热带农业生态系统土壤肥力与植物养分综合管理研究进展

The greatest challenge for tropical agriculture is land degradation and reduction in soil fertility for sustainable crop and livestock production.Associated problems include soil erosion,nutrient mining,competition for biomass for multiple uses,limited application of inorganic fertilizers,and limited capacity of farmers to recognize the decline in soil quality and its consequences on productivity.Integrated soil fertility management(ISFM) is an approach to improve crop yields,while preserving sustainable and long-term soil fertility through the combined judicious use of fertilizers,recycled organic resources,responsive crop varieties,and improved agronomic practices,which minimize nutrient losses and improve the nutrient-use efficiency of crops.Soil fertility and nutrient management studies in Ethiopia under on-station and on-farm conditions showed that the combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly increased crop yields compared to either alone in tropical agro-ecosystems.Yield benefits were more apparent when fertilizer application was accompanied by crop rotation,green manuring,or crop residue management.The combination of manure and NP fertilizer could increase wheat and faba bean grain yields by 50%–100%,whereas crop rotation with grain legumes could increase cereal grain yields by up to 200%.Although organic residues are key inputs for soil fertility management,about 85% of these residues is used for livestock feed and energy;thus,there is a need for increasing crop biomass.The main incentive for farmers to adopt ISFM practices is economic benefits.The success of ISFM also depends on research and development institutions to provide technical support,technology adoption,information dissemination,and creation of market incentives for farmers in tropical agro-ecosystems.     

利用方式和土壤肥力对土壤团聚体和养分的影响

The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C, N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard, upland, paddy, and grassland soils with high, medium, and low fertility levels. The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%, respectively, less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil. Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses. However, the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses. Soil organic C, N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones. The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C, N and P. For orchard and grassland soils, the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients, while for upland soil, the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients. Therefore, the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure. The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients. Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil.     

耕作、残茬及施肥管理对土壤有机质动态变化影响的情景分析

Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model＇s parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon （SOC） management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited.     

中国海南岛香蕉种植潜力的鉴定

Land use alternatives are sought to boost agricultural income and productivity in Hainan Island,China.Regional differences exist in crop limitations,such as typhoon risk,low temperatures,poor soil fertility,and drought.In this study a crop zonation was made for a range of crops,among which is banana,as a way to:1) establish areas for potential expansion for banana,and 2) identifylimitations and options for crop and land management.A spatial soil and terrain database of Hainan Island(1:250000) was linked to the automated land evaluation system(ALES).The qualitative models were verified by comparing suitability maps with actual land use.Theresults may support policy formulation on issues such as alternatives to current land use,assessment of best management practices,and the need for fertilizer programmes.     

结合土地利用的城镇化流域土壤养分非函数空间插值

Integrating land use type and other geographic information within spatial interpolation has been proposed as a solution to improve the performance and accuracy of soil nutrient mapping at the regional scale.This study developed a non-algorithm approach,i.e.,applying inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK),to individual land use types rather than to the whole watershed,to determine if this improved the performance in mapping soil total C (TC),total N (TN),and total P (TP) in a 200-km2 urbanizing watershed in Southeast China.Four land use types were identified by visual interpretation as forest land,agricultural land,green land,and urban land.One hundred and fifty soil samples (0 10 cm) were taken according to land use type and patch size.Results showed that the non-algorithm approach,interpolation based on individual land use types,substantially improved the performance of IDW and OK for mapping TC,TN,and TP in the watershed.Root mean square errors were reduced by 3.9％ for TC,10.7％ for TN,and 25.9％ for TP by the application of IDW,while the improvements by OK were slightly lower as 0.9％ for TC,7.7％ for TN,and 18.1％ for TP.Interpolations based on individual land use types visually improved depiction of spatial patterns for TC,TN,and TP in the watershed relative to interpolations by the whole watershed.Substantial improvements might be expected with denser sampling points.We suggest that this non-algorithm approach might provide an alternative to algorithm-based approaches to depict watershed-scale nutrient patterns.     

