设施西瓜连作土壤生化性质及微生物群落变化

为探索设施连作西瓜土壤微生态环境变化,通过高通量测序对连作组(连作10年设施西瓜土壤)和对照组(连作10年设施西瓜棚外相同土质的露天西瓜土壤)样品进行测序分析,比较2组土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构差异,测定土壤理化性质及酶活性。结果表明,连作组土壤pH、铵态氮、速效钾、微生物量碳、土壤酶活性极显著低于对照,而硝态氮和有效磷极显著高于对照组。连作组土壤中细菌ACE指数和Chaol指数均极显著高于对照组,土壤中真菌ACE指数、Chaol指数、Simpson指数和Shannon指数均低于对照组。土壤微生物优势物种组成改变,连作组土壤细菌变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、绿弯菌门及硝化螺旋菌门相对丰度较对照组分别增加了9.80%、20.83%、21.76%和27.12%(P<0.05),而酸杆菌门和疣微菌门较对照组分别减少了21.7%和26.27%(P<0.05);连作组土壤真菌子囊菌门相对丰度较对照组增加了10.96%(P<0.05),担子菌门和罗兹菌门的相对丰度分别较对照组减少了13.42%和93.77%(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,优势菌门除Latescibacteria和己科河菌门丰度与所有土壤环境因子相关性均不显著外,其他优势菌群都与所测土壤环境因子(有机质除外)存在密切相关关系,土壤pH、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾是影响土壤中微生物群落的主要因素,担子菌门和绿弯菌门能够指示土壤微生物量,微生物群落结构的变化对土壤酶活性有较大的影响。综上,设施西瓜连作10年土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物群落结构皆显著变化,西瓜连作障碍是多种因素综合作用的结果。     

番茄连作对日光温室土壤微生物及土壤理化性状的影响

对大庆地区具有代表性的温室进行调查研究,了解不同种植年限对番茄温室土壤微生物及土壤理化性状的影响,为解决温室土壤连作障碍问题奠定理论依据。结果表明,随着种植年限增加,细菌、真菌的数量及土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、盐分的含量呈增加趋势,种植年限为10年分别是对照(露地菜田)的2.14、1.33、2.18、2.09、1.96、2.86、9.5倍,土壤p H值相反,种植年限为10年比对照下降了0.64,但放线菌数量与B/F值[(细菌+放线菌)/真菌]在第5年与第7年达到最高,呈现先增高再降低的趋势,分别比对照增加了34.12%、44.26%;随着土壤深度的增加,土壤微生物数量及土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、盐分含量降低,土壤含水量、p H值增加。综合分析番茄连作对土壤微生物和土壤理化性状的影响,番茄连作6年后出现一定程度的连作障碍问题。     

The effects of long and short soil freezing-defrosting cycles on nitrifying microbial activity

An incubation experiment was conducted on chestnut soil microcosms to assess the impact of long and short cold shock on the rate of nitrification of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. Significant reduction of nitrifying activity was observed after 2 weeks of cold shock, while 24-hour incubation at a low temperature did not affect the rate of nitrification of microorganisms. We assume that the prevalence of psychrophiles or mesophiles with a broad range of adaptation in the chestnut soil helps maintain a high level of nitrification in conditions of frequent fluctuations of high and low temperatures. Decreasing nitrifying activity after long freezing points to the death of a small pool of the least resistant organisms, which is associated with the peculiarities of the geographical location of chestnut soils and lack of long periods of soil freezing. The composition of communities of bacteria and archaea in the course of the experiments did not change, which was determined by denaturing gel electrophoresis (DGGE).     

