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1.
Sarah Wiesner Alexander Gröngröft Felix Ament Annette Eschenbach 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(11):2523-2537
Purpose
Urban soils’ variability in the vertical direction presumably affects hydrological parameters at the timescale. Moreover, horizontal soil alterations at small spatial scales are common in urban areas. This spatio-temporal variability and heterogeneity of soil moisture and the possible influencing factors were to be described and quantified, using data of a soil monitoring network in the city of Hamburg, Germany.Materials and methods
Soil moisture data from ten observation sites within the project HUSCO was evaluated for two different years. The sites were located within districts with different mean groundwater table depths and characteristic urban soil properties. Soil hydrological simulations with SWAP were calculated for a selected site.Results and discussion
The temporal evolution of soil water content and tension for the sites was very distinct, related to soil substrate, organic matter content, and groundwater table depth. Impacts of different vegetation rooting depths, the soil substrates’ type, and to some extent the degree of disturbance on soil water dynamics could be identified. An impact of groundwater table depth on the water content of the topsoil during low-precipitation periods could be assumed. The comparison of the results of soil hydrological simulations with empirical data indicated an overestimation of infiltration and percolation for the given soil substrates.Conclusions
While soil properties are mainly determinant for the long-term progression of soil hydrology, local site factors affect the short-term regime. A shallow groundwater table contributes to more constant water dynamics while the relative decrease of water during a dry phase is diminished.2.
Gudny Okkenhaug Andreas Botnen Smebye Thomas Pabst Carl Einar Amundsen Hilmar Sævarsson Gijs D. Breedveld 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(11):3310-3323
Purpose
Small arm shooting ranges located in peatland areas are gathering increased attention due to severe metal and antimony (Sb) contamination and challenging conditions for remediation. The goal of the present study was to gain further understanding of the distribution, binding and transport of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and Sb in peatland contaminated by small arm shooting range activities.Materials and methods
A field experiment was carried out at a recently closed shooting range facility in Norway, including (i) peat soil sampling for various selective extractions (water, chemical extractions, extractions by diffusive gradients in thin films, DGT), (ii) establishing groundwater wells for groundwater sampling and monitoring of groundwater level and (iii) sampling of water and sediments in surface water. The results from groundwater monitoring were used to carry out hydrogeological numerical simulations using Seep/W and CTran/W. These models were used to evaluate the residence time of the contaminants in the peatland.Results and discussion
Increased metal concentrations were observed in the top layer of the peatland, indicating low vertical transport. Groundwater revealed high concentrations of Pb (22 ± 5 μg/L), Cu (16 ± 6 μg/L) and Sb (11 ± 2 μg/L), the dominating contaminant source to the downstream surface water. Hydrogeological modelling indicated that transport mainly happened in the upper peat layer, as a result of a higher hydraulic conductivity close to the surface and a high groundwater table. Pb (6.9 ± 0.1 μg/L), Cu (24.0 ± 0.0 μg/L) and Sb (7.4 ± 0.1 μg/L) concentrations in the stream samples confirmed the spreading of contaminants at levels toxic to aquatic organisms. Pb and Cu were most likely associated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), whereas Sb showed no correlation with DOC.Conclusions
The elements contaminating the peatland may leak to the nearby water course over a long-term period. Copper showed the highest concentration in the stream water despite considerably higher levels of Pb in the peat soil. Strong complexation of Cu to dissolved organic matter might explain this observation. Only a little fraction of the contaminants is transported in a particulate form, and therefore are increased sedimentation measures not considered as viable remediation option.3.
Ana Pérez-Gimeno José Navarro-Pedreño Maria Belen Almendro-Candel Ignacio Gómez Manuel M. Jordán 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1345-1351
Purpose
The use of composted sewage sludge and limestone outcrop residue in land rehabilitation, soil improvement, and technosol making can influence the mobility of nitrogen compounds in groundwater.Materials and methods
This experiment analyzed this source of possible pollution under an experimental design based on the use of columns (0–30 cm) formed by both wastes and a heavy irrigation regime. Two waters of different quality (saline and non-saline) were used for irrigation. The presence of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in the leachates was checked.Results and discussion
The environmental risk due to the presence of nitrogen species associated with the use of these materials was very low in general, although nitrate was the most important compound affected by the use of sewage sludge compost and saline water.Conclusions
The combination of saline water for irrigation with the compost has to be seriously considered as a source of pollution for surface and ground waters, and the use of both resources may be a key factor to be studied (low-quality water and sewage sludge compost).4.
