红棕象甲为害调查与诱集监测

2006～2008年,累积多次在海南省多个县市开展实地调查,发现红棕象甲[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Oliver)]的寄主植物15种,常见受害寄主植物有椰子、霸王棕、美丽针葵、酒瓶椰子等,并对采集的红棕象甲虫源标本及为害特征进行观察。在海南8个市县的椰子种植区及棕榈园共设30个监测点,各个监测点均能诱到红棕象甲成虫。田间实时诱集监测的3年积累试验数据显示:全年均能诱集到红棕象甲成虫,6～8月份能诱到较多的红棕象甲成虫,说明这时期是红棕象甲成虫活动的一个高峰期。     

嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲幼虫的室内致死能力测定

为探讨利用昆虫病原线虫嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系防治红棕象甲的可行性,在室内研究了该线虫对红棕象甲幼虫的致死效果和毒力水平。采用微量点滴法测试线虫不同施药剂量和施药时间对红棕象甲3龄幼虫的致病效果,并观察处理后红棕象甲幼虫的形态学特征变化。嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲具有一定的致死作用,随着线虫接种剂量的增加,红棕象甲死亡率增加;毒力测定结果显示,随着处理时间的延长,红棕象甲幼虫的LD₅₀呈现降低的趋势,同时随线虫接种剂量的提高,LT₅₀逐渐缩短;形态学观察结果显示,红棕象甲幼虫被嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系感染后,虫体呈现出僵硬皱缩、体色变褐、身体肿胀直至最后虫体腐烂、线虫游离而出的现象。实验结果表明,嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲低龄幼虫具有一定的防控潜力。     

红棕象甲在中国扩散的风险分析

对棕榈科植物上的危险性外来生物红棕象甲(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fab.)的形态特征、国内外分布情况、生物学和寄主等进行了描述。并根据有害生物风险分析的方法,采用多指标综合评估方法来计算红棕象甲的风险程度,建立了一、二级评判标准的计算模型,计算出红棕象甲危险性评价的风险值R为2.2538,属于危险性较高的有害生物,并提出进行风险管理的相关对策。     

几种引诱物对红棕象甲的诱集和田间监测

应用四臂嗅觉仪室内测定5种引诱物对红棕象甲成虫的嗅觉反应。结果表明,5种试验材料对试虫有一定引诱作用,其中聚集信息素、活雌虫和甘蔗诱集效果最明显。田问诱集试验结果表明,聚集信息素、活雌虫和甘蔗对红棕象甲成虫有好的大田诱集作用,菠萝和假槟榔田间诱集效果不明显。种群动态监测结果表明,红棕象甲在海南文昌地区,1 a有4次发生高峰期。      

红棕象甲研究浅析

红棕象甲是一种危害棕榈科植物的检疫性钻蛀害虫,其幼虫在寄主茎秆内取食造成寄主植物不可逆性伤害,严重的在短期内造成植株枯死。近些年来,该虫在中国东南沿海屡次被发现并快速扩散,造成景观棕榈的大量死亡,经济损失严重。综述了红棕象甲在中国的生物学特性、预测预报及防治技术研究进展情况,对该虫今后在生物学、生理学和生态学等方面的研究有一定参考价值。     

闽南棕榈科植物主要虫害防治

描述闽南棕榈科植物主要害虫黑翅土白蚁、椰花二点象、红棕象甲、桉袋蛾、蛴螬的形态特征、生活习性及危害情况,并提出了有效的防治方法。     

红棕象甲幼虫化学防治研究

针对红棕象甲的生物学特性,采用灌根法、灌淋法、打孔注药法和熏蒸法等化学防治方法对红棕象甲幼虫进行了野外防治试验.结果表明,防治效果依次为:熏蒸法＞打孔注药法＞灌淋法＞灌根法.用磷化钙以每株树9.6g的剂量进行根部熏蒸,5d后防效达83.03％,可在生产中推广应用.     