转基因水稻秸秆还田对土壤硝化反硝化微生物群落的影响

转基因作物可能通过根系分泌物和植株残体组成的改变及外源基因的转移释放令土壤微生物群落产生变化,影响土壤微生物的生态功能。氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌是驱动土壤硝化和反硝化过程的关键微生物,其群落结构的变化直接关系土壤氮素的转化与利用。本研究利用荧光定量PCR和PCR-DGGE技术分析了转cry1Ac/cpti双价抗虫基因水稻‘Kf8’秸秆还田降解过程中,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌群落丰度与组成的变化,探讨转基因水稻是否存在影响稻田土壤氮素转化与N2O排放的可能。结果显示:无论是氨氧化细菌amo A基因还是反硝化细菌nirS基因,其丰度在转基因水稻‘Kf8’与非转基因水稻‘Mh86’的秸秆还田土壤中都没有显著差异;转基因水稻‘Kf8’和非转基因水稻‘Mh86’秸秆还田降解过程中0~10 cm土层中的amo A基因丰度均显著高于10~20 cm及20~30 cm土层(P0.05);各深度土层中的nirS基因丰度均存在随秸秆还田时间延长而增加的趋势。水稻秸秆还田降解过程中,转基因水稻‘Kf8’的土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的群落多样性指数及组成,均与非转基因水稻‘Mh86’没有显著差异。相关分析结果表明土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌群落组成均与水稻秸秆还田时间存在显著相关性(P=0.002),反硝化细菌群落组成还与土层深度显著相关(P=0.024)。本研究表明转cry1Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻秸秆还田对稻田土壤硝化和反硝化关键微生物群落不会产生明显影响。就土壤微生物群落而言,转cry1Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻秸秆还田不存在影响土壤氮素转化与N2O排放的可能。     

不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

【目的】 本文利用天津日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响,为设施蔬菜高效施肥和菜田土壤可持续利用提供依据。 【方法】 调查在第 9 茬蔬菜 (秋冬茬芹菜) 和第 10 茬蔬菜 (春茬番茄) 进行。定位试验设 8 个处理,分别为:1) 不施氮;2) 全部施用化肥氮 (4/4CN);3) 3/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 (3/4CN + 1/4PN);4) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 猪粪氮 (2/4CN + 2/4PN);5) 1/4 化肥氮 + 3/4 猪粪氮( 1/4CN + 3/4PN);6) 2/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 + 1/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 1/4PN + 1/4SN);7) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 2/4SN);8) 农民习惯施肥 (CF),除不施氮肥和农民习惯施肥外,其余处理为等氮磷钾处理。在不同生育时期,采 0—20 cm 土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并分析其与蔬菜产量之间的关系。 【结果】 两茬蔬菜不同施肥模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量总体上均随生育期的推进呈先增后降的趋势。芹菜季较高土壤微生物量碳含量出现在定植后 90 d,土壤微生物量氮较高含量出现在定植后 60 d;番茄季分别出现在定植后 20～80 d 和 60 d。芹菜季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 185.0～514.6 和 34.3～79.1 mg/kg 之间,较化肥(4/4CN)模式平均分别增加 15.1%～81.7% 和 24.5%～100.0%,其中以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量相对较高,平均分别增加 62.0%～81.7% 和 81.1%～100.0%;番茄季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 120.7～338.0 和 25.5～68.8 mg/kg 之间,较 4/4CN 模式平均分别增加 16.9%～86.9% 和 12.2%～109.3%,又以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量最高,平均分别增加 61.4%～86.9% 和 78.2%～109.3%。两季蔬菜不同生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与当季蔬菜产量和定位试验开始以来蔬菜总产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。 【结论】 同等养分投入量下,有机无机肥料配合施用提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的效果显著好于单施化肥,又以化肥配施秸秆效果更佳;土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与设施蔬菜产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。证明有机无机肥配施,特别是配施一定量的秸秆可有效提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,维持较高的菜田土壤肥力,有利于设施蔬菜的可持续和高效生产。      