红壤丘陵地区土地利用的生态学效应

Plant biomass and biodiversity,element accumulation and return,water loss and soil erosion,and changes in soil properties were studied for up to 10 years after conversiton of sparse tree-shrubby grass land into the following four land use patterns:masson pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb.) land,beautiful sweetgum(Liquidambar formosana Hance)land,vegetation reservation aldn,and artificial mowing land.Thie annual biomass production of the masson pine land was 5060kg ha^-1,being 4.9,2.1,and 6.0 times that of the beautiful sweetgum land,the vegetation reservation land,and the artificial mowing land,respectively,Compared with the background values,the number of plant species for the vegetation reservation and increased by 10 species after 10 years of land utilization,while for the masson pine and the beautiful weetgum decreased by 4,and for the artifiucial mowing land by 9.For masson pine land,total amount of N,P,K,Ca,and Mg needed for producing 1000kg dry matter was only 3.5kg,annual element return through litter was 22 kg ha^-1,both of which were much lower than those of the other patterns.Vegetation reservation was an effective measure to conserve soil and water and improve soil fertility in the red soil hilly region.Artificial mowing aroused serous degradation of vegetation and soil.Some measures and suggestions for management and exploitation of the red soil hilly region such masson pine planting,closing hills for afforestation,and stereo-agriculture on one hill are proposed.     

三峡库区脐橙果园不同深度的土壤肥力指数

In the Three Gorges Area of China, soil erosion and the resultant non-point source pollution and ecological degradation have endangered agricultural ecosystems and fresh water reservoirs. Although efforts have been undertaken to reduce soil and water losses from slope land used for citrus production, information on the effects of management practices on soil fertility indices is either limited or nonexistent. This study was conducted to compare the effects of 10 years of various management practices, citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), citrus mulched with straw (SM), citrus intercropped with contour hedgerows (CH), citrus orchard land with impermeable membrane (IM), and citrus intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and peanut (Arachris hypogaea) (WP), as treatments on soil fertility indices with that of the conventional citrus management (CM). Results showed that the soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, available potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at the 0–5 cm depth were higher for the WC and SM treatments than the CM treatment. There was also spatial variation in soil fertility along slopes of the WC and SM treatments. The soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at both the 0–5 and 5–20 cm depths were higher for the CH and IM treatments than the CM treatment. The average soil available nitrogen and available potassium contents were higher for the WP treatment than the CM treatment, but the WP treatment had little effect on the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents. These suggested that white clover intercropping and straw mulching were the most effective approaches to improve soil fertility in citrus orchard land of the Three Gorges area.     

控制中国非点源污染的生物经济学战略

While non-point pollution from agriculture has become an increasingly serious problem in China, some progress has been made in studying the causal biophysical processes. However, few studies have assessed the economic consequences of non-point pollution in China or the policy options that could be employed to combat it. In this work a sustainable strategy to control non-point pollution from crop production, which involved taxing excessive inputs of irrigation water and fertilizer, was proposed. The approach taken to assess these measures combined biophysical and economic models,having a trade-off between economic returns and an improved environment. A proven and practical spatially referenced water and nutrient management model was used to determine the quantities of excessive irrigation water and fertilizer for specific soil and land use. Also, a set of indicators were proposed for evaluating the effects of agricultural economic output and agricultural practices on the environment.     

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN CHINA

Effects of Soil Amelioration with Different Soil and Water Conservation Measures of Eroded Red Soil Region YU Rong-gang, ………………………………………………ANG Jie, WANG Nong, et al. （Jiangxi Provincial Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Nanehang, Jiangxi 330029, China）（40） The paper studied the variations of pH value and nutrient content of slope land in eroded red soil region under the conditions of using dif- ferent soil and water conservation measures and analyzed the effects of soil amelioration with different soil and water conservation measures combining with field survey and laboratory analysis. The outcomes show that the different soil and water conservation measures notably affect the pH value and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus of eroded red soil region, but the influence to the contents of total potassium and available potassium are not remarkable. Planting forage grass and cultiva- tion measures can remarkably increase the pH value and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus of the soil and improve the conditions of soil fertility, while the influence of terraced fields to the soil fertility status is not obvious. The soil fertility condition of the studied area is not restricted by potassium. It can utilize organic matter as a simplified index to judge the conditions of soil fertility.     