Svetlana N. Sushkova Tatiana M. Minkina Saglara S. Mandzhieva Galina K. Vasilyeva Nikolay I. Borisenko Irina G. Turina Olga V. Bolotova Tatiana V. Varduni Rıdvan Kızılkaya 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1323-1329
Purpose
The optimization of benzo[a]pyrene extraction conditions by subcritical water extraction method from soils is the purpose of the research. The optimal conditions for benzo[a]pyrene recovery are 30-min extraction by water in a special steel cartridge at 250 °C and 100 atm.Materials and methods
Studies were conducted on the soils of monitoring plots subjected to Novocherkassk Power Station emissions. Monitoring plots were established at different distances from the Novocherkassk Power Station (NPS; 1.0–20.0 km).Results and discussion
It was shown that the use of water in subcritical state as a solvent for benzo[a]pyrene extraction from soil allows to avoid large volumes of organic solvents and to decrease the time of sample preparation. It is shown that the maximum benzo[a]pyrene maintenance was observed in soils of the monitoring plots located most close (to 5 km) to a pollution source in the area of the prevailing direction of a wind rose. Dynamics of pollutant accumulation in soils depend on number of Novocherkassk state district power station emissions.Conclusions
The method of benzo[a]pyrene subcritical water extraction from soil was developed and approbated during long-term monitoring researches of technogenic polluted territories. The optimum conditions for benzo[a]pyrene extraction from soil have been determined: the soil is treating by subcritical water at 250 °C and 100 atm of pressure for 30 min. Trends in the accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil zones of the thermal power plant influence have been researched over a 5-year period of monitoring observations by subcritical water extraction method. Benzo[a]pyrene accumulation in soils depends on the technogenic emissions to the atmosphere from Novocherkassk power station and on the soil physical and chemical properties.5.
Mathapelo P. Seopela Robert I. McCrindle Sandra Combrinck Thierry J-C. Regnier 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(12):2740-2752
Purpose
Rivers feeding into the Loskop Dam, South Africa, pass through coal mining and heavily industrialised areas. Previous studies investigating mass mortalities of crocodile and fish in the river system, revealed the presence of organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in their tissues.Materials and methods
Samples were collected from nine sites within the dam in winter and summer. Liquid-liquid and microwave-assisted extraction was used for preconcentrating PAHs from water and sediment samples, respectively. Extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode to determine the presence and levels of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-priority PAHs.Results and discussion
Significant levels of PAHs were found in both water and sediment samples. Concentrations were higher in sediments than in water, as well as in samples collected in winter. Levels of PAHs in sediments were generally higher than those reported by many researchers for other water bodies in industrialised areas. Zebrafish embryos were used to assess potential risks associated with the water and sediment, and to determine the effects of PAHs on aquatic life. Embryos, exposed to intact water and sediment samples, as well as to diluted sediment extracts, were monitored for 120 h post fertilisation. Sediment proved more toxic to zebrafish embryos than water, causing delayed embryo development and malformations.Conclusions
These findings are alarming as they indicate that this water system is under stress. These findings can be typical of any water system situated in a coal mining and industrial region.6.
Carmen Pérez-Sirvent Mari Luz García-Lorenzo Carmen Hernández-Pérez María José Martínez-Sánchez 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2248-2258
Purpose
The present study deals with the geochemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and As present on profiles using chemical simple extraction process. This work was conducted on Portman Bay, located in the SE Spain and strongly affected by mining activities.Materials and methods
Four simple extractions were applied to selected samples in order to evaluate the potential mobility of metals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was applied to the characterisation of samples and the residues remaining after each extraction, providing additional information about the sediment phases carrying the elements studied.Results and discussion
The results obtained after the extractions suggested that the highest potentially toxic element (PTE) content was obtained in the oxidising medium. The mineralogical composition is an important factor that should be taken into account in the evaluation of PTE mobility, firstly because the mineral phases react differently in the proposed situations depending on their chemical nature, and secondly, because the presence of a particular phase depends on the degree of weathering.Conclusions
The evaluation of PTE mobility and mineralogical composition under different environmental conditions may be very important in the execution of restoration projects which could involve dredging and mobilisation of materials.7.