不同培肥方式对土壤有机碳与微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示旱作区耕地土壤有机碳累积规律及其与土壤微生物群落间的相互作用机制,试验采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)指纹图谱及土壤腐殖质形态分组的方法,通过田间定位试验,研究了马铃薯-马铃薯-油用向日葵-马铃薯-油用向日葵轮作模式下,有机、无机肥配施(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施牛粪、化肥配施羊粪、化肥配施生物有机肥、化肥配施黄腐酸钾)对土壤有机碳累积、土壤腐殖质形态的影响及其与土壤微生物群落结构间的相互关系。结果表明:在连续培肥5年间,随培肥时间延长,土壤有机碳呈波动性上升趋势。与对照相比,化肥配施牛粪、化肥配施羊粪处理土壤有机碳以年6.61%和8.97%的增长率累积增加,不同处理外源有机碳含量及有机肥种类的差异影响了土壤有机碳的累积速率。化肥配施高量有机肥(化肥+羊粪、化肥+牛粪)处理显著提高了土壤稳结态、松结态腐殖质含量及松结态/紧结态腐殖质的比例,且以PLFA表征的土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、原生动物、土壤微生物群落总生物量与对照处理间均有显著性差异(P0.05)。与对照相比,各施肥处理的革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌(G+/G-)值均呈降低趋势;但不同有机无机相结合的土壤培肥方式对土壤G+/G-的比例没有显著差异。多元分析表明,基于土壤微生物主要类群磷脂脂肪酸含量的排序轴与基于土壤有机碳、腐殖质形态的排序轴之间相关性(P1=0.568,P2=0.611)较好,累积变量在98.69%上揭示不同有机无机培肥措施影响下的土壤微生物群落生物量与环境因子间的相互关系。土壤松结态腐殖质含量与土壤G+/G-比值正相关。外源有机碳的施入促进了土壤紧结态腐殖碳向稳结态、松结态腐殖质转化;较高量外源有机碳施入有助于提升土壤细菌、真菌的生物量。总体而言,土壤微生物群落结构的变化是受有机无机培肥措施所引起的土壤有机碳含量、腐殖质形态变化驱动;化肥配施牛粪和化肥配施羊粪有利于土壤有机碳积累和松结态腐殖质的形成,促进土壤中微生物生物量提高。研究结果可为宁夏中部干旱区土壤合理培肥提供科学依据。     

施肥对日光温室土壤微生物与酶活性变化的影响

在日光温室内,采用田间试验的方法,研究不同施肥处理对西红柿土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:施有机肥、化肥、有机肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加,施化肥 叶面肥处理比施化肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加;施有机肥处理土壤脲酶活性增强;施化肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性比施有机肥 叶面肥处理降低;施肥对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响较小。施有机肥处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,施化肥处理土壤细菌数量降低,土壤真菌和放线菌数量增加。     

硝化抑制剂/菌剂对设施土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素去向的影响

【目的】明确硝化抑制剂与菌剂单施与配施条件下设施土壤–茄子生产体系中氮的去向,为设施茄子科学施氮提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验采用随机区组设计,设置6个处理：不施氮肥对照(CK)、常规施氮720kg/hm² (FN)、减施30%氮肥(N 504 kg/hm²,RN),减氮30%配施硝化抑制剂(RND)、菌剂(RNB)和同时配施硝化抑制剂与菌剂(RNDB)。研究设施土壤–茄子体系中茄子对氮素的吸收利用、土壤剖面NO₃~–-N累积量、N₂O排放和NH₃挥发的气态损失量及各去向所占比例。【结果】1) RNDB处理产量为112.27 t/hm²,比RND处理显著增加11.0%;可溶性糖含量达0.95%,较RND和RNB处理分别显著提高17.3%和18.8%。2)各处理吸氮量均为果实>茎秆>叶片>根系;RNDB处理的总吸氮量为259.66 kg/hm²,比RN处理显著提高16.1%;氮肥表观利用率最高为20.87%,与RND和...     

