辣椒单倍体培养研究进展

对辣椒单倍体培养,包括花药培养和小孢子培养的历史、培养条件的影响因素、培养技术、胚胎发生途径、植株再生能力的遗传规律、染色体的加倍以及再生株后代遗传学研究进行了综合性论述,并指出了存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

苦瓜花药培养研究进展

针对影响苦瓜花药培养的主要因素,如基因型、小孢子发育时期、生长环境、预处理、培养基、碳源、激素、添加物等进行综述,讨论了目前苦瓜花药培养中存在的问题,并为以后苦瓜花药培养提供了研究方向。     

瓜类蔬菜作物花药组织培养研究进展

花药培养技术是蔬菜作物育种中一种重要的辅助育种技术.对影响瓜类蔬菜花药培养的主要因素--基因型、小孢子发育时期、材料发育时期生长环境、基本培养基、碳源、激素、活性炭及培养方法中的相关条件进行了综述.并针对瓜类花药培养中存在的问题提出了今后研究的方向.     

芦笋花药培养的研究进展

该文综述了芦笋花药培养中材料的选择、培养基的种类及其添加物质、培养方法、再生植株染色体倍性等方面的国内外研究概况和进展。以期为这一领域的进一步研究提供参考。     

番茄花药培养研究进展

综述了番茄花药培养的研究进展.详细讨论了影响番茄花药培养的主要因素,如小孢子发育途径、取材时期、植株的基因型、供体植株的年龄和生理状况、花药预处理、培养基及其成分等.指出了目前花药培养研究中存在的主要问题并提出了展望.     

茄果类蔬菜花药和花粉培养研究进展

综述了茄果类蔬菜花药和花粉培养的历史、影响因素和培养技术，指出了存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

茄子新品种‘海丰长茄5号’

 ‘海丰长茄5号’是以双单倍体品系‘08-102’为母本,以双单倍体品系‘08-103’为父本配制而成的茄子新品种。平均始花节位9.0节,植株生长势强,株形开展,果实平均纵径30.5 cm,横径5.2 cm,平均单果质量256.5 g,果皮紫黑色,有光泽,耐贮运。果实维生素C含量0.03 mg · g^-1,干物质含量6.91%,蛋白质含量0.958%,可溶性糖含量3.56%。总产量可达79 000 kg · hm^-2,适宜北京、河北、山东、广东等地区露地和大棚栽培。     

茄子新品种‘海丰长茄2 号’

 ‘海丰长茄2 号’茄子新品种是以‘11-15’?‘11-2’配制而成的一代杂种。植株生长势强, 半开张,平均始花节位7.0 节。果实平均纵径23.2 cm,横径4.6 cm,果皮紫黑色,有光泽,平均单果质 量231.5 g。货架期长,周年栽培产量达225 000 kg · hm-2 以上,适宜北京、河北、辽宁和山东地区保护地 栽培。     

茄子花药和游离小孢子培养技术研究进展

单倍体是体细胞遗传研究和突变育种的理想材料,花药和小孢子培养技术是获得单倍体的有效途径.文章综述了茄子花药和游离小孢子培养的研究进展,详细讨论了影响茄子愈伤组织和胚胎发生的主要因素,分析了茄子花药和小孢子培养在当前研究中存在的主要问题,并对单倍体育种技术的研究和应用作了展望.     

蔬菜花药培养研究进展

综述了国内外蔬菜花药培养研究进展,包括花药培养与胚胎发生、花药培养的主要影响因素、再生植株的倍性研究等,指出了目前花药培养中存在的主要问题,并时花药培养的研究和应用作出展望。     

中国野生桂花的地理分布和种群特征

桂花（Osmanthus fragrans Lour.）野生资源有非常丰富的性状和遗传变异,但目前被过度开发、破坏,导致分布范围急剧缩小,种群规模和数量锐减,生境片断化严重。以往的文献认为桂花起源于喜马拉雅山脉东段,即中国的西南地区;然而随着野生种群在湖南、浙江和福建等地被陆续发现,关于桂花自然分布的问题需要重新审视。作者在大量野外调研的基础上,结合前人研究结果,对桂花的自然分布和种群特征等进行了总结和概括,分析了野生资源与品种起源的关系,以期为桂花野生资源的有效保护和高效利用提供参考。     

