光照对木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的影响

为探讨木薯单爪螨的生态适应性机理,揭示其种群扩散蔓延机制,进行了不同光照对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖的影响研究.结果表明,木薯单爪螨需要光照时间长于10h才可正常完成发育与繁殖,其中12～14h为木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的适宜光照时长.光照主要通过影响卵和前若螨的发育历期影响木薯单爪螨总发育历期,对幼螨和后若螨的发育历期无显著影响.随着光照时间的延长,木薯单爪螨总发育历期呈逐渐缩短趋势.光照时间为12h和14h时,后代卵孵化率可达100％,光照小于1Oh木薯单爪螨后代卵的孵化率显著降低,成螨寿命显著缩短;随光照时间从6h延长至14h,木薯单爪螨平均每雌产卵量逐渐增加,随后开始缓慢降低.光照对木薯单爪螨后代性比无显著影响.     

木薯单爪螨的寄主选择性研究

在温度(25±2)℃、RH(75±5)％、光照周期14(L)∶10(D)的条件下,研究以木薯(Manihot esculenta)、橡胶(Hevea auyanensis)、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)和芒果(Mangifera indica)5种植物叶片饲养木薯单爪螨(Mononychellus mcgregori)对其生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明:不同植物对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖存在显著影响.木薯单爪螨取食木薯和橡胶叶片能完成世代发育,以木薯饲养,其F0代发育历期8.10d,F1代发育历期8.45 d;以橡胶饲养,其F0代发育历期8.45 d,F1代发育历期10.95 d.木薯单爪螨取食木瓜、变叶木和杧果新鲜叶片不能完成世代发育,F0代仅发育至幼螨期,分别为3.70、1.80和1.60 d;后代性比以木薯最大,F0和F1代分别为80.80％和88.50％,橡胶分别为80.20％和80.60％.木薯单爪螨在不同寄主上的单雌产卵量以橡胶最高,F0和F1代分别为25.8和29.8粒,木薯次之,分别为18.6和26.2粒,在木瓜、变叶木和芒果上只有木薯单爪螨F0代产卵,分别为1.2、0.98和0.6粒;成螨寿命以橡胶上成活最长,F0和F1代分别为19和20d,木薯分别为17和18d居次;在木瓜、变叶木和芒果上,木薯单爪螨成螨仅分别成活5.5、5和5d.综上所述,木薯单爪螨不仅对木薯产生危害,且极有可能转移为害热带经济作物橡胶,对橡胶产业的发展存在一定的安全隐患.     

不同温度下豇豆花粉对卵圆真绥螨发育及繁殖的影响

为探讨不同温度下豇豆花粉对卵圆真绥螨[Euseius ovalis(Evans)]发育及繁殖的影响,在温度条件为25、30、35 ℃下,用豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨,观察雌成螨繁殖,记录卵至成螨的发育历期,分析各螨态存活率及各生命参数。结果表明,用豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨在3种温度下均可正常发育和繁殖,单雌总产卵量分别为(32.33±2.17)、(19.29±2.85)、(10.40±1.92)粒。卵-成螨30 ℃时发育历期最短,为(3.71±0.12) d。卵-成螨在25、30 ℃下存在较高的存活率,分别为93.75%±4.35%、90.63%±5.24%,35 ℃时存活率最低,为68.75%±8.30%。说明豇豆花粉可作为卵圆真绥螨的交替食物。35 ℃时,卵圆真绥螨的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均为最低,分别为1.45±0.13、0.04±0.03和1.04±0.02,与25、30 ℃时存在显著差异,说明高温对卵圆真绥螨存在抑制作用。30 ℃种群加倍时间最短,为(3.73±0.56)d。     

温度对芒果小爪螨实验种群增长的影响

在16,20,24,28,32℃条件下观察芒果小爪螨的发育、存活及繁殖情况。结果表明:芒果小爪螨世代发育历期在32℃时最短,为9.20d,16℃时最长,为29.07d。卵、幼螨、若螨、产卵前期及世代的发育起点温度分别为8.77,9.37,10.61,11.13,8.91℃,有效积温分别为93.46,30.29,44.96,14.24,191.83日度,在16～32℃,芒果小爪螨发育的速率及雌螨寿命与温度呈直线相关。世代存活率在24℃时最高,为89.6%,32℃和16℃时,分别降至69.1%和55.8%。雌螨产卵量在28℃时最高,达40.14粒/雌,在32℃时最低,为8.44粒/雌。卵孵化率、幼螨、若螨及世代存活率、雌螨产卵量等随温度的上升而呈抛物线趋势。净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)等种群特征参数以28℃时最高,分别为27.3342,0.3957,1.4854。平均世代历期和种群加倍时间分别以32℃和28℃时最短,分别为7.5186d,1.7517d。种群增长指数以24℃时最高,28℃时略低,分别为24.88和24.45。芒果小爪螨对温度较敏感,24～28℃为芒果小爪螨种群增长的最适温度。     