Stimulated activity of the soil nitrifying community accelerates community adaptation to Zn stress

Field data have shown that soil nitrifying communities gradually adapt to zinc (Zn) after a single contamination event with reported adaptation times exceeding 1 year. It was hypothesized that this relatively slow adaptation relates to the restricted microbial diversity and low growth rate of the soil nitrifying community. This hypothesis was tested experimentally by recording adaptation rates under varying nitrification activities (assumed to affect growth rates) and by monitoring shifts in community composition. Soils were spiked at various Zn concentrations (0-4000 mg Zn kg⁻¹) and two NH₄⁺-N doses (N1, N2) were applied to stimulate growth. A control series receiving no extra NH₄⁺-N was also included. Soils were incubated in pots under field conditions with free drainage. The pore water Zn concentration at which nitrification was halved (EC50, mg Zn l⁻¹) did not change significantly during 12 months in the control series (without NH₄⁺-N applications), although nitrification recovered after 12 months at the highest Zn dose only. The EC50 after 12 months incubation increased by more than a factor 10 with increasing NH₄⁺-N dose (p < 0.05) illustrating that increased activity accelerates adaptation to Zn. Zinc tolerance tests confirmed the role of Zn exposure, time and NH₄⁺-N dose on adaptation. Zinc tolerance development was ascribed to the AOB community since the AOB/AOA ratio (AOB = ammonia oxidizing bacteria; AOA = ammonia oxidizing archaea) increased from 0.4 in the control to 1.4 in the most tolerant community. Moreover, the AOB amoA DGGE profile changed during Zn adaptation whereas the AOA amoA DGGE profile remained unaffected. These data confirm the slow but pronounced adaptation of nitrifiers to Zn contamination. We showed that adaptation to Zn was accelerated at higher activity and was associated with a shift in soil AOB community that gradually dominated the nitrifying community.     

滴灌和微生物有机肥对设施土壤呼吸的耦合作用及机制

为研究滴灌水分和微生物有机肥对设施土壤呼吸的影响及耦合作用机制,设计不同灌溉定额(15、18、21 mm)和不同微生物有机肥施用量(2 800、3 600、4 400 kg/hm2)处理,以传统化肥处理为对照,观测滴灌和微生物有机肥协同作用下土壤呼吸速率、累计碳排放量等指标,分析土壤呼吸与土壤温度、湿度、有机质含量、酶(脱氢酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶)活性及根系生物量之间的互动响应关系。结果表明:滴灌-微生物有机肥处理有利于提高土壤有机质含量和酶活性,土壤脱氢酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别提升11.6%～27.6%、8.0%～27.7%和1.8%～11.2%,其中滴灌和微生物有机肥相结合对脲酶活性的影响达到显著(p0.05)水平;土壤呼吸速率与根系生物量、土壤温度和有机质含量呈极显著(p0.01)正相关,与土壤酶活性呈显著(p0.05)正相关。该研究证明了滴灌和微生物有机肥对土壤碳排放有显著的耦合效应,滴灌和微生物有机肥耦合主要通过改变土壤有机质含量和根系生物量,对土壤呼吸产生影响。     

大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系

选取不同连作年限的辣椒大棚土壤和相邻露地小麦-辣椒轮作土壤(对照),研究了大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明,连作土壤养分含量显著高于对照,而pH值显著低于对照;土壤细菌,放线菌数量随连作年限延长呈先增加后降低的趋势并高于对照,而真菌数量不断增加;连作土壤酶活性含量均显著高于对照。土壤细菌数量与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著相关性,真菌数量与土壤养分无显著相关性,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与pH值呈显著负相关性,与养分呈显著相关性。土壤全磷、全氮、pH值对微生物数量的影响较大,而全氮、pH值对土壤酶活性的影响较大。     

