农艺措施对降低污染土壤重金属活性的影响

本文利用小冶炼厂重金属污染的农田为对象,研究了不同农艺措施对土壤重金属活性及植物累积的差异,并对不同农艺措施改良效果作了评价,为植物修复重金属污染土壤选择相应的农艺措施提供科学依据。     

Influence of soil water content and soil amendments on trace metal release and seedling growth in serpentine soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - This study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic effects of organic amendments and soil water status on trace metal release from serpentine soil. Two organic...     

施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测现状、问题及展望

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前广泛采用的全量检测法并不能准确地反映土壤重金属的生物毒性。为了更好地了解土壤重金属的污染情况及其生物毒性,需快速有效检测土壤重金属的赋存形态及有效态含量。本文介绍了土壤有效态重金属的定义及其在土壤-有机体系统中的转移;并结合国内外相关研究领域的文献资料,按检测对象将土壤重金属有效态的检测方法分为直接检测方法(化学检测方法和物理检测方法)和间接检测方法(生物指示法),系统阐述了化学检测方法中的浸提法,物理检测方法中的梯度扩散薄膜技术和光谱分析法,及生物指示法中的指示植物检测法、微生物检测法和动物检测法的研究进展、适用范围及优缺点,概括了目前检测方法存在的主要问题是不能同时满足大面积监测和精确检测两个方面。并指出快速、大面积、原位测定污染物种类和含量,采取相应措施保障粮食安全及人类身体健康是目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文将土壤-植物-人作为一个整体,了解重金属有效态在该系统中的迁移富集机理,认为在此基础上选择合适的数据处理方法及建模参数,结合遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对土壤重金属污染进行原位立体监测,是未来土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测研究的主要发展方向。     

扬州市土壤重金属含量的调查

对全市385个土样分析结果表明,扬州市耕地土壤总体是清洁的,全市89 35%的土壤属于清洁地范围(综合污染指数≤0 7),7 53%的土壤属尚清洁范围(综合污染指数0 7～1 0之间),3 12%的土壤属轻度污染(综合污染指数1 0～2 0之间)。全市土壤重金属污染的顺序是Hg>Cr>As>Cu>Pb>Cd,各地区中,以邗江区土壤重金属含量相对较高。     

红壤重金属的复合污染

The effects of combined heavy metal pollution of red soil on the growth of wetland rice and the transfer of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn from soil into plants were sudied by greenhouse pot experiment,The results showed that the plantyields were markedly affected by heavy metals,with the exception of Pb,in soils under the experimental conditions,without taking into consideration all the interactions among the elements.The concentrations of the elemets in plants were mainly affected by the specific element added to the soil.The effect of interactions among the heavy metals was very significant either on plant yields or on the concentration of the elements in plants.The risk assessment of a combined pollution by heavy metals in the soil is discussed preliminarily in terms of the relative pollution equivalent.     

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil

While a large-scale soil amendment of biochars continues to receive interest for enhancing crop yields and to remediate contaminated sites, systematic study is lacking in how biochar properties translate into purported functions such as heavy metal sequestration. In this study, cottonseed hulls were pyrolyzed at five temperatures (200, 350, 500, 650, and 800 °C) and characterized for the yield, moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents, elemental composition (CHNSO), BET surface area, pH, pHpzc, and by ATR-FTIR. The characterization results were compared with the literature values for additional source materials: grass, wood, pine needle, and broiler litter-derived biochars with and without post-treatments. At respective pyrolysis temperatures, cottonseed hull chars had ash content in between grass and wood chars, and significantly lower BET surface area in comparison to other plant source materials considered. The N:C ratio reached a maximum between 300 and 400 °C for all biomass sources considered, while the following trend in N:C ratio was maintained at each pyrolysis temperature: wood?cottonseed hull≈grass≈pine needle?broiler litter. To examine how biochar properties translate into its function as a heavy metal (NiII, CuII, PbII, and CdII) sorbent, a soil amendment study was conducted for acidic sandy loam Norfolk soil previously shown to have low heavy metal retention capacity. The results suggest that the properties attributable to the surface functional groups of biochars (volatile matter and oxygen contents and pHpzc) control the heavy metal sequestration ability in Norfolk soil, and biochar selection for soil amendment must be made case-by-case based on the biochar characteristics, soil property, and the target function.     