短时高温胁迫对六点始叶螨繁殖能力和子代适合度的影响

为明确短时高温胁迫对六点始叶螨雌成螨发育繁殖特性和子代适合度的影响,本研究以33、36、39、42、45℃高温处理六点始叶螨雌成螨1、2、4 h,观察并统计各短时高温处理下雌成螨的寿命、产卵量、子代发育历期和性比。结果显示：经33～42℃高温胁迫1、2、4 h及45℃高温胁迫2、4 h后六点始叶螨的产卵期延长,单雌产卵量增加;其中39℃高温胁迫对六点始叶螨的种群增长最有利,39℃胁迫1 h后其产卵期最长,为12.67 d,单雌产卵量最高,为32.65粒,39℃胁迫1、4 h后其实验种群内禀增长率最高,为0.29,种群倍增时间较短,分别为2.42、2.38 d;短时高温胁迫对六点始叶螨子代性比无显著影响。45℃高温胁迫1 h六点始叶螨的存活率降低,单雌产卵量减少,寿命延长,内禀增长率减小,因此六点始叶螨经45℃高温胁迫1 h会抑制其种群发展。     

热胁迫对椰甲截脉姬小蜂生长发育和繁殖的影响

研究了30、33、36、39和42℃条件下椰甲截脉姬小蜂生长发育和繁殖的情况,结果表明:(1)椰甲截脉姬小蜂卵、幼虫和蛹在33～42℃范围内处理8h后,发育历期延长,羽化率下降,每寄主出蜂数减少,雌蜂比例增加;(2)椰甲截脉姬小蜂成虫在30～42℃范围内处理2h,随着温度的升高,寄生率逐渐下降,每寄主出蜂数减少,发育历期延长,羽化率下降,且在39～42℃的范围内,与对照相比,雌蜂比例显著下降;(3)不同发育阶段椰甲截脉姬小蜂对高温的耐热性存在显著差异,依次为:蛹幼虫卵。     

42℃极端高温胁迫对木薯单爪螨(Mononychellus mcgregori)保护酶及热激蛋白基因表达的影响

木薯单爪螨(Mononychellus mcgregori)是新入侵中国的木薯重要害螨,原产地为南美洲,是一种热带土著害螨,近年来该螨扩张范围不断增大,对高温的适应性是其种群扩散的重要前提。本研究发现,42℃极端高温胁迫1 h后,木薯单爪螨成螨保护酶基因PPO、POD、As A-POD、CAT和Cu/Zn SOD的相对表达量显著升高,分别高达对照的5.19、4.38、152.23、321.42和3.41倍,且与其酶活性变化趋势存在一致性,酶活性值分别升高为对照的1.81、12.52、9.00、1.75和1.14倍。热激蛋白基因Hsp70的相对表达量显著升高,为对照的56.85倍。因此说明,保护酶POD、As A-POD、CAT、SOD和PPO以及热激蛋白Hsp70可能在木薯单爪螨应对高温胁迫中具有重要作用,高温下保护酶及热激蛋白Hsp70基因表达量及其活性的升高可能导致木薯单爪螨对高温的耐受能力逐渐增强,从而逐渐适应热区高温环境,并可能增强其后续的繁殖能力而使其种群不断增长,扩张范围不断增强。     

6种花粉对卵圆真绥螨实验种群参数的影响

在(25±1)℃、相对湿度(RH)70%±5%、光周期L∶D=13∶11条件下,用小叶龙船花花粉、豇豆花粉、扶桑花粉、台湾相思花粉、棉花花粉、玉米花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨。结果表明,6种花粉饲喂均能使卵圆真绥螨完成生长发育及繁殖,其中豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨时发育历期最短,为(5.07±0.06) d;存活率最高,为93.75%±3.05%;净增殖率最大,为16.78±1.22;单雌总产卵量第二,为(32.33±2.17)粒。综上所述,豇豆花粉较适宜卵圆真绥螨生长发育和繁殖。     