Purpose
Studying the rate of chelant degradation is important to select environmental friendly compounds to assist phytoextraction. The objective of the present study was to evaluate degradation rate of complexes formed between synthetic or organic chelants and Pb aiming to increase the efficiency of phytoextraction while reducing adverse effects resulting from the Pb leaching.Materials and methods
The following six chelating agents were tested: citric acid P.A., commercial citric acid, glutamic acid P.A., monosodium glutamate, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), besides a control treatment (no addition of chelating agent); they were applied at a concentration of 10 mmol dm?3 in pots containing 1 dm3 of Pb-contaminated soil.Results and discussion
The results of this study showed that commercial citric acid adequately solubilized Pb to levels suitable for plant uptake and showed relatively rapid biodegradation in soil. Therefore, this commercial product may be a highly promising alternative for phytoextraction studies in the field. EDTA and NTA demonstrated high Pb solubilization ability but degraded comparatively slowly; therefore, they are not recommended for use in phytoextraction due to environmental risks regarding metal leaching.Conclusions
The results of this study showed that commercial citric acid adequately solubilized Pb to levels suitable for plant uptake and showed relatively rapid biodegradation in soil, which is associated with a low risk of groundwater contamination. Therefore, this environmental friendly and low-cost product may be a highly promising alternative for inducing Pb phytoextraction.8.
Yao Feng Chaojun Wei Wenjuan Zhang Yuanwang Liu Zhaojun Li Haiyan Hu Jianming Xue Murray Davis 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(9):2242-2251
Purpose
A simple and highly efficient economic method for the analysis of 11 antibacterial drugs including two tetracyclines, three quinolones, four sulfonamides, chloramphenicol and tylosin, in livestock manure, was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Materials and methods
The analytes were successively extracted by EDTA-McIlvaine solution and organic solvent mixture. The extracts were degreased with n-hexane and cleaned through SPE on a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) cartridge. All compounds were determined on a C18 reverse phase column with gradient elution.Results and discussion
Recoveries calculated from spiked samples of animal manures ranged from 62.65 to 99.16 % for 11 antibiotics with relative standard deviations of less than 10.0 %. Limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 1.9 μg kg?1, and limits of quantification ranged from 0.3 to 5.9 μg kg?1.Conclusions
The results show that SPE-HPLC is an inexpensive and practical method for rapid detection of multiple antibiotics in animal manure.9.
Dominika Chmolowska Natnael Hamda Ryszard Laskowski 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(2):299-305
Purpose
The study aimed at comparing organic matter decomposition in two semi-natural agrobiocenozes, namely fallows and meadows, with similar plant biomass but differing in plant community composition and diversity and in succession stage.Materials and methods
The decomposition rate of a standard material (cellulose) was measured in soils from six fallows and six meadows spanning a few kilometres apart. The mathematical model was fitted to the data.Results and discussion
The model showed a significantly longer lag-time in cellulose decomposition in the meadows. Despite the delayed start of decomposition in the meadows, the estimated decomposition rates were similar in both ecosystem types, once the decay started.Conclusions
The faster start of decomposition in fallows seems to be promoted by higher contents of nitrates and phosphates in the fallow soils. The fallows, as younger ecosystems, may have faster C turnover than older grasslands due to remains of fertilisers on these ex-arable fields.10.
Ya-Jie Wang Zheng Chen Pan-Pan Liu Guo-Xin Sun Long-Jun Ding Yong-Guan Zhu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(6):1745-1753
Purpose
Bacteria able to extracelluar respiration, which could be enriched in the anode of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), play important roles in dissimilatory iron reduction and arsenic (As) desorption in paddy soils. However, the response of the bacteria to As pollution is unknown.Materials and methods
Using soil MFCs to investigate the effects of As on anode respiring bacteria (ARB) communities in paddy soils exposed to As stress. The soil MFC performances were evaluated by electrochemical methods. The bacterial community compositions on anodes were studied using Illumina sequencing.Results and discussion
In wet 1 phase, polarization curves of MFCs showed cathode potentials were enhanced at low As exposure but inhibited at high As exposure. In the meantime, anode potentials increased with As levels. The dry-wet alternation reduced As levels in porewater and their impacts on electrodes microorganisms. Arsenic addition significantly influenced the anode microbial communities. After dry-wet cycles, Deltaproteobacteria dominated in the anode with high As.Conclusions
The dynamic changes of the communities on cathodes and anodes of soil MFCs in paddy soils with different As addition might be explained by their different mechanisms for As detoxification. These results provide new insights into the microbial evolution in As-contaminated paddy soils.11.