文昌市椰树主要病虫害发生与防治

通过多次实地调查文昌市椰子产区，初步了解文昌市椰树主要病虫害发生现状，发现椰心叶甲、二疣犀甲、红棕象甲、椰子织蛾、椰子灰斑病、泻血病和芽腐病为文昌椰树主要病虫害。描述椰树主要病虫害的发生及危害，并提出防治措施。     

金龟子绿僵菌对红棕象甲的室内致病力测定

在室内用喷雾法测定13株绿僵菌对红棕象甲的致病力。结果表明,菌株致病力强弱与菌株种类有密切关系,菌株的浓度与累计死亡率成线性关系。菌株对红棕象甲的致病力由强到弱的顺序为：Red2＞Red3＞Gre1＞Yx7＞Yx4＞Gre3＞Red1＞Yx1＞Gre2＞Yx6＞Gre4＞Gre5＞Yx3。接种Red2菌株在孢子浓度为1.0×108个/mL水悬浮剂情况下,对4龄红棕象甲幼虫的LT50为5.23 d。用不同浓度的Red2菌株的孢子油悬浮剂涂抹法接种4龄幼虫,发现其LC50为7.32×106个/mL。另外,经试     

红棕象甲在海南发生为害规律及其防治

描述了海南地区红棕象甲的生活习性，及对一些棕桐科植物的为害症状，为害规律，并提出一些有效的防治措施。     

红棕象甲成虫对5种植物发酵挥发物的行为反应

利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了红棕象甲(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)成虫对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)、椰子(Cocos nucifera)、假槟榔(Archontophoehix alexandra)、槟榔(Areca catechu)和菠萝(Ananas comosus)等5种植物发酵挥发物的选择行为.结果表明,红棕象甲成虫对不同植物发酵挥发物敏感性不同,对寄主植物的选择性显著高于非寄主植物菠萝,依次排序:甘蔗≈椰子>假槟榔≈槟榔>菠萝.雌成虫和雄成虫对椰子和甘蔗的行为反应同其他3种植物相比有更强的趋性,但雄成虫对假槟榔、槟榔和菠萝3种植物发酵挥发物的选择性无显著差异.甘蔗、椰子、假槟榔3种植物食物诱饵的田间诱捕试验结果表明,植物挥发物对红棕象甲聚集信息素具有极显著的增效作用(P<0.01).3种植物田间诱捕效果差异显著(P<0.05),依次为:甘蔗>椰子>假槟榔.不同食物诱饵诱捕的雌成虫数均多于雄成虫.     

基于BaPS技术的橡胶林土壤呼吸研究

阐明橡胶林生态系统土壤呼吸作用及影响因素,对制定橡胶林土壤管理措施、培育土壤有机碳库和评估区域碳收支平衡具有重要意义。本文采用气压分离技术(Ba PS)研究了橡胶林砖红壤的土壤呼吸速率对温度、水分及碳氮源的响应。结果表明,随着土壤温度(10~30℃)的升高,土壤呼吸速率先增加后下降;土壤孔隙度水(WFPS)为35%~60%时,土壤呼吸速率与其呈显著正相关关系(R~2=0.448,p<0.05)。WFPS为60%~90%,二者呈极显著负相关关系(R~2=0.923,p<0.01);与不施氮相比,低量硝态氮的添加(0.5、2.0、4.0 g/m~2)显著促进了土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05),高量铵态氮的添加(10.0~40.0 g/m~2)则显著抑制了土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05)。土壤呼吸速率与硝态氮、铵态氮(4.0~40.0 g/m~2)均呈显著负相关关系(R~2=0.282,p<0.05;R~2=0.345,p<0.05);与不施碳相比,添加碳(1.0~40.0 g/m~2)激发了土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05),二者呈极显著正相关关系(R~2=0.307,p<0.01)。      

Modelling pasture production and soil temperature,water and carbon fluxes in Mediterranean grassland systems with the Pasture Simulation model