施肥模式对连作草莓枯萎病控制效果及土壤微生物群落特征的影响

通过营养调控防治连作病害是近年来的发展方向之一。本研究通过不同施肥处理的田间小区试验,采用微生物培养方法和Biolog微生物自动分析系统分析了不同施肥模式下草莓抗病能力、连作土壤微生物群落特征。研究结果表明:与当地习惯施肥相比,优化施肥模式I和II可以促进草莓生长,并有效地控制草莓枯萎病;优化施肥模式I提高了草莓连作土壤细菌/真菌和放线菌/真菌比例;Biolog结果显示在短期内不同施肥模式对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Mcintosh指数的影响有限;PCA分析表明,优化施肥模式I的土壤微生物群落碳源利用特征与当地习惯施肥模式明显不同。综合考虑控病效果及施肥量,优化施肥模式I是更为经济有效的施肥模式。     

The effect of glyphosate on soil microbial activity,microbial community structure,and soil potassium

The herbicide, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is extensively used worldwide. Long-term use of glyphosate can cause micronutrient deficiency but little is known about potassium (K) interactions with glyphosate. The repeated use of glyphosate may create a selection pressure in soil microbial communities that could affect the nutrient dynamics such as K. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of single or repeated glyphosate applications on microbial and K properties of soils. A 54 day incubation study (Exp I) had a 3 × 5 factorial design with 3 soils (silt loam: fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualf) of similar physical and chemical characteristics, that varied in long-term glyphosate applications (no, low, and high glyphosate field treatments) and five glyphosate rates (0, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, and 3× recommended field rates applied once at time zero). A second 6 month incubation study (Exp II) had a 3 × 3 factorial design with three soils (as described above) and three rates of glyphosate (0, 1×, and 2× recommended field application rates applied monthly). For each study microbial properties [respiration; community structure measured by ester linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis and microbial biomass K] and K fractions (exchangeable and non-exchangeable) were measured periodically. For Exp I, glyphosate significantly increased microbial respiration that was closely related to glyphosate application rate, most notably in soils with a history of receiving glyphosate. For Exp II, there was no significant effect of repeated glyphosate application on soil microbial structure (EL-FAME) or biomass K. We conclude that glyphosate: (1) stimulates microbial respiration particularly on soils with a history of glyphosate application; (2) has no significant effect on functional diversity (EL-FAME) or microbial biomass K; and (3) does not reduce the exchangeable K (putatively available to plants) or affect non-exchangeable K. The respiration response in soils with a long-term glyphosate response would suggest there was a shift in the microbial community that could readily degrade glyphosate but this shift was not detected by EL-FAME.     

日光温室辣椒连作不同年限土壤微生物种群变化及酶活性研究

以日光温室辣椒连作土壤为对象,研究不同连作年限土壤微生物数量、类群及酶活性的变化。结果表明,土壤微生物数量、酶活性表现出明显的温室连作效应,随着连作年限的增加,土壤微生物类群细菌/真菌、放线菌/真菌值呈下降趋势,微生物由"细菌型"向"真菌型"过渡,其中氨化细菌先增加后减少、硝化细菌呈减少的趋势;多数土壤酶活性随着连作年限的增加呈下降趋势,但过氧化氢酶活性呈增加趋势。     

基于宏基因组学方法分析施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物群落的影响

[目的]采用宏基因组测序技术,研究施肥对细菌、真菌和古菌群落组成和结构的影响,为设施菜田可持续健康发展提供科学依据.[方法]设施蔬菜施肥长期定位试验始于2009年,试验地位于天津市西青区,为春季番茄和秋冬季芹菜轮作体系.在春茬番茄(第20茬蔬菜)盛果期,选择定位试验中的6个等氮磷钾投入处理,包括全部使用化肥氮(4/4C...     

Vermicompost improves microbial functions of soil with continuous tomato cropping in a greenhouse

Purpose

At present, the improvement of soil microbial function by the application of vermicompost in long-term monoculture system is rarely reported. We took advantage of a greenhouse pot experiment that examined the effects of vermicompost on soil microbial properties, enzyme activities, and tomato yield.

Materials and methods

Three soils subjected to 0, 5, and 20 years of continuous tomato cropping in a greenhouse were collected for a pot experiment. Treatments include chemical fertilizer (CF), vermicompost (VM), and poultry manure compost (PM). No fertilization was established as a control (CK). Biolog Eco microplates were used to measure soil microbial function.