Yanina Corrotea Pablo Richter Sally Brown Betsabet Sepúlveda Loreto Ascar Inés Ahumada 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(5):1538-1546
Purpose
Triclosan (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) an antimicrobial compound used in a range of household products, is an emerging hydrophobic organic contaminant, that may be incorporated into soil through the application of biosolids. The present study assessed the bioavailable fraction of TCS in a soil-biosolid system using wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant assays and a predictive extraction method using a solution of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) to determine if it was a reliable surrogate for this bioassay.Materials and methods
Three soils were obtained from the central region of Chile (Cuesta Vieja, Polpaico, and Taqueral). Biosolid was obtained from a regional wastewater treatment plant. The soils were amended with biosolids at different rates (30, 60, 90, and 200 Mg ha-1). The TCS concentration was determined in biosolids, soil, and plant samples via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Results and discussion
The total TCS concentration in the biosolids was 5.45 mg kg-1. The results of the TCS extraction from the wheat plants (roots and shoots) indicated that TCS was primarily found in the roots. TCS uptake by the plant varied based on soil properties. The predictive capability of the HPCD extraction was assessed using a simple linear correlation test for TCS concentration in wheat plants.Conclusions
The study yielded a linear relationship, which demonstrated the validity of the chemical method as a biosimulation technique.12.
Assessment of trace element phytoavailability in compost amended soils using different methodologies
Lisa Ciadamidaro Markus Puschenreiter Jakob Santner Walter W. Wenzel Paula Madejón Engracia Madejón 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(5):1251-1261
Purpose
This study evaluates the effects of two soil amendments and the growth of two plant species on labile trace element (TE) fractions in two different contaminated soils.Materials and methods
We studied the effects of two organic amendments (biosolid compost and alperujo compost) and two plant species (Medicago polymorpha and Poa annua) on pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and TE availability, by three extraction methods (CaCl2 aqueous solution, soil pore water (SPW), and diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT)), in two contaminated soils with contrasting pH values (Aznalcázar, 6.53, and Vicario, 3.48) in a 118-day pot experiment. The effects of the composts on labile TE fractions were compared with element concentrations in plants.Results and discussion
No relevant effects of amendments and plants were found on the physical and chemical characteristics of the Aznalcázar soil. However, the addition of amendments was essential for plant species growing in the acid Vicario soil. In this soil, amendments and plant growth increased pH and TOC and reduced substantially TE bioavailability. Although absolute values of bioavailable TE contents obtained by the three methods were very different and followed the trend CaCl2 extraction?>?SPW?>?DGT, these values follow a similar behavior in the two studied soils and for the two species.Conclusions
The results demonstrate that the application of organic amendments are suitable for remediating acid TE-contaminated soils, for the establishment of a vegetation cover on previously bare soils for reducing wind and water erosion and for reducing labile TE fractions to prevent leaching of pollutants into subsoil or groundwater layers. Moreover, the results obtained in this study pointed out that under microcosm conditions, the three methods tested (CaCl2 extraction, SPW, and DGT) to predict TE bioavailability were highly correlated.13.