大棚菜田种植年限对土壤重金属含量及酶活性的影响

为了探讨大棚种植年限对大棚菜田土壤重金属累积、土壤酶活性的影响以及二者的关系,采集不同种植年限(0、5、10、15、20、25、30 a)大棚菜田土壤样品共140份,测定土壤样品中重金属的含量以及土壤酶活性。结果表明:大棚菜田土壤中重金属Zn、Pb、Cu的含量和种植年限极显著相关;重金属Cd、Ni、Mn的含量和种植年限显著相关;重金属Cr的含量和种植年限不相关。大棚菜田土壤中过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、淀粉酶活性和种植年限极显著相关,磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性和种植年限显著相关,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性和种植年限相关性不显著。随着种植年限的延长重金属Zn、Cu含量对多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性有抑制作用,其敏感性顺序为:过氧化物酶对Zn敏感性>多酚氧化酶对Zn敏感性>过氧化物酶对Cu敏感性>多酚氧化酶对Cu敏感性。土壤中过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶可以作为重金属Zn污染的指示酶,过氧化物酶可以作为重金属Cu污染的指示酶。该文为设施污染土壤环境质量评价提供依据。     

不同修复方式下土壤-稻谷中重金属含量特征及其评价

为探究不同修复方式对重金属污染土壤理化性质、土壤-稻谷中总Pb、总Cd、无机As含量的影响,2016年3月—11月以水稻品种"株两优819"为材料,以长沙县黄花镇某合作社的承包田为试验对象,设计6组不同修复方式,T1不做任何处理,T2施用生石灰,T3施用生石灰并进行优化水分管理,T4施用生石灰和楚戈土壤重金属调理剂并进行优化水分管理,T5施用生石灰和喷施叶面阻控剂并进行优化水分管理,T6施用生石灰和楚戈土壤重金属调理剂及叶面阻控剂并进行优化水分管理。运用地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数和危险指数法对土壤及其上生长的稻谷进行重金属污染评价。结果表明,T1~T6修复后土壤中的阳离子交换量、有机质及pH值与修复前相比均有变化,其中土壤中pH值增幅为0.033~1.017;T1~T6修复后土壤中的无机As含量增幅为0.072~1.481 mg/kg,而总Pb和总Cd含量均下降,降幅分别为0.481~3.133、0.038~0.113 mg/kg,且T4修复后土壤中的总Pb、总Cd含量下降最明显,分别下降了0.120、3.133mg/kg;T6修复后稻谷中的总Cd含量略低于国家二级标准,T1~T5修复后稻谷中的总Cd含量均超出国家二级标准,其中T1修复后稻谷中的总Cd含量超出国家二级标准4.5倍;T1~T6修复下稻谷的危险指数(hazard index,HI)顺序为T1T2T3T5T4T6,其中T6修复危险指数最小,说明多种修复方式的联合使用比单独种植低镉水稻品种修复效果好,更有利于研究区的稻谷安全与人体健康。     

重金属对土壤微生物酶活性的影响

本文通过含有不同浓度的铜、铅、砷、镉 4种重金属的大豆、小麦盆栽试验 ,采用气相色谱方法测定土壤微生物酶活性 .结果表明 :低浓度的重金属能够提高固氮酶和反硝化酶的活性 ,而高浓度的重金属对上述二种酶有强烈的抑制作用     