Grasslands play important roles in agricultural production and provide a range of ecosystem services. Modelling can be a valuable adjunct to experimental research in order to improve the knowledge and assess the impact of management practices in grassland systems. In this study, the PaSim model was assessed for its ability to simulate plant biomass production, soil temperature, water content, and total and heterotrophic soil respiration in Mediterranean grasslands. The study site was the extensively managed sheep grazing system at the Berchidda‐Monti Observatory (Sardinia, Italy), from which two data sets were derived for model calibration and validation respectively. A new model parameterization was derived for Mediterranean conditions from a set of eco‐physiological parameters. With the exception of heterotrophic respiration (Rh), for which modelling efficiency (EF) values were negative, the model outputs were in agreement with observations (e.g., EF ranging from ~0.2 for total soil respiration to ~0.7 for soil temperature). These results support the effectiveness of PaSim to simulate C cycle components in Mediterranean grasslands. The study also highlights the need of further model development to provide better representation of the seasonal dynamics of Mediterranean annual species‐rich grasslands and associated peculiar Rh features, for which the modelling is only implicitly being undertaken by the current PaSim release.     

遮雨棚模拟黄土旱塬区降水变化对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

为了解降水变化对黄土旱塬区冬小麦生长及产量的影响,通过遮雨棚模拟冬小麦生长季减少30%降水(R-30%)、正常降水(CK)和增加30%降水(R+30%)情景,于2016-2018年研究了黄土旱塬区两季冬小麦土壤相对有效含水量、LAI、NDVI、生物量、产量及其构成的动态变化特征。结果表明,在降水正常的2016-2017年(降水距平百分率位于±15%以内),与CK相比,R-30%处理的土壤相对有效含水量在返青至抽穗期显著下降,冬小麦冠层NDVI显著降低,LAI和干物质增长速率明显变缓,冬小麦的穗数和千粒重显著降低,而R+30%处理下冬小麦LAI和干物质保持稳定增长优势。R+30%、CK和R-30%三种降水条件下冬小麦产量分别为4.66、3.12和2.43 t·hm~(-2),处理间差异显著。在降水偏多的2017-2018年(降水距平百分率超过30%),不同降水处理间土壤相对有效含水量、冬小麦LAI、冠层NDVI、生物量、产量及其构成等指标均未表现出显著差异。R+30%、CK和R-30%三个处理下冬小麦的产量分别为3.70、3.39和3.14t·hm~(-2),处理间差异亦不显著。因此,在正常降水年份,生长季增加30%降水可使冬小麦显著增产44.2%,减少30%降水可使冬小麦显著减产28.4%;在降水偏多年份,生长季降水增加30%或减少30%对冬小麦的生长及产量没有显著影响。     

水肥互作对大豆生理特性、根瘤固氮及产量的影响

在盆栽条件下,探讨了水肥互作对大豆部分生理性状、根瘤固氮及产量的影响.结果表明:肥料的施用及充足的土壤含水量有利于提高植株叶面积指数、根及地上部生物量,干旱(W1)及无肥(F0)条件限制了叶面积、根及地上部生物量的形成.相同水分条件下,未施肥处理(F0)根瘤数优于施肥处理(F1),土壤干旱(W1)限制了根瘤的形成与生物...     

Assessment and mapping of soil erosion risk by water in Tunisia using time series MODIS data

Soil erosion by water is a common environmental problem which can affect the sustainable development and the agriculture of developing countries especially. Therefore, several countries, threatened by this phenomenon, adopt different measures to preserve and protect their natural resources. The main purpose of this study was to identify vulnerable areas to establish a soil erosion risk map in Tunisia. In order to do so, an approach based on a combination of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) as an erosion model, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing was applied. RUSLE, which is a model to predict soil loss, is composed of five factors. Erosivity factor (R factor), erodibility factor (K factor), topography factor (LS factor), crop management factor (C factor), and supporting practices factor (P factor). Furthermore, in order to get the most accurate C factor for each land use, times series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Enhanced Vegetation index (MODIS-EVI) were used. MODIS-EVI time series was helpful for distinguishing vegetation dynamics with taking into account phenological variation of the crops. The results indicated that Tunisia has a serious risk of soil erosion. Indeed, about 24.57% of our study area had a soil loss rate more than 30 t/ha. In these areas, suitable and urgent measures and treatments should be required. Finally, this approach which is based on remote sensing techniques, GIS and erosion model can be useful for planning appropriate environmental decision-making policy in a global scale.