土地利用变化对中国西南热带湿润地区土壤磷动态的影响

Land use changes can greatly influence soil phosphorus (P) dynamics, especially when converting native forests to agricultural land. Soils in Xishuangbanna, which is one of southwest China’s tropical areas that maintain fragments of primary forests, were studied to a) evaluate the effect of two common land use changes, conversion of forests to agricultural land or rubber tree plantation, on the dynamics of available P and total P in bulk soils as well as total P in particle size fractions; b) assess the relationship between soil P dynamics and soil organic carbon (SOC); and c) elucidate the relationship between soil P content and soil properties such as pH and texture. Clearing secondary forests with subsequent shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantation caused significant decreases (P < 0.05) in available P in 0--20 cm soil depths, whereas for total P there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) when converting to shifting cultivation, rubber tree plantation, or fallow fields at both 0--20 and 20--40 cm depths. Abandonment of fields used for shifting cultivation led to significant increases (P < 0.05) in available P at 20--40 cm depth. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between soil organic carbon and soil P content. Compared to secondary forests, the ratio of organic carbon to total P in surface soils (0--20 cm) of shifting cultivation and rubber tree plantation was significantly lower (P < 0.05).     

雷州半岛桉树人工林土壤肥力特征及其成因

对雷州林业局桉树人工林地进行了土壤普查,结果表明,桉树人工林土壤肥力很低;其现状肥力特征的形成与桉树人工林生态系统水土流失严重,人为因素对土壤养分生物积累过程的干扰,桉树全树利用方式,耕垦和采后剩余物处理不适当有关。因此,增加桉树人工林生物多样性、回归林地凋落物于土壤,应用适当地采伐利用方式和采伐剩余物的处理方式,是改善桉树人工林土壤肥力必须采取的措施。     

桉树-牧草复合经营模式下水土流失和土壤肥力的综合评价

本文通过连续5年监测桉树-牧草和桉树纯林地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量,以及种植前后土壤肥力指标,综合分析间种牧草对桉树林地水土流失和土壤肥力的影响,为桉树人工林科学经营提供理论依据。结果表明:桉树纯林地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量分别在27.4~6612 m~3 hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0~14.9 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)之间,表现出随着种植时间呈逐年减少的变化规律,且水土流失主要集中在前2年;桉树-牧草复合经营模式下林地地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量与桉树纯林随种植时间的变化规律一致,但均低于桉树纯林,降低幅度为20.84%~82.85%;与种植前比,桉树-牧草和桉树纯林土壤pH值分别提高了0.03~0.05和0.14~0.18,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均得到提高(土壤交换性钙和镁除外),增幅分别为0.13~3.00倍和0.39~2.11倍;土壤肥力的关联度从大到小的排列顺序为:桉树-牧草桉树纯林种植前;桉树-牧草和桉树纯林0~20 cm土层土壤肥力指标增幅和关联度均大于20~40 cm土层。可见,与桉树纯林比,间种牧草更有利于改善桉树林地土壤肥力,促进桉树林地可持续性经营,是一种较好的桉树林地复合经营模式。     

Fertility Characteristics of Oxic Dystrustepts under Natural Forest,Rubber, and Teak Plantations in Different Seasons,Kerala, South India

Influences of three different vegetations (forests, teak plantation, and rubber plantation) on certain soil fertility parameters of Oxic Dystrustepts in the Western Ghats of southern India are compared. Soil samples collected from 10 different sites under each of the three vegetations in different seasons are analyzed. Soil sampling and physicochemical analyses were carried out as per standard methods. Significant variation was found in soil parameters over the plantations and forest in different seasons. Even though the rubber plantations received chemical fertilizers during two seasons, the average plant-available phosphorus alone exceeded in this soil than that in the forest soil. Specific influence of vegetations on fertility parameters in Oxic Dystrustepts could be traced. The influence of rubber plantations on soil fertility was more negative than that of teak plantations. Vegetational influence on soil fertility characteristics has applications in the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems in biodiversity-rich tropics.     