Results and discussion

The results showed that compared to the CF and PM treatments, the VM treatment increased the abundances of bacteria (Bac, average 41% and 103%, respectively) and actinomycetes (Act, average 8.59% and 16.36%, respectively), while decreased the abundance of fungi (Fun, average 39% and 29%, respectively), and had the highest ratio of bacteria to fungi. Soil microbial activity, which was represented as the average well color development (AWCD), and microbial functional diversity were higher in the VM treatment than in the CF and PM treatments. The VM treatment led to greater improvement in soil health than the PM treatment, which expressed as the higher utilization of carboxylic acids and phenolic compounds in each type of soil. Catalase (Cat) and polyphenoloxidase (Ppo) activities in the VM treatment were significantly higher than those in the CF and PM treatments. We also found that the soil Cat activity, pH, available P, acid phosphatase (Pac) activity, and Ppo activity were important contributors to variation in the microbial population. Moreover, compared to CK, fruit yield in the VM treatment increased by 74%, 43%, and 28% in soils subjected to 0, 5, and 20 years of planting, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that vermicompost can replace poultry manure compost to improve soil quality in greenhouse due to the ability of vermicompost to improve soil microbial functions.

     

Influence of water potential on nitrification and structure of nitrifying bacterial communities in semiarid soils

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between soil water potential, nitrifier community structure and nitrification activity in semiarid soils. Soils were collected after a 5-month dry period (end of summer) and subsequently rewetted to specific water potentials and incubated for 7 days prior to analysis of nitrification activity and nitrifier community structure. The approach used in this study targeted a 491bp segment of the amoA gene which encodes the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, which is the key enzyme for all aerobic ammonia oxidisers. amoA serves as a useful target for environmental studies since it is both specific and universal for all ammonia oxidisers and reflects the phylogeny of the ammonia oxidisers. Our results suggest that in semiarid soils water potential plays a key role in determining the structure of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), and that additionally AOB community structure is correlated to potential nitrification rate in these soils.     

不同肥料对油茶林土壤氮素含量、 微生物群落及其功能的影响

【目的】氮素的转化、 吸收和利用是油茶生长和高产的关键要素。为了研究不同肥料对油茶林土壤氮素含量和相关微生物数量及其生物作用强度的影响,探讨不同肥料对土壤氮素养分循环及土壤微生物类群影响的内在联系,以期为油茶合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】以江西省九江市庐山区海会镇油茶基地赣无油茶无性系(Camellia oleifera Abel)为试验对象,设计油茶专用肥(ZYF)、 生物有机肥(YJF)、 复合肥(FHF)和不施肥(CK)4个处理,每个处理设3个重复样地。【结果】不同施肥处理油茶林土壤中全氮、 硝态氮和铵态氮含量均存在显著差异,全氮年平均含量ZYF＞FHF＞YJF＞CK,不同处理土壤全氮含量季节变化均为春季至秋季呈递增趋势,秋季达到最大值。铵态氮年平均含量为ZYF＞YJF＞FHF＞CK,硝态氮年平均量为ZYF＞FHF＞YJF＞CK,不同处理铵态氮和硝态氮季节动态变化均不一致。不同施肥处理氨化细菌数量间和亚硝化细菌数量间均存在显著差异,氨化细菌与亚硝化细菌年平均量均为YJF＞ZYF＞FHF＞CK。氨化细菌数量秋季最高,冬季最低,但亚硝化细菌数量季节变化不明显。氨化作用强度与硝化作用强度年平均量均为YJF＞ZYF＞FHF＞CK。不同处理氨化作用强度均为从春季到秋季呈递增趋势,之后递减,冬季达最小。不同处理硝化作用强度季节动态变化较为复杂。不同施肥处理油茶林土壤中铵态氮含量与土壤氨化细菌数量、 氨化作用强度显著相关(P0.01)。土壤硝态氮含量与土壤硝化细菌数量、 硝化作用强度显著相关(P0.01)。FHF、 YJF、 ZYF与CK相比,油茶单株平均产量分别增加了27.55%、 76.10%、 77.57%。【结论】施用复合肥、 油茶专用肥和生物有机肥对提高土壤氮素含量、 微生物群落数量及其生物作用强度以及油茶产量均有显著效果。尤其富含有机质和有益菌的生物有机肥和营养元素更全面的油茶专用肥的效果更佳。因此,在生产实践中应根据实际情况,因地制宜地在施用常规复合肥的同时,增加油茶专用肥和生物有机肥的应用。     