河北铅锌尾矿库区土壤重金属含量高光谱反演方法对比

为更好地研究利用光谱反映的土壤重金属信息,实现具有多重金属复合污染问题的铅锌矿区土壤重金属含量高光谱快速估测,该研究以河北省某铅锌矿区为例,首先对研究区土壤的Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb污染状况进行了评价分析,其次基于实验室高光谱数据,组合变换光谱、特征变量和反演算法形成不同反演策略,通过各反演策略下的重金属反演精度比较,定量分析不同光谱预处理、特征选择和建模算法的优劣与适应性,构建最优反演模型。研究结果表明：1）研究区土壤Cr、Ni清洁程度较好,其余Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb均有不同程度污染;参比当地土壤背景值,区域内梅罗综合污染指数均值29.7,为重度污染,潜在生态风险因子均值1330.3,处于高生态风险状态;2）光谱预处理可以增强土壤重金属信息表达。其中,光谱微分效果较好,但易受噪声影响,而多元散射校正、标准正态变量、倒数对数变换可以进行光谱去噪,提升处理效果;3）特征选择方法中,相关系数法选择特征波段数目多,不同重金属反演R² 差异较大;Boruta法选择特征波段数目少,不同重金属反演R² 差异较小;4）BPNN、XGBoost可以较好描述重金属含量与光谱的非线性关系,相较于其他算法具有更好表现,分别实现了Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb、Cd的最优反演,SVMR实现了Cu的最优反演。研究表明,不同的光谱预处理、特征选择与建模算法对于土壤重金属含量的反演均具有较大影响,选择合适的处理、建模算法可以有效提升反演精度。该研究为进一步实现高效、准确、大范围遥感监测铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染状况提供参考依据。     

天山北坡土壤重金属含量的分布特征及其来源解释

以天山北坡巴里坤 伊吾、新源 巴音布鲁克和昭苏 特克斯3个区段为研究区域, 利用新疆土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)、单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对不同区段土壤重金属含量进行污染评价, 应用多元统计分析方法对不同区段之间的土壤重金属含量及其污染指数进行定量比较, 分析并阐明不同区段土壤重金属含量的分布特征及其污染来源。结果表明: 天山北坡巴里坤 伊吾区段各重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量的平均值及其单因子污染指数和综合污染指数比新源 巴音布鲁克区段、昭苏 特克斯区段高, 新源 巴音布鲁克区段的比昭苏 特克斯区段高。巴里坤 伊吾区段土壤重金属污染程度比新源 巴音布鲁克区段、昭苏 特克斯区段高, 新源 巴音布鲁克区段的比昭苏 特克斯区段高。巴里坤 伊吾区段重金属污染除了受成土母质的影响之外, 还受人为因子(交通、工业和农业、旅游业)的影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为91.22%; 新源 巴音布鲁克区段土壤重金属污染除了受成土母质的影响之外, 还受人为因子(交通和工业)的影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为67.58%, PC2贡献率为22.47%; 昭苏 特克斯区段土壤重金属污染主要受成土母质的影响, 此外该区段的农业对其也有一定影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为47.93%, PC2方差贡献率为29.84%。     

Ionic strength effect on heavy metal adsorption by soil

Abstract

The adsorption of Cd and Cu by three different soils was studied in the presence of variable concentrations of calcium chloride. Cadmium adsorption fitted the Freundlich equation while Cu better fitted the Langmuir equation. Increasing ionic strength decreased metal adsorption because of the competition of Ca‐ions for the adsorption sites of the soils.

Results could be useful from the standpoint of correct management of sewage sludges and animal slurries applied to agricultural soils because they have an electrolyte concentration greater than that found in normal soil solutions.     

