动物健康体系构建研究

动物健康体系最初在澳大利亚和加拿大等国建立,在动物疾病防控方面起到了十分重要的作用。本文对澳大利亚已建立的动物健康体系和我国兽医医疗体制进行对比,分析在我国建立更合理的官方兽医制度和动物健康体系以加快兽医与人医公共卫生一体化进程的对策。     

动物健康体系建设与公共卫生一体化

动物健康体系最初在澳大利亚和加拿大等国建立,在动物疾病防控方面起到了十分重要的作用。本文对澳大利亚已建立的动物健康体系和我国兽医医疗体制进行对比,分析在我国建立更合理的官方兽医制度和动物健康体系以加快兽医与人医公共卫生一体化进程的对策。     

澳大利亚采用动物健康维护体系应对兽疫

澳大利亚有一套完整的动物健康维护体系 ,从根本上保障了该国动物健康状况良好 ,并成为兽疫防控最根本的机制。1　兽疫监测系统化　澳大利亚从上个世纪 6 0年代起开始实行牲畜追踪体系 ,每头出栏的牲畜都要携带一种有 8位数字的标签。标签将贯穿畜牧生产和流通的全过程 ,寄养场、饲养场和中间商都将对牲畜标签进行登记 ,向国家动物标识资料中心报告。国家再通过“全国动物健康信息系统”随时收集全国动物健康资料 ,并通过分析确定国家的兽疫监控能力。2　高水准的兽医培训　为保证兽医水平达到国际标准 ,澳大利亚实行了“兽医认证计划” ,先…     

澳大利亚动物疫病防控体系简介

澳大利亚动物疫病净化工作有许多值得借鉴之处。本文就澳大利亚畜牧业基本情况、兽医服务体系、动物标识和疫病追溯体系和动物疫病应急管理体系等方面进行了介绍,列举了7个方面的可借鉴之处,包括联邦政府和各州政府动物疫病防控分工明确、各级兽医服务专业化程度高、行业协会在动物疫病控制中地位显著、动物标识体系完善、动物疫病控制规划详尽、疫病净化政策坚持不懈和兽医流行病学技术应用纯熟等,以期对我国动物疫病防控体系建设工作有所启发。     

发达国家动物防疫工作的6个支持体系

本文综合美国、加拿大、澳大利亚及欧盟一些成员国的动物防疫体系 ,结合《国际动物卫生法典》有关规定 ,阐述了发达国家动物防疫工作的 6个支持体系 ,即 :完善的兽医诊断实验室体系、有效的动物疫病监测体系、超前的动物流行病学分析系统、快速的动物疫病紧急反应系统、健全的法律法规体系和协调统一的兽医管理体系。上述 6个体系互相支持、互相依赖 ,共同保障着动物和公共卫生 ,推动着动物防疫工作不断向高层次发展。　　　从国家角度而言 ,动物防疫工作是指某个国家为防止和控制动物疫病发生 ,保障动物和人类健康而采取的官方活动。从工作…     

加强兽医卫生体系建设 保障动物源性食品安全——第二届兽医卫生暨动物源性食品安全高峰论坛召开

为进一步建设和完善兽医卫生体系,保障动物源性食品安全,中国兽医协会与中国动物疫病预防控制中心于2012年6月5～6日,在黑龙江省牡丹江市联合召开了第二届兽医卫生暨动物源性食品安全高峰论坛,论坛由中国.国际兽医合作(IVCC)协办。论坛围绕"兽医卫生体系建设"这一主题,客观分析了我国兽医卫生体系建设的现状,认识到兽医卫生已经从传统的保护动物健康,扩展到保障食品安全和人类健康、关注气候变化和环境保护等多个领域,工作对象也从动物扩展到人类和自然,应树立"一个健康、一个医学"的理念,并提出了加强兽医卫生体系建设的具体措施以及相关建议。中国兽医协会会长贾幼陵、农业部兽医局局长张仲秋、中国动物疫病预防控制中心主任才学鹏、黑龙江省畜牧兽医局局长祖伟、OIE亚太区资深代表     