Effects of agricultural biostimulants on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics

We investigated the effects of two commercially available soil biostimulants, designated Z93 and W91, on key microbial and nutrient cycling processes in the soil, by conducting short-term (1 week) and longer-term (8 weeks) soil incubations in the laboratory. In the short-term soil incubations, the two compounds differed in their effects on microbial activity: Z93 was effective over a wide range, stimulating substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) at remarkably low concentrations (0.5–500 nl/g soil); W91 stimulated SIR at these concentrations, but also inhibited DHA. In longer-term soil incubations, we amended batches of soil with either finely-ground alfalfa leaves, wheat straw, or added no amendments, to alter patterns of soil nitrogen mineralization and immobilization. We treated these soils with Z93 and W91 at two concentrations (0.005 and 0.5 μl/g soil), and incubated them for up to 8 weeks. These extremely low doses of both Z93 and W91 influenced soil SIR, DHA, and cellulase activity significantly (P<0.05). Both compounds also influenced soil nitrogen dynamics significantly; the extent depending upon the quality of the organic amendments. In the alfalfa-amended soil there was a steep increase in NO₃-N concentration during the incubation due to the rapid mineralization of nitrogen-rich alfalfa material. However, in this soil, both Z93 and W91 reduced NO₃-N concentrations greatly after 56 days. In the straw-amended soil, mineral nitrogen concentrations were very low, probably due to rapid immobilization of nitrogen by microbial biomass. In this soil, treatment with both compounds decreased microbial biomass nitrogen and increased dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), relative to that in the controls. Our results suggest that the two biostimulants can stimulate both the breakdown and mineralization of soil organic materials, perhaps by selectively inhibiting or stimulating particular components of the microbial community, leading to lasting (8 weeks or longer) increases in soil nitrogen availability.     

水热条件和施肥对黑土中微生物群落代谢特征的影响

选择位于我国东部3个不同气候带(温带、暖温带、中亚热带)的农业生态试验站(海伦站、封丘站、鹰潭站),设置水热变化梯度下的土壤置换试验,利用Biolog方法,研究了水热因子和施肥对单作玉米的黑土中微生物群落的影响。结果表明,在3种气候条件下,施用NPK肥均提高了黑土中细菌群落的碳源代谢活性(Average well color development,AWCD值表示)。在玉米抽雄期,施肥处理(NPK)黑土中AWCD值大小顺序为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>海伦站(温带)>封丘站(暖温带),不施肥(CK)处理为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>封丘站(暖温带)>海伦站(温带)。说明不施肥时黑土中微生物代谢活性随月均温度的提高而增加,而施肥和降水影响了温度对黑土中微生物代谢活性的作用。主成分分析表明,黑土中微生物群落代谢特征在海伦站(温带)和封丘站(暖温带)之间变化较小,而在鹰潭站(中亚热带)黑土中微生物群落的代谢指纹发生明显改变。气候条件变化导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现在:α-丁酮酸、腐胺、D,L-α-甘油、L-苏氨酸(r>0.9);而施肥导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现为:β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和丙酮酸甲脂。总体上,不同气候带水热条件的变化和施肥均影响了黑土中微生物群落的代谢活性和代谢特征的变化。