浙江乐清铁皮石斛人工种植技术初探

铁皮石斛是一种名贵中草药材,因其繁殖率低、生长缓慢,野生资源处境堪忧。该文对浙江省乐清市人工种植铁皮石斛的技术进行了总结,以期为推动该产业持续快速发展奠定理论基础。     

不同种源铁皮石斛生物学性状和糖类成分比较

为筛选出适宜在广西南宁地区种植的优良铁皮石斛种源,并为下一步筛选优良品系和遗传育种提供参考依据。以5种不同种源铁皮石斛为试验材料,在南宁地区引种栽培2 a后,观察其生物学性状,测定叶绿素和糖类含量。结果发现：不同种源地的铁皮石斛生物学性状、叶绿素和糖类含量均呈现出差异;云南河口铁皮石斛生物学性状表现良好,叶绿素含量中等,但多糖和甘露糖含量较低。浙江乐清种源株高最矮,叶面积最小,叶绿素含量最低,但多糖含量较高,甘露糖含量中等。广西桂平铁皮石斛茎较粗,叶片宽大,叶绿素含量、多糖含量中等,甘露糖含量最高。广西玉林和桂平铁皮石斛生物学性状相近,多糖含量最高,甘露糖含量较低;广西乐业铁皮石斛茎细,叶片狭长,叶绿素含量最高,多糖和甘露糖较高。说明广西桂平和广西乐业2个种源在南宁地区的适应性较好,品质较高,适宜推广种植。     

铁皮石斛规模化种植技术

铁皮石斛是一种名贵中草药材,自然条件下繁殖率低、生长缓慢。结合铁皮石斛的生物学特性,从种苗选择、基质配比、栽培和田间管理等方面总结了铁皮石斛规模化种植管理技术,为铁皮石斛的大规模人工种植提供参考。     

2004—2013年我国普洱茶研究的文献计量学分析

以《中国期刊全文数据库》为数据源,运用文献计量学的原理和方法,对2004—2013年10年间国内专业期刊公开发表的普洱茶相关研究文献进行计量分析,探讨这些文献的文献学特征,包括文献的年代分布、核心期刊分布、核心作者分布、学科方向分布、研究机构分布以及科学基金资助情况,以明确我国普洱茶科研领域的科研情况。     

德宏地区药用石斛资源调查与保护利用

2004～2006年云南德宏地区药用石斛资源调查结果：该地区分布有药用石斛30种,其中12种为主要栽培品种;人工种植药用石斛总面积181．36hm^2,铁皮石斛、齿瓣石斛、鼓槌石斛、球花石斛、密花石斛占总栽培的70％;目前野生石斛生境遭受严重破坏,人工栽培技术相对滞后和已有技术成果未能大面积推广应用,是影响药用石斛保护与利用的重要因素。     

铁皮石斛组织培养研究进展

在介绍铁皮石斛的自然生长条件和繁殖状况的基础上,从种子的无菌萌发、器官发生诱导、原球茎发生与分化成苗、细胞培养、试管开花等方面阐述了近年来关于铁皮石斛组织培养的研究概况,并初步分析存在的问题及发展方向。     

云南鲜铁皮石斛及其不同加工品主要质量指标研究

目的测定并分析鲜铁皮石斛主要质量指标水分、浸出物、多糖和甘露糖含量,并比较与铁皮石斛不同加工品之间的差异。方法采集24批次云南省鲜铁皮石斛样品,参照2015版《中国药典》铁皮石斛质量标准,对鲜铁皮石斛多糖和甘露糖含量方法进行方法学验证,测定样品采收后7日内的水分、浸出物、多糖和甘露糖含量;并以鲜铁皮石斛为原料,比对高温烘烤卷曲制得铁皮枫斗、常压低温(45℃)鼓风烘干制得铁皮石斛片、真空冷冻干燥制得铁皮石斛粉三种不同加工品上述四个主要质量指标差异。结果鲜铁皮石斛水分平均含量为82%±3.8%,浸出物平均含量为7.7%±1.3%,多糖平均含量为41.1%±9.6%,甘露糖平均含量为31.5%±7.6%;三种不同加工品中常压低温鼓风烘干所得铁皮石斛片浸出物、多糖及甘露糖含量最高,而高温烘烤卷曲制得铁皮枫斗最低。结论鲜铁皮石斛多糖、甘露糖定量分析方法重复性好,可实现对鲜铁皮石斛进行质量控制的目的,其主要质量指标浸出物、多糖和甘露糖含量,符合《中国药典》铁皮石斛项下要求;常压低温加工方式有利于保持铁皮石斛主要质量指标值,但与铁皮石斛生物活性关系还有待进一步研究,。该研究可为铁皮石斛新产品开发提供参考依据。     

铁皮石斛大棚无公害栽培技术

介绍铁皮石斛栽培环境、搭建种植畦、种苗选择、基质选择与处理、移栽管理、温湿度及光照管理、水肥管理、病、虫害防治及采收技术等方面的内容,为大棚人工栽培铁皮石斛提供技术参考。     

南靖县大棚铁皮石斛的小气候调控

对南靖县气候与野生铁皮石斛生长气候条件进行对比,得知南靖县基本具备铁皮石斛生长的气候条件。由于南靖县光照强、炎热的时间较长等因素,制约了铁皮石斛集约化种植。通过分析气象因素对铁皮石斛生长的影响,对不利的气象条件,提出了大棚种植铁皮石斛有针对性的小气候调控措施。     

漳州市仿野生种植铁皮石斛的气候条件分析

利用漳州各县(市)1981-2010年的气象资料,进行漳州市仿野生种植铁皮石斛的气候条件分析;调查铁皮石斛在漳州仿野生种植的物候表现,分析影响铁皮石斛主要生育期的气象灾害,得出漳州市各县(市)基本具备铁皮石斛的生长发育所需的气候条件,但是春季低温连阴雨、夏季高温、秋季干旱和冬季低温寒(冻)害是限制漳州种植铁皮石斛的关键气候因子。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.