完善我国动物防疫体系建设的几点建议

目前我国的防疫体系建设在近几年中取得快的发展,整个体系逐渐建立和完善,但是也存在众多问题,要求我们兽医工作者群策群力进一步完善动物防疫体系,使我国的动物防疫体系逐步完善和健全。1建立完善动物防疫工作新机制动物防疫工作是一项涉及千家万户利益和广大人民群众健康安全的系统工程,只有政府才能承担起组织领导动物防疫的重大责任。当前,各级政府要按照“依法行政”的总要求,积极转换政府职能,在法律法规的宣传教育和执法监督检查上多下功夫,特别是要大力强化养殖业主自觉防疫、依法防疫意识,支持执法部门依法强制免疫、强制检疫和监…     

建立村级兽医卫生室的思考

近年来,宜昌市夷陵区畜牧业取得突破性发展,全区形成了东猪西羊中牛禽的经济格局,畜牧产业已成为区域经济发展的支柱产业,但是,重大动物疫病依然是制约畜牧业发展的重要因素,全区每年发生各种动物疫病数十种,对畜牧业发展和人体健康构成严重威胁.结合农村散养户数多,分布面广,防疫难度大的实际情况,笔者建议建立村级兽医卫生室,夯实基层基础,对促进农村动物防疫工作开展具有重要作用.村级兽医卫生室就是建立以行政村为单位,以执业兽医为主体、集动物疫病防疫、治疗和疫情测报为一体的基层动物防疫组织,它是兽医体制的基石,也是农村公共卫生工作和动物防疫体系的重要组成部分,与医疗卫生体系相辅相成、相互促进.     

建立村级兽医卫生室的现实意义和具体措施

阐述建立村级兽医室在当前我县畜牧业生产中的必要性,建立健全动物防疫体系,提高防治重大动物疫病应急能力,以达到确保畜牧业健康发展,增强畜牧业抗风险能力和可持续发展能力,达到提高畜产品安全水平和人民群众身体健康的目的.     

澳大利亚进口陆生动物检疫法治体系建设研究

基于特殊的地理环境和畜牧产业的优势发展地位,澳大利亚对进境动物疫病检疫性防控高度重视,构建了以《生物安全法》《进口食品管制法》为主要法律,以系列动物卫生制度为支撑的澳大利亚进境动物检疫法治体系,建立并应用了进口生物风险分析、动物福利政策、进口安全条件管理系统、可追溯体系、进境动物许可等制度。本文创新性的阐述了澳大利亚进口陆生动物检疫法治体系建设情况和实施状况,分析了其科学、严格的进境动物管控措施,通过入境申报、口岸检疫、隔离检疫,合格放行等流程监管,以保障生态安全和动物健康。上述内容提示我国应对澳大利亚完善的动物检疫法治体系,严格的风险分析和准入许可,先进的BICON系统应用,有效的可追溯和良好的信息沟通等进行借鉴学习,以期为建立具有中国特色的进境陆生动物检疫法治体系提供信息支持。     

从我国医改看动物诊疗机构的发展与监管

动物诊疗机构的发展和监管,事关动物诊疗市场秩序和兽医执业行为,事关执业兽医制度建设,事关动物疫病防控和动物卫生安全.本文从我国医改经验,尤其是对强化医疗机构传染病防治职能要求出发,基于利益相关方、社会治理理论,概述了我国动物诊疗机构发展的积极态势,也指出了机构数量和质量有待提高、诊疗服务供给零散、传染病防控义务不明确、...     