Rongxiao Yuan Huaming Guo Di Zhang Yuan Li Yilong Zhang Wengeng Cao 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(12):2899-2911
Purpose
High groundwater arsenic (As) and salinity have been detected in aquifers of the Hetao Basin in Mongolia which have caused serious public health concerns. The objective of this study was to characterize the distributions of the soluble components in sediment in different lithologies and depths and to assess the relationship between soluble As in sediments and dissolved As in groundwater.Materials and methods
One hundred and one sediment samples and 13 groundwater samples were collected from four boreholes at varied depths. In addition to total chemicals and mineralogical phases of sediments, the soluble components (including major ions and As, Fe, and Mn) in sediments and dissolved chemicals in groundwater were analyzed.Results and discussion
Clay or silty clay had relatively higher EC values (189–805 μS cm?1) than aquifer sands (approximately 92–261 μS cm?1). The major soluble components were Na+, Ca2+, HCO3 ?, and SO4 2?, which were more variable in clay samples than fine sand samples. Soluble As concentrations ranged between 2 and 950 μS cm?1, and high contents generally occurred in clay sediments with high contents of soluble Fe and Mn. A comparison of chemicals between soluble components in sediments and dissolved species in groundwaters at matched depths showed that chemicals were preferentially partitioned into sediments at the mountain front and deep aquifers (>60 m), while partitioned into groundwater in the shallow aquifers (<60 m) of the flat plain. Arsenic was preferentially partitioned into groundwater in aquifers with relatively low dissolved SO4 2?.Conclusions
Groundwater components were mostly sourced from corresponding sediments. In clay sediments, As was desorbed from the surface sites along with other soluble components. Under reducing conditions, reduction of Fe oxides with high surface sites for As adsorption led to a weak association of As with other phases (such as carbonates), and therefore resulted in high dissolved As concentrations and low As partition between sediments and groundwater in deep aquifers.14.
Taosha Ou Mengyun Guan Yongrui Mai Peiyan Deng Yutang Xiao Dayi Deng 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(8):2202-2213
Purpose
Surface sediments contaminated with high levels of multiple heavy metal(loid) species are very common environmental problems. Especially, the labile and bioaccessible fractions of heavy metal(loid)s in the sediments are posing serious risks to the biota and the overlaying water quality. This study aimed at developing a potential method to manage the activity of the labile fractions of heavy metal(loid)s in surface sediments.Materials and methods
This study assessed the feasibility of adding iron powder, a low-cost industrial by-product, to sediments containing high levels of Pb, As, and Cd to adsorb labile fractions of heavy metal(loid)s onto the sorbent surfaces and to retrieve the heavy metal(loid) laden powders by applying external magnetic field. In addition, the redistribution of Pb, Cd, and As in different sediment fractions, the dissolved fraction and the sorbent-adsorbed fraction, was also investigated and characterized.Results and discussion
The results indicate that the bioactive labile fractions (exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions) of heavy metal(loid)s are prone to concentrating onto iron powders and can be selectively removed from the sediments by magnetic retrieval. In addition, iron addition induces conversion of labile fractions of heavy metal(loid)s into more stabilized fractions.Conclusions
Overall, the process can effectively minimize the activity of labile fractions of heavy metal(loid)s in surface sediments.15.
Purpose
The low conductivity of sediments for mass and electron transport is the most severe limiting factor in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), so that sediment ameliorations yielded more remarkable effects than electrode improvements. The objective of this research was to enhance the electricity generation of SMFCs with amendments of biochar to freshwater sediments for conductivity enhancement.Materials and methods
Laboratory-scale SMFCs were constructed and biochars were produced from coconut shells at different temperatures. Variations in the power output, electrode potential, internal resistance, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and microbial communities were measured.Results and discussion
Amending with biochar reduced the charge transfer resistances of SMFCs and enriched the Firmicutes (mainly Fusibacter sp.) in the sediment, which improved the SMFC power generation by two- to tenfold and enhanced the TOC removal rate by 1.7- to fourfold relative to those without the amendment.Conclusions
The results suggested that biochar amendment is a promising strategy to enhance SMFC power production, and the electrical conductivity of biochar should be considered important when interpreting the impact biochar has on the electrical performance of soil or freshwater sediment MFCs.16.