城市雨水对生菜产量品质与重金属含量的影响

作为都市农业灌溉用水,城市雨水对农产品食品安全和营养品质的影响深受关注。论文收集自然雨水(T1)、屋顶雨水(T2)和路面雨水(T3),静置沉淀后配置营养液进行水培生菜种植,测量生物产量、生理指标(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力)、营养指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、硝酸盐)和元素含量(Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn、As、Cd、Pb),结果表明:城市雨水重金属含量低于国家标准,可以作为农业灌溉用水;雨水栽培生菜比自来水栽培生菜长势弱、产量低,路面雨水栽培生菜产量最低,单株干质量仅为3.57 g;雨水降低了生菜叶绿素含量和净光合速率,提高了生菜根系活力,屋顶雨水生菜和路面雨水生菜根系活力分别为3.17和4.08 mg/(g·h),雨水栽培生菜的根冠比大于自来水生菜;雨水栽培生菜蛋白质、糖类和Vc含量不比自来水栽培生菜低,自然雨水生菜蛋白质质量分数4.97 mg/g,路面雨水生菜可溶性糖含量1.00%,路面雨水生菜Vc含量1.52 mg/g,分别为各项指标的最高值;供试生菜硝酸盐含量分别为5.62、5.48、6.04和7.04 mg/g,都超过了国家标准3.00 mg/g,这与试验采用1倍剂量营养液和采用硝酸调节p H值有关;雨水生菜有益元素Ca、Mg含量高于自来水生菜,Fe含量低于自来水生菜,雨水生菜总体品质略好于自来水生菜;自来水、自然雨水、屋顶雨水和路面雨水栽培生菜含As量分别为5.83、4.10、4.53和4.60μg/kg,含Cd量分别为0.76、0.78、2.59和1.37μg/kg,含Pb量分别为102.37、118.63、151.53和123.37μg/kg,远小于国家限量值,满足食品安全要求。总之,利用城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水,作物长势弱,产量低,但营养品质略好,食品安全,将城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水是可行的。     

Leaching rates of heavy metal ions in forest soil

The leachability of Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, V, Cu, Cr, and Pb was studied in two purely organic spruce forest soils: one control soil and one similar soil heavily polluted by Cu and Zn from a brass foundry in southern Sweden. Artificial rainwater, acidified to pH 4.2, 3.2, and 2.8 was used in the experiment. The 10% residence times, estimated from the experimental data, varied from 3 yr (Mn) to 70 to 90 yr (Pb) in the control soil and from 2 yr (V) to > 200 yr (Ph) in the polluted soil with a precipitation water of pH 4.2. Residence times for most elements studied (except V and Cr) decreased with pH of precipitation water.     

Nitrous oxide production of heavy metal contaminated soil

Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) can be found in large concentrations in mine spills of central and northern Mexico. Interest in these heavy metals has increased recently as they contaminate drinking water and aquifers in large parts of the world and severely affect human health, but little is known about how they affect biological functioning of soil. Soils were sampled in seven locations along a gradient of heavy metal contamination with distance from a mine in San Luis Potosí (Mexico), active since about 1800 AD. C mineralization and N₂O production were monitored in an aerobic incubation experiment. Concentrations of As in the top 0-10 cm soil layer ranged from 8 to 22,992 mg kg⁻¹, from 31 to 1845 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb, from 27 to 1620 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu and from 81 to 4218 mg kg⁻¹ for Zn. There was a significant negative correlation between production rates of CO₂ and concentrations of As, Pb, Cu and Zn, and there was a significant positive correlation with pH, water holding capacity (WHC), total N and soil organic C. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between production rate of nitrous oxide (N₂O) attributed to nitrification by the inhibition method in soil incubated at 50% WHC and total concentrations of Pb and Zn, and there was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) with pH and total N content. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between the production rate of N₂O attributed to denitrification by the inhibition method in soil incubated at 100% WHC and total concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn, and a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with pH; there was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the production of N₂O attributed to other processes by the inhibition method and WHC, inorganic C and clay content. A negative value for production rate of N₂O attributed to nitrifier denitrification by the inhibition method was obtained at 100% WHC. The large concentrations of heavy metals in soil inhibited microbial activity and the production rate of N₂O attributed to nitrification by the inhibition method when soil was incubated at 50% WHC and denitrification when soil was incubated at 100% WHC. The inhibitor/suppression technique used appeared to be flawed, as negative values for nitrifier denitrification were obtained and as the production rate of N₂O through denitrification increased when soil was incubated with C₂H₂.     