A case for increased private sector involvement in Ireland's national animal health services

Non-regulatory animal health issues, such as Johne's disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and mastitis will become increasing important, with ongoing globalisation of markets in animals and animal products. In response, Ireland may need to broaden the scope of its national animal health services. However, there have been concerns about the respective roles and responsibilities (both financial and otherwise) of government and industry in any such moves. This paper argues the case for increased private sector involvement in Ireland's national animal health services, based both on theoretical considerations and country case studies (the Netherlands and Australia). The Dutch and Australian case studies present examples of successful partnerships between government and industry, including systems and processes to address non-regulatory animal health issues. In each case, the roles and responsibilities of government are clear, as are the principles underpinning government involvement. Furthermore, the roles and responsibilities (financial and otherwise) of the Dutch and Australian industry are determined through enabling legislation, providing both legitimacy and accountability. There are constraints on the use of EU and national government funds to support non-regulatory animal health services in EU member states (such as Ireland and the Netherlands).     

The challenges of implementing an integrated One Health surveillance system in Australia

As 75 per cent of emerging infectious diseases are of animal origin, a One Health approach that integrates the health of humans, animals and the environment could provide an earlier opportunity for zoonotic disease detection and prevention. In Australia, human, animal and ecological health are managed by separate sectors with limited communication. This study aims to explore how professionals in these fields perceive a One Health approach to zoonotic disease surveillance, aiming to identify the challenges to the implementation of an integrated system in Australia. Using a qualitative research method, ten semistructured interviews were conducted with academic experts to gain insight into the possibility of developing an integrated surveillance system in Australia. A thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. Findings showed the absence of a clear definition and subsequent vision for the future of One Health act as a barrier to interdisciplinary collaboration, and that siloed approaches by different sectors restrict the ability for professionals to work collaboratively across disciplines. An understanding of disease transmission was considered by participants to be a necessary requirement for a successful One Health approach. Finally, participants considered political will an essential requirement for the integration of surveillance systems. This study demonstrates that for a One Health approach to be implemented in an Australian setting, those working in the fields of human, animal and ecological health must agree on several aspects. The establishment of a formal governance body with representatives from each sector could assist in overcoming long‐standing barriers of privacy and distrust. Further, developing interdisciplinary training in One Health concepts for medical, environmental and veterinary students may encourage cross‐disciplinary collaboration. Finally, demonstrating to policymakers the economic benefit of improved and timely detection of zoonoses may help in facilitating a structured One Health approach to disease surveillance in Australia.     

A proposal to leverage high-quality veterinary diagnostic laboratory large data streams for animal health,public health,and One Health

Test data generated by ~60 accredited member laboratories of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) is of exceptional quality. These data are captured by 1 of 13 laboratory information management systems (LIMSs) developed specifically for veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs). Beginning ~2000, the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) developed an electronic messaging system for LIMS to automatically send standardized data streams for 14 select agents to a national repository. This messaging enables the U.S. Department of Agriculture to track and respond to high-consequence animal disease outbreaks such as highly pathogenic avian influenza. Because of the lack of standardized data collection in the LIMSs used at VDLs, there is, to date, no means of summarizing VDL large data streams for multi-state and national animal health studies or for providing near-real-time tracking for hundreds of other important animal diseases in the United States that are detected routinely by VDLs. Further, VDLs are the only state and federal resources that can provide early detection and identification of endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are estimated to be responsible for 2.5 billion cases of human illness and 2.7 million deaths worldwide every year. The economic and health impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is self-evident. We review here the history and progress of data management in VDLs and discuss ways of seizing unexplored opportunities to advance data leveraging to better serve animal health, public health, and One Health.     

The influence of veterinary epidemiology on public health: past, present and future

This paper summarizes a presentation given at the Association for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine sponsored Calvin W. Schwabe symposium honouring the lifetime achievements of Dr. S. Wayne Martin. While the concepts were amalgamated from many sources, the examples were primarily selected to represent areas where Wayne Martin has been an active researcher and educator. The purpose was to describe the impact of veterinary epidemiology on public health in the past and present and to consider the future of veterinary epidemiology in public health. Veterinary medicine contributes to public health not only in the area of zoonotic disease prevention and control, but also through contributions to animal health, comparative and basic medical research, and population and environmental health. Veterinary epidemiologists contribute to both research in public health and the practice of public health through a wide range of methodological approaches and via the networks of trained epidemiologists working in the area. The contributions of veterinary epidemiologists have resulted in significant improvements in human health. There are considerable challenges and opportunities facing veterinary epidemiologists working in the public health area in the future. Meeting these needs will require continued integration between veterinary and human public health research and practice, and enhanced communication of both content and context expertise.     

