冬春鲜喂饲用油菜收获机滚刀式切碎装置设计与试验

针对长江中下游地区饲用油菜生物量大、含水率高,缺乏适用收获机械的问题,开展了冬春鲜喂饲用油菜机械化收获切碎装置设计与试验。根据物料特性、切碎及抛送等作业要求,确定了平板型滚刀式切碎装置主要结构参数和作业参数;采用单因素与二次旋转正交组合试验研究了喂入压辊转速与切碎器主轴转速对茎秆切碎长度合格率和功耗的影响,构建了长度合格率和功耗与喂入压辊转速和切碎器主轴转速的回归方程,优化得出了最佳作业参数。试验结果表明:喂入压辊转速为400～550 r/min,切碎器主轴转速为600～800 r/min,茎秆切碎长度合格率较优。优化得出喂入压辊转速496. 17 r/min、切碎器主轴转速为709. 14 r/min时,茎秆切碎长度合格率为91. 16%。采用平板型滚刀式切碎装置开展鲜喂饲用油菜收获田间试验和饲喂试验表明:收获饲用油菜切碎茎秆长度满足饲用油菜冬春鲜喂要求。     

轴流式玉米柔性脱粒装置设计与试验

针对现有玉米籽粒收获装置对黄淮海夏玉米脱粒时存在籽粒损伤大,未脱净率高等问题,设计了一种轴流式玉米锥形脱粒滚筒,采用“柔性钉齿-短纹杆”组合式脱粒元件,实现籽粒低损高效收获。通过对锥形滚筒及关键部件结构的理论分析,确定了脱粒滚筒的关键参数;利用搭建的脱粒试验装置进行单因素试验,得到滚筒转速、脱粒元件间距及脱粒间隙对脱粒性能的影响关系。在此基础上,以滚筒转速、脱粒元件间距和脱粒间隙为试验因素,对破碎率和未脱净率进行三因素三水平二次回归正交试验,结果表明:滚筒转速、脱粒元件间距、脱粒间隙对破碎率与未脱净率均有显著影响;最优参数组合为滚筒转速425r/min、脱粒元件间距90mm、脱粒间隙45mm,对应的破碎率为5.72%、未脱净率为0.83%,达到国家相关标准要求。该研究可为黄淮海地区玉米脱粒滚筒的研发提供参考。     

内置式玉米秸秆收集打捆装置设计与试验

针对我国玉米收获作业存在的秸秆回收利用率低、果穗收获与秸秆收获不能同时进行等问题,设计了一种内置式秸秆收集打捆装置,将该装置内置到自走式玉米收获机上,使玉米收获机在实现果穗收获的同时实现玉米秸秆捡拾、粉碎和打捆的功能,减少了收获机械进地次数,降低了成本。为此,通过对秸秆收集打捆装置整体机构及关键部件的理论和仿真分析,确定了主要结构参数。以碎刀辊转速、螺旋输送器转速、打捆机输入转速为试验因素,打捆密度为试验指标对秸秆收集打捆装置进行正交试验,因素取值范围为:粉碎刀辊转速1300～1700r/min、螺旋输送器转速120～180r/min、打捆装置输入转速700～800r/min。试验结果表明:各因素对草捆密度均有显著影响,影响主次顺序为粉碎刀辊转速打捆装置输入转速螺旋输送器转速;当粉碎刀辊转速为1700r/min、螺旋输送器转速为150r/min、打捆装置输入转速为800r/min时,打捆密度最高为180kg/m~3。该装置结构设计合理,为中国北方一年两熟地区夏玉米秸秆收获提供了技术支持。     

基于均匀板加热法的饲料糊化参数试验研究

提出一种应用铸铝板对饲料样品夹持加热的装置及方法。通过将预调好含水率的饲料密封于自封袋中,夹持于一组平行可控温的铸铝板内,实现对样品的加热。基于一维热传导方程、借助Matlab有限差分法,求解得到样品从室温加热到设定温度的温度曲线,以此评估饲料样品在受热过程中的温度分布情况。结果显示,样品达到温度均匀分布所需的时间尺度远小于样品糊化的时间尺度,可实现对样品热处理时间的准确控制。在此基础上,以育肥猪配合饲料粉料为研究对象,以饲料的糊化温度、糊化时间和饲料含水率为试验因素,以饲料热处理后的糊化度为评价指标,按照三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合试验方法,利用Design-Expert软件回归分析和响应面分析法,建立了饲料糊化度与3个因素的二次回归模型(R2=0. 942 0),并验证了回归模型的有效性。在对饲料样品热处理后的色差分析中发现,在某些条件下,过高的热处理温度并不能提高饲料的糊化度,反而会加剧美拉德反应,导致饲料颜色加深,影响外观质量。     

农业物料的压块试验研究

以9KS304颗粒压块机为设备,对玉米秸秆进行压块试验.通过试验分析环模与压辊的间隙、环模的转速,物料的含水率对成型物湿密度、干密度、生产率和功率的影响,找出最佳含水率、最佳间隙和最佳转速.结果表明:第一影响因素为环模与压辊的间隙,第二影响因素为环模的转速,第三影响因素为物料的含水率;同时,可以找到生产率最高、湿干密度较高、成型质量较好以及消耗功率较低条件下的3个影响因素的最佳值.     