Influence of plants and the microbial activity on the metal content in soil solutions of a soddy-podzolic soil in a model experiment

The influence of plants and microorganisms on the migration of metals in a soddy-podzolic loamy sandy soil was studied in a simulation experiment. It was shown that the biota has a great influence on the release of metal compounds into the soil and lysimetric solutions. In most cases, the metal content was reliably higher in the variants of the experiment with the presence of biota than in the control. The microorganisms maintained a high concentration of metals in the soil solution in the course of the experiment. The influence of the plants on the metal migration begins from the third week of the experiment as the biomass grows. The dose of the introduced metals also influences the concentration of the elements in the solutions and the ratios of the Me in the soil solutions: Me in the lysimetric solutions. In all the variants of the experiment, the ratios become narrower with the increase in the dose; i.e., the migration of the metals becomes more active. The dose of 7 APC (the approximate permissible concentration) has an inhibiting influence on the activity of the microorganisms and mustard plants.     

重金属污染土壤生态工程修复的试验研究

该文研究了细叶香薷(Moslem chinensis Maxim)和构树(Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.) Vent.)对Cu、Zn污染土壤的修复及污染土壤对植物生理性状的影响。研究结果表明：随着盆栽土壤中重金属浓度的增高，植物体内吸收重金属的浓度相应增大。Cu在细叶香薷体内的含量是地上部＜地下部，Zn含量却是地上部＞地下部；重金属Cu、Zn在构树体内的浓度都是根部＞叶部＞茎部。细叶香薷的富集系数基本大于1，对Cu的最大富集系数是2.42；构树的富集系数都在0.5以下，但由于其地上部生物量很大，从土壤中移除的重金属量也很可观，而且构树能产生经济价值，建议把构树和细叶香薷组成一个立体的生态工程修复模式，既能修复污染土壤又能恢复污染地区的生态环境和土壤微生物环境，产生经济和环境效益。     

Influence of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and heavy metal bioavailability

 We studied the long-term effects (12 years) of municipal refuse compost addition on the total organic carbon (TOC), the amount and activity of the microbial biomass (soil microbial biomass C, B_C and metabolic quotient qCO₂) and heavy metal bioavaiability in soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM). In addition, we studied the relationships between among the available fraction [Diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable] of heavy metals and their total content, TOC and B_C. After 12 years of repeated treatments, the TOC and B_C of control and mineral fertilized plots did not differ. Soils treated with FYM and composts showed a significant increase in TOC and B_C in response to the increasing amounts of organic C added. Values of the B_C/TOC ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2, without any significative differences among soil treatments. The qCO₂ increased in the organic-amended soil and may have indicated microbial stress. The total amounts of metals in treated soils were lower than the levels permitted by the European Union in agricultural soils. DTPA-extractable metals increased in amended soils in response to organic C. A multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables was carried out in order to discriminate between the influence exerted on DTPA-extractable metals by their total content, TOC and B_C. Results showed that each metal behaved quite differently, suggesting that different mechanisms might be involved in metal bioavailability Received: 31 October 1997     

Effect of controlled-release urea on heavy metal mobility in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Controlled-release N fertilizers can affect the availability of heavy metals in the contaminated paddy soil.A soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of prilled urea(PU),S-coated urea(SCU),and polymer-coated urea(PCU)on the solubility and availability of heavy metals Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn in a multimetal-contaminated soil.The results showed that the application of different coated urea significantly affected the solubility and availability of heavy metals.At 5 d of incubation,the application of PU,SCU,and PCU had significantly decreased the concentrations of water-soluble and available Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn,when compared with the control.At 60 d of incubation,the depletory effects of PU on water-soluble and available heavy metals had reduced,and the initial decrease in the concentrations of water-soluble Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn caused by SCU had changed to an increase.The concentrations of water-soluble Pb,Cu,and Zn in the SCU-treated soil were higher than those in the control.Application with PCU led to a higher water-soluble Cu than that in the control,while the available Cd,Pb,and Zn were lower than those in the control.The effect of different coated urea was much stronger on the water solubility of the heavy metals than on their availability.The effects of controlled-release urea on the transformation of heavy metals resulted in changes in the concentrations of NH4^+,water-soluble SO4^2-,and soil p H.The results further suggested that PCU could be used in dry farming operations in multimetal-contaminated acid soils.