我国高校公立动物医院的重要性、发展困局及破解之辩

高校教学动物医院是兽医学科和动物医学专业、兽医硕(博)士教学、临床医疗的必备场所,是人才培养质量的基本保障,是办学水平的重要体现,同时也是我国动物疫病防控体系的重要组成部分,不可或缺。随着我国经济社会的快速发展,动物医院面临的环境和形势均发生了显著变化,现行制度和管理体系已不能助力新时代高校教学动物医院的生存和发展,亟待改革和创新。针对高校教学动物医院的发展困局,应当重新定位公立动物医院的性质和功能,改革和完善现有兽医师职称评价体系,提高动物医院的科学化管理水平。如此,高校动物医院才可能实现跨越发展。     

Decision support systems for monitoring and maintaining health in food animal populations

To mitigate the effects of risks to food safety and infectious disease outbreaks in farmed animals, animal health authorities need to have systems in place to identify and trace the source of identified problems in a timely manner. In the event of emergencies, these systems will allow infected or contaminated premises (and/or animals) to be identified and contained, and will allow the extent of problems to be communicated to consumers and trading partners in a clear and unambiguous manner. The key to achieving these goals is the presence of an effective animal health decision support system that will provide the facilities to record and store detailed information about cases and the population at risk, allowing information to be reported back to decision makers when it is required. Described here are the components of an animal health decision support system, and the ways these components can be used to enhance food safety, responses to infectious disease incursions, and animal health and productivity. Examples are provided to illustrate the benefit these systems can return, using data derived from countries that have such systems (or parts of systems) in place. Emphasis is placed on the features that make particular system components effective, and strategies to ensure that these are kept up to date.     

An exploratory study to investigate animal health and reproductive wastage among Australian meat goat producers

The Australian goat meat industry has grown significantly in the last decade, with the value of exports nearly tripling. However, because carcase weight has remained constant over this time, the drivers of industry growth are price and supply. Animal health and reproduction are key factors contributing to supply and productivity, yet limitations to production management are poorly understood, hampering advice for effective intervention. This exploratory study aims to provide insights into the animal health and reproductive management practices and perceptions among meat goat producers in Australia. To achieve this aim, 20 producers, located in New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and Victoria, operating under different production systems were interviewed. The results of this study suggest that animal health management could be improved and that producers perceive a lack of relevant and species-specific information available to help them make informed decisions. Reproductive management and records varied greatly across producers interviewed. Kid loss was identified as an issue, with a 28% estimated average (6%–47% range) of losses from kidding until weaning. Producers identified predation, doe nutrition and mismothering as the biggest contributors to kid loss, with the majority of losses occurring within a week of birth. All producers believed management could minimise kid loss. This study highlights the importance of improving reproductive rates among goat enterprises and provides new information on the current practices within the Australian meat goat industry. This may assist the development of appropriate strategies for improving health and reproductive management and delivery of advice to producers.     

畜产品兽药残留及改进措施

畜禽养殖产业的快速发展也导致养殖中的疾病问题开始逐渐凸显,防治畜禽养殖中疾病兽药的使用量也不断提高,兽药的不规范使用易导致残留的情况,对于畜产品中兽药的残留问题受到广泛的关注。畜产品中兽药的残留会影响畜产品的质量,对消费者的机体健康带来负面影响,同时部分兽药的残留会导致生态环境的污染,进而影响人类健康。该文对畜禽养殖中畜产品兽药残留出现的原因,造成的危害及改进和防控措施进行论述。