one axis and depict erosion, deposition and soil formation across a given landscape along the other axis. Using open and enclosed hillslope systems as examples, the construction of chronograms and their relations to other summarizing schemes are demonstrated. These schemes include Butler's K-cycle system, Bos and Sevink's site history scheme, the catena, the toposequence, the Nine Unit Land-surface Model, and Huggett's simulation model. Opportunities for further pedochronological analysis, using paleosols, authigenic and allogenic pedorelicts, are identified.     

应用寡核苷酸微阵列检测基因突变

寡核苷酸阵列技术是一种高度集成化、快速的基因分析手段，已广泛用于基因突变检测、序列测定、基因表达分析、疾病诊断等。本文主要介绍应用该技术进行基因突变检测的三种方法：杂交信号增益法、杂交信号消减法与微测序分析。三种方法各有优势，通过选择适当的方法，将为基因突变检测提供更佳的分析途径。