椰心叶甲耐热性初步研究

温度是影响椰心叶甲生长发育与繁殖的重要生态因子之一。通过开展椰心叶甲耐热性研究,探讨椰心叶甲的生态适应性机理。结果表明,高温显著影响椰心叶甲的发育与繁殖,椰心叶甲在高于30 ℃温度下不能完成任何发育历期;42 ℃极端高温处理2 h为椰心叶甲热最敏感时间;各龄期椰心叶甲PPO、POD、AsA-POD、CAT和SOD活性显著升高与椰心叶甲耐热性相关。上述结果为进一步探讨椰心叶甲耐热性分子机理及其生态适应性机理提供了理论依据与前期工作基础。     

木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的抗性评价

在建立切实可行的木薯抗螨性评级标准的基础上,对国家木薯种质资源圃227份核心木薯种质进行抗朱砂叶螨的抗性评价,并探讨抗、感性稳定的8份木薯种质对朱砂叶螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明:227份被评价的核心木薯种质中对朱砂叶螨高抗的种质2份,抗性种质4份,中抗种质116份,感性种质87份,高感种质18份;抗性木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的发育与繁殖具有显著的影响,取食高抗种质C1115和缅甸种叶片后朱砂叶螨雌雄成螨均不能存活,与取食高感种质ZM9066、CM1210-10、瑞士F21和BRA900相比,取食抗性种质哥伦比亚4D和PII167后,朱砂叶螨的发育历期显著延长,平均每雌螨产卵量显著减少,后代卵的孵化率显著降低,雌、雄成螨寿命均显著缩短。本研究结果为深入开展木薯抗螨性机理、抗螨种质的挖掘及其利用研究提供了理论基础。     

寄主植物对螺旋粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

了解螺旋粉虱在海南几种重要寄主植物上的生物学习性,为其防控提供预警,同时可筛选出适宜的扩繁寄主.以香蕉、印度紫檀、榄仁树、木薯、木瓜、番石榴及辣椒等7种植物为寄主,在温度16～29℃、相对湿度65 ％～91％的隔离大棚中观察螺旋粉虱的发育、存活、繁殖和虫体大小等情况.结果表明:螺旋粉虱由卵至成虫的发育时间以在木薯上最短,为41.33 d;其次为番石榴及辣椒,分别为42.28、42.44 d;香蕉上的发育历期最长,为56.31 d.卵至成虫存活率以在辣椒上最高,为20.00％;木薯上最低,为3.64％.平均产卵量以在辣椒上最多,为117.63粒;香蕉上最少,为73.44粒.种群趋势指数在辣椒上最大,为12.323 1;木薯上最小为1.710 3.综合比较可知,辣椒是螺旋粉虱种群生长发育和繁殖最适宜的寄主,其次为番石榴.     

海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌生理小种鉴定

采集海南蔗区8个县市24个乡镇的甘蔗黑穗病菌样品24份,通过甘蔗黑穗病菌鉴别寄主NCO376(免疫)、NCO310(抗小种2,感小种1)、F134(感小种2,抗小种1)、F173(高感)及主栽品种ROC22,确定海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌的生理小种.接种甘蔗黑穗病菌后1a新植,2a宿根的发病情况表明:海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌生理小种为小种2,或优势小种为小种2.这对了解海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌生理小种的分化及分布情况,以及对今后海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病的防控及抗黑穗病甘蔗种质的选育提供依据.     

不同光照及采食条件对薇甘菊和鸡屎藤叶片形态可塑性的影响

为探讨薇甘菊在生物控制的情况下对不同光照环境的入侵能力,本研究比较了不同光照强度(相对光强100%,14.72%)和模拟采食(每片叶片剪掉50%的叶面积,不剪叶)条件下薇甘菊叶片形态可塑性的变化,并将其与本地形态相似的藤本植物鸡屎藤进行对比。结果表明：遮阴显著增加了薇甘菊和鸡屎藤的叶面积,而模拟采食降低了薇甘菊的叶片面积和重量,却没有降低鸡屎藤的叶片面积和重量。遮阴显著增加了薇甘菊和鸡屎藤的比叶面积,增幅达近一倍,说明薇甘菊和鸡屎藤对光照条件的变化都有较强的可塑性反应。模拟采食并没有降低薇甘菊和鸡屎藤的这     