Purpose
Soil selenium (Se) sequestration and transformation, which are strongly controlled by soil redox conditions, are critical for understanding the mobility and bioavailability in the environment. Thus, the effect of redox potential on Se transformation was investigated for exploring the release mechanism of Se in soil.Materials and methods
Soils were incubated under anoxic condition in four treatments at room temperature over 56 days, and the soil solution pH, Eh, and Fe and Se concentrations were measured at given reaction time. The sequential extraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to obtain the species distribution of Se in soil. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was employed to observe morphology characteristic of soil.Results and discussion
Parts of soil Se can be released into solution, and Se speciation in soil changed during the incubation period. XPS and sequential extraction analyses revealed that the primary speciation of Se in soil was elemental Se, and metallic selenides were formed under aerobic condition. Moreover, XPS and HR-TEM data revealed the crystalline state of iron oxides in soil changed after anoxic incubation, and certain amorphous iron oxides were formed.Conclusions
Se release is activated by short-term incubation, whereas Se can be transformed into less soluble state after long-term incubation. Organic matter takes extremely an important role in Fe oxide reductive dissolution and Se transformation. This study is useful to understand the environmental behaviors of Se and enhance the application of Se fertilizers effectively and safely in Se deficiency area.17.
Mohammad Wahsha Mandana Nadimi-Goki Claudio Bini 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1300-1305
Purpose
The present paper concerns the distribution and mobility of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe) in the soils of some abandoned mine sites in Italy and their transfer to wild flora.Materials and methods
Soils and plants were sampled from mixed sulphide mine dumps in different parts of Italy, and the concentrations of heavy metals were determined.Results and discussion
The phytoremediation ability of Salix species (Salix eleagnos, Salix purpurea and Salix caprea), Taraxacum officinale and P?lantago major for heavy metals and, in particular, zinc was estimated. The results showed that soils affected by mining activities presented total Zn, Cu, Pb and Fe concentrations above the internationally recommended permissible limits. A highly significant correlation occurred between metal concentrations in soils.Conclusions
The obtained results confirmed the environmental effects of mine waste; exploring wild flora ability to absorb metals, besides metal exploitation, proved a useful tool for planning possible remediation projects.18.
Vishnu D. Rajput Tatiana Minkina Svetlana Sushkova Viktoriia Tsitsuashvili Saglara Mandzhieva Andrey Gorovtsov Dina Nevidomskyaya Natalya Gromakova 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2179-2187
Purpose
Nanoparticles (NPs) have received increased attention in recent past due to their unique distinct properties. Metal-based NPs are widely used in chemical and allied sector. Most of the research is directed to study the efficiency of NPs in medicine and agriculture. The aim of this review is to explore the possible threats posed by toxicity of various NPs on plants and microbial diversity.Materials and methods
First, major sources of NPs to the environment were analyzed. The effects of metal-based NPs on the microbiota and plants are presented in this review. The results obtained by the authors during last 12 years of research are used.Results and discussion
The exposure of soil to nanoparticles causes a decrease in soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activity, which impacts microbial community composition including yeasts, bacteria, fungi, and biological diversity. The effects of NPs on plants result in various types of abnormalities. Nanoparticles can also pose risks to human health.Conclusions
Increased applications of NPs pose a threat to beneficial microbial communities as well as crops and soils. Thus, it is important to explore whether NPs could compromise crop yield, soil properties, soil organisms, and functional activities of soil.19.
Javier M. Gonzalez Douglas R. Smith Stan Livingston Elizabeth Warnemuende-Pappas Martha Zwonitzer 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(7):1921-1932
Purpose
In a 6-year study, we investigated the effectiveness of blind inlets as a conservation practice in reducing pesticide losses compared to tile risers from two closed farmed depressional areas (potholes) in the US Midwest under a 4-year cropping rotation.Materials and methods
In two adjacent potholes within the same farm and having similar soils, a conventional tile riser and blind inlet were installed. Each draining practice could be operated independent of each other in order to drain and monitor each depression with either practice. Sampling events (runoff events) were collected from the potholes from 2008 to 2013 using autosamplers. The samples were analyzed for atrazine, metolachlor, 2,4-D, glyphosate, and deethylatrazine.Results and discussion
The results of this study demonstrated that the blind inlet reduced analyzed pesticide losses; however, the level of reduction was compound dependent: atrazine (57 %), 2,4-D (58 %), metolachlor (53 %), and glyphosate (11 %).Conclusions
Results from this study corroborate previous research findings that blind inlets are an effective conservation practice to reduce discharge and pollutants, including pesticides from farmed pothole surface runoff in the US Midwest.20.
Jianqing Tian Bing Wu Huai Chen Na Jiang Xiaoming Kang Xingzhong Liu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(12):2856-2865