4 YZPDK-4玉米收获秸秆打捆一体机的设计和试验

针对目前我国玉米秸秆回收利用率不断增长的实际需求和穗茎兼收型玉米收获机有效供给相对不足等问题,研制了一种玉米收获秸秆打捆一体机,前割台进行玉米果穗收获,中部通过甩刀式秸秆切碎装置对秸秆进行切碎收获和打捆装置打捆,使机器同时进行玉米果穗收获与秸秆打捆收获。为此,对整机机构及关键部件进行了理论分析,确定了整机结构参数;以机具前进速度、粉碎刀辊转速、打捆装置输入转速作为试验因素对草捆密度进行三因素三水平二次回归正交试验;通过Design-Expert 8. 0. 6数据分析软件,建立各因素与指标的响应面数学模型,分析了各因素与评价指标之间的关系,并对影响因素进行了综合优化。试验结果表明:各因素对草捆密度均有显著影响,影响主次顺序为粉碎刀辊转速机具前进速度打捆装置输入转速;各试验因素最优参数组合:机具前进速度为0. 53m/s,粉碎刀辊转速为1 747r/min,打捆装置输入转速为711r/min,对应的草捆密度为180. 676kg/m~3。根据该试验参数组合,进行田间试验验证,得到评价指标与理论优化值相差0. 876kg/m~3,相对误差为0. 48%,优化预测模型可靠。该研究实现了玉米果穗收获和秸秆打捆一体化,为穗茎兼收型玉米收获机提出了新的思路,可为畜牧业饲料收集提供新的途径。     

挤压膨化对玉米淀粉糊化程度影响的研究

用单螺杆挤压膨化机对脱胚玉米进行挤压膨化，以模孔直径、物料出口温度、喂人物料水分含量和螺杆转速作为因素；以挤压膨化脱胚玉米淀粉糊化程度为考察指标；采用“四因素五水平”进行二次正交旋转组合试验设计，研究了脱胚玉米挤压膨化系统参数对淀粉糊化程度的影响规律。     

锤片式粉碎机粉碎玉米秸秆机理分析与参数优化

对锤片式粉碎机粉碎玉米秸秆过程进行分析,并对其粉碎性能进行试验研究。借助高速摄像技术,得出玉米秸秆主要粉碎形式为:打击粉碎、撞击粉碎、搓擦粉碎,且在粉碎过程中打击粉碎与搓擦粉碎影响较大,并得出锤片末端线速度(主轴转速)、玉米秸秆含水率对锤片式粉碎机粉碎性能影响较大。在此基础上,以影响锤片式粉碎机粉碎性能的主要因素——主轴转速、含水率、筛孔直径为试验因素,以度电产量作为评价指标进行试验研究。试验结果表明,各因素对度电产量影响由大到小顺序为筛孔直径、含水率、主轴转速。选取筛孔直径6 mm、含水率10%~50%、主轴转速2 000~3 500 r/min,以度电产量最大为目标的参数优化试验表明:当含水率10%~32%时,主轴转速宜2 000 r/min;当含水率33%~50%时,主轴转速宜2 020~2 452 r/min,且随着含水率的增大而增大。     

变径变间距种子玉米脱粒试验台工作参数优化与试验

为提高变径变间距种子玉米脱粒试验台的脱粒效率,降低脱出籽粒损失率,利用Design-Expert软件中Box-behnken试验设计原理,以脱粒轴转速、喂入量、板齿间距为影响因子,脱净率和破碎率为响应值,设计三因素三水平试验优化方案,建立各影响因子及交互作用对脱净率、破碎率的二次回归模型,并对模型进行方差分析,得出试验台最佳脱粒参数,并进行脱粒试验。结果表明:各影响因子对脱净率影响显著性主次依次为:脱粒轴转速、喂入量、板齿间距;各影响因子对破碎率影响显著性主次依次为:脱粒轴转速、喂入量、板齿间距。该机最优工作参数为:脱粒轴转速194～245 r/min,喂入量1.98～3.7 kg/s,板齿间距110～166 mm,此时脱净率为99.82%,较优化前增大0.04%～0.64%;玉米籽粒破碎率为0.30%,较优化前降低0.03%～0.32%,符合玉米脱粒机基本作业标准。     

制种玉米收获台台架试验

目前,我国制种玉米收获机械化水平较低,主要依靠人力完成。为解决这一问题,设计了一种制种玉米收获台,并进行了摘穗辊转速、割台高度和收获速度的3因素3水平正交试验。试验结果表明,该收获台对于制种玉米收获达到了较好的效果。对3因素和考核指标之间的关系进行了分析,摘穗辊转速800 r/min、收获速度5 km/h、割台高度600 mm时,指标效果最佳。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。