The transition from arable lands to rubber tree plantations in northern Thailand impacts weed assemblages and soil physical properties

In South‐East Asia, rapid land use changes in recent decades have raised concerns for biodiversity and soil conservation. Weeds provide many ecosystemic services for soil protection and support biodiversity, and could mitigate the negative effects of intensification. We investigated the changes in weed assemblages and weed–soil interactions on a chronosequence from annual crops to mature rubber tree plantations. We sampled five fields for each of four land uses in mountainous northern Thailand (rainfed upland rice, maize, young rubber tree (RT ) intercropped with maize, and mature RT ). We characterized weed assemblages (abundance, richness) and soil properties (bulk density, water, carbon and nitrogen content). Rice had the most diverse and abundant weed assemblages. Weed assemblages differed between (i) rice, (ii) maize and young RT with maize and (iii) mature RT . Soil water content was the highest in mature RT . Other soil properties varied strongly within and among fields, and did not vary significantly among land uses. Water and nitrogen content increased overall with living soil cover but decreased with weed species richness in mature RT . Such interactions could provide a basis for sustainable weeding practices favourable to soil and biodiversity conservation.     

Carbon stocks in Ethiopian soils in relation to land use and soil management

The effect of soil management and land use change are of interest to the sustainable land management for improving the environment and advancing food security in developing countries. Both anthropogenic changes and natural processes affect agriculture primarily by altering soil quality. This paper reviews and synthesizes the available literatures related to the influence of soil management and land use changes on soil carbon (C) stock in Ethiopia. The review shows that topsoil C stock declines approximately 0–63%, 0–23%, and 17–83% upon land use conversion from forest to crop land, to open grazing, and to plantation, respectively. An increase of 1–3% in soil C stock was observed within 10 years of converting open grazed land to protected enclosures. However, there was a little change in soil C stock below 20 cm depth. There is a large potential of increasing SOC pool with adoption of land restorative measures. Total potential of soil C sequestration with the adoption of restoration measures ranges 0·066–2·2 Tg C y⁻¹ on rain‐fed cropland and 4·2–10·5 Tg C y⁻¹ on rangeland. Given large area and diverse ecological conditions in Ethiopia, research data available in published literature are rather scanty. Therefore, researchable priorities identified in this review are important. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

呼伦贝尔市岭东黑土区耕地土壤肥力的演化

本研究结合全国耕地地力调查与质量评价项目的实施,利用“3S”技术对呼伦贝尔市岭东黑土区的68.11万公顷耕地进行了系统调查。根据1980～1982年全国第二次土壤普查927个土壤农化样点,与2002～2003年全国耕地地力调查与质量评价项目的1007个农化样点的同位对比资料,对该地区土壤的肥力现状进行了系统的分析。结果表明,该地区的耕地土壤肥力退化明显,其中土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾下降幅度较大,20年间分别下降了15.52g/kg、0.813.g/kg、27.7.mg/kg、64.3.mg/kg,下降幅度分别为25.38%、26.3%、12.93%和27.35%。只有土壤速效磷表现明显上升趋势,增长幅度达105.83%,这与多年大量施用磷肥有关,说明人类的生产活动对土壤肥力的变化有重大影响,通过合理有效地补充土壤养分是能够调节土壤养分平衡的。     

Soil fertility affected by land use history,relief position,and parent material under a tropical climate in NW-Vietnam

In Vietnam as much as half of the total land area is already degraded by soil erosion and nutrient depletion. In particular, degradation due to deforestation is increasingly affecting mountainous areas in north-western Vietnam. The necessity to safeguard the farmers' livelihoods requires sustainable resource management, which firstly requires a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of resources. The objectives of the present study were to (1) identify the dominant soil types and their vulnerability using elicitation of local soil knowledge, (2) characterise the physical and chemical properties of the soils and (3) link them to the relief position and land use in order to (4) initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations deduced from objectives (1) to (3). These objectives were achieved also by the elicitation of local knowledge. The final aim of the study was to initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations for sustainable land use scenarios. The Chieng Khoi commune in Son La province of northern Vietnam was chosen as representative for other erosion-prone Southeast Asian sloping areas. In a participatory approach, combining local and scientific knowledge, sixteen sites were selected, representative for distinct relief positions, parent material (sand stone and silt stone), land use history, and erosion hazard. Chemical (e.g. content of organic matter, nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and plant available phosphorous) and physical properties (e.g. air capacity, plant available water) were used to estimate soil fertility. The predominant reference soil groups in the study area are Alisols and Luvisols, with a high diversity in respect to soil fertility. These soils are locally named ‘red soil’ and ‘black soil’, respectively. Although the main physical processes are erosion and selective sedimentation, farmers tend to underestimate their impact and causes, whereas soil quality was well-evaluated. Soils with high fertility were found on less eroded upper parts of hills and at sites, where agricultural use started only recently. Once degraded by cultivation practices, soils derived from sandstone did not recover even after more than 50 years of fallow. As a result of unsustainable land use, soils on middle and lower slopes are often affected by severe soil erosion, whereas foot slope soils suffer from accumulation of eroded infertile subsoil material as well as stagnic conditions. This study showed that unsustainable land use at upslope landscape positions has a severe impact on downslope areas. The elicitation of local knowledge facilitated the identification of such hot spots, allowing the implementation of spatially targeted conservation measures.     