温度和湿度及水稻不同生育期对水稻干尖线虫垂直迁移的影响

  研究了不同温度和湿度对水稻干尖线虫垂直迁移的影响以及线虫在水稻不同生育期生长繁殖和垂直分布状况。结果表明,线虫迁移的最适温度为25～30℃。在温度适宜的条件下,相对湿度越高,线虫迁移率越高。温室接种实验表明水稻拔节期线虫主要分布在接种点周围及水稻上部,且虫量递减明显,20 d后线虫虫量仅为接种5 d时的50%。孕穗期线虫主要分布在水稻的幼穗中,并且大量繁殖,20 d后线虫虫量为接种5 d时虫量的3倍。     

Thermal Biology of Liorhyssus hyalinus (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) and Nysius simulans (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Fed on the Milky Stage of Maize Grains

When quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is cultivated in South America outside of its Andean origin, the heteropterans Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) and Nysius simulans Stål may emerge as important pests. Here we studied the development and reproduction of both species at different constant temperatures in the laboratory. Egg and nymphal development were investigated at 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, and 36°C. For both species, egg incubation time significantly decreased as the temperature increased. Nymphs did not successfully develop at 18°C and the total nymphal time significantly decreased as the temperature increased from 22 to 36°C. Based on a linear day-degree (DD) model, the lower developmental threshold (LDT) temperatures for eggs and nymphs were estimated to be 16.0 and 17.9°C for L. hyalinus, and 16.1 and 19.7°C for N. simulans, respectively. Thermal requirements for egg and nymphal development were 68.6 and 114.8 DD for L. hyalinus, and 77.7 and 190.3 DD for N. simulans, respectively. Reproduction and adult longevity were studied at 22, 26, 30, and 34°C. For both species preoviposition time decreased as temperature increased, and the oviposition period was longest at 26°C. The highest fecundity and egg viability were observed at 30°C, whereas longevities were higher at 22–26°C than at 30–34°C. As the lowest tested temperatures were not suitable to both heteropterans and 30°C was found to be the optimal temperature for development and reproduction, peak densities are expected in warm areas and seasons.     

Effect of photoperiod on development and reproduction of Megacopta cribraria(Hemiptera:Plataspidae)

Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) continually outbreaks due to suitable photoperiod in recent years. Effect of photoperiod on growth, development and reproduction of M. cribraria were assessed in this study. Results indicated that developmental duration, nutrient accumulation efficiency, and adult fecundity of M. cribraria were significantly different under 6 photoperiodical conditions. Developmental duration of nymph stage gradually tended to be shorter as day time increase. Body weights of 5th instar nymphs for 16 h and 4 h day time photoperiods were 5.2 mg and 4.6 mg, respectively. Moreover, longevity of adults tended to be longer as day time increase. However, for the short day photoperiod (4 L:20 D and 8 L:16 D), population showed no reproductive behaviors. Index of population trend increased with photoperiod extension and adults showed stronger reproductive capacity and longer longevity. This research identified the favorable photoperiodical conditions before outbreak. It may provided reference for ecological adaptability of M. cribraria, and contribute to the scientific basis for forecasting and controlling of M. cribraria.     

Improvement of Horticultural and Ornamental Crops Through Transgenic Manipulation of the Phytochrome Family of Plant Photoreceptors

Abstract

Consumer demands drive continuous developments in the production of horticultural and ornamental crops. In addition to improvements in quality and nutritional content, crop producers must supply an increased variety of products to a year-round market. The availability of many horticultural and ornamental crop products is dependent on the timing of reproductive development. The time at which many plants initiate sexual or vegetative reproduction is governed by a number of interacting environmental factors such as daylength, light quality and temperature. Artificial manipulation of the growing environment is therefore frequently used to ensure production meets retailers' marketing programs, a strategy which can often result in high energy costs. An alternative approach involves the manipulation of genes encoding proteins responsible for perceiving and transducing environmental stimuli, in particular, the genes encoding the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors. Alterations in the expression of genes encoding phytochromes can modulate not only the timing of reproductive development, but also plant architecture. Such approaches can therefore be used to modulate a variety of phenotypic traits such as height, lateral branching and harvest yield, while enabling growers to tailor crop reproduction to their marketing needs. In this review, we will discuss examples of crop improvement using transgenic manipulation of phytochrome expression, along with benefits and disadvantages of such approaches.