九曲溪生态保护区不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

对九曲溪生态保护区5种典型的土地利用方式(次生林、人工林、经济林、茶园、稻田)0—20 cm表层土壤性状进行分析,并选取与土壤肥力质量关系密切的土壤容重、pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾作为土壤质量评价指标,运用土壤质量综合指数评价不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响,结果表明:5种土地利用方式各评价指标均表现出差异显著(P<0.05);与次生林相比,其他土地利用方式的土壤容重增加,土壤孔隙状况、持水性能及大部分土壤养分呈下降的趋势,人为施肥使茶园土壤有效磷含量明显高于其他土地利用方式;5种土地利用方式按土壤质量综合指数排序为次生林(4.046)>竹林经济林(2.944)>稻田(2.632)>马尾松人工林(2.478)>茶园(0.569)。因此,在水热条件较好的南方地区,采取封山育林和种植阔叶林的植被恢复措施更有利于提高土壤质量。     

适宜肥料与改良剂改善盐碱土壤理化特性并提高作物产量

为了构建黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地适宜的培肥改土增产技术体系提供理论依据,在黄淮海平原典型轻中度盐碱障碍耕地进行了2 a的施肥试验,探究肥料结合改良剂施用对盐碱障碍耕地的土壤改良与作物增产效应。研究表明:仅依靠提高化肥施用量能够在一定时期内提高作物产量,但是会造成土壤盐分升高,土壤物理性质恶化,不利于盐碱土改良与可持续利用。在适度增施化肥的基础上,结合施用改良剂或有机肥可以明显降低土壤盐分含量,有利于盐碱耕地养分积累,显著提高作物产量:试验进行2 a后小麦产量分别较当地常规施肥提高21.41%和27.72%,分别达到6.35×103和6.68×103 kg/hm2;玉米产量分别较当地常规施肥提高10.44%和12.85%,分别达到7.68×103和7.85×103 kg/hm2。黄淮海平原盐碱障碍农作区应当重视有机肥与改良剂的施用,在降低土壤盐分含量、培肥地力的基础上提高作物产量,实现区域土壤资源可持续利用。该文可为黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地的可持续利用提供技术参考。     

陕西省子长县沟道土地的土壤肥力评价

通过野外实地考察和对土壤垂直剖面样品的采集和测试,分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道内的台地、滩地、坝地、草地等几种主要土地利用类型的土壤肥力状况,并与沟道内新造耕地进行了对比研究。同时,在分析土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷及速效钾等7个土壤肥力指标测定数据的基础上,对不同土地利用类型的土壤肥力进行了综合评价。结果表明,斑块状分布于沟道内的5种不同土地利用类型条件下,其土壤肥力指标存在一定差异。对比陕西省土壤肥力划分标准,黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道内各种土地类型土壤有机质含量均处于低水平,其中新造耕地的土壤有机质含量处于最低的第8级;各地块的土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷含量也处于较低水平,其中草地、滩地和台地的速效磷含量相对较高,可达到4或5级肥力水平;各地块全钾和速效钾含量等级相对其他肥力元素较高,速效钾含量以新造耕地和低龄坝地较低。由于有机质、氮、磷等肥力元素含量水平低,从而导致新造耕地和低龄坝地的综合土壤肥力质量也较低。因此,对沟道新造耕地不仅要做好复垦、平整、侧蚀水毁防治等工程,同时还应重视后期土壤肥力培育工作,采取科学措施,提高土地的生产力。