Homeowner perceptions,knowledge, and decision making regarding residential trees and natural areas in a Midwestern U.S. suburb

Residential properties in the United States represent a considerable amount of land area and contain substantial tree cover. Homeowners are important decision makers in the management of city trees because they influence the structure of urban forests, and ultimately, ecosystem service potential. To better understand the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of homeowners regarding residential tree preservation, we surveyed owners of newer versus older homes in a midwestern suburb in the United States. We found that newer homeowners were younger, wealthier, and less knowledgeable about the natural aspects of their property. During the redevelopment process, they relied on professionals to make major decisions regarding tree preservation. In contrast, owners of older homes often identified as retirees and gardeners, had more knowledge of the natural aspects of their property, and were more likely to hire an arborist. Regardless of these differences, both homeowner groups expressed equal appreciation for nature, planted, pruned, and mulched their trees, experienced tree loss, hired landscaping and tree care professionals, and communicated with the City’s Forestry Section. The results of our study further clarify the role that homeowners play in decision-making during development and highlight the important relationships that exist between homeowners and urban forest professionals.     

草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机制

为探讨草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机理,以5个常规草莓品种为试材,通过调查、测定大棚内蚜虫自然发生动态和室内人工接虫后种群变化,并对草莓叶片的形态学和生理学特性与抗蚜性的关系进行了分析。结果表明章姬对蚜虫高感,丰香感,卡姆罗莎和吐德拉抗,弗吉尼亚高抗。草莓品种对蚜虫抗性与叶片背面的茸毛密度成正相关,与气孔密度呈显著负相关;与叶片的木质素含量成正比;与酚类物质含量无显著关系,与总游离氨基酸、可溶性固形物含量和水分含量无明显的线性关系。但草莓对蚜虫的抗性程度与叶片中脯氨酸、缬氨酸和胱氨酸的含量有关,特别是缬氨酸和胱氨酸在感蚜品种中的含量是抗蚜品种中的2～3倍。     

苹果果实酚类物质含量与果实苦涩关系的研究

 以富士苹果为试材, 利用高效液相色谱(HPLC) 研究了果实酚类物质含量与果实苦涩的关系以及酚类物质在果实中的分布。结果表明, 苦涩的幼果中, 根皮素和儿茶素含量均高达成熟果实的30多倍; 表儿茶素、原花青素和绿原酸含量分别为成熟果实的10倍左右。在成熟果实中, 有涩味的果实其绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素和原花青素含量显著高于风味正常的果实; 有苦味的果实其根皮素和原花青素含量显著高于风味正常的果实; 苦涩味均较强的果实其绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、根皮素和原花青素含量最高。苦痘病果病变组织中根皮素和原花青素含量分别是正常组织的15倍和3倍。绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素和原花青素是引起苹果果实涩感的主要物质; 根皮素、儿茶素和原花青素是引起苦味的主要物质。成熟果实中绿原酸主要分布于种子、果心和果肉; 儿茶素、表儿茶素和槲皮素主要分布于果皮; 原花青素主要分布于果皮中, 果肉和果心中也有分布; 根皮素则主要分布于种子、果皮和果心中。     

常见菌草食(药)用菌真菌性病原菌鉴定及生物学特性

采用ITS序列对分离到的菌草食(药)用菌中的真菌性病原菌进行鉴定,并研究其生物学特性。结果表明,从食(药)用菌上分离得到的真菌性病原菌主要包括哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、蜡孔菌(Ceriporia lacerata)、赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)和侧耳木霉(Trichoderma pleuroticola)。分别对4种病原菌进行生物学特性分析,其中哈茨木霉的最适生长温度为29℃,最适pH值为7,能较好地利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖、甘露糖,以及磷酸氢二胺;蜡孔菌最适生长温度为32℃,最适pH值为6,能较好地利用碳源葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖、甘露糖、乳糖,以及氮源酵母膏、牛肉膏和蛋白胨;赭曲霉最适生长温度为26℃,最适pH值为8,能较好地利用碳源蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖、乳糖、甘露糖,以及氮源酵母膏、牛肉膏和蛋白胨;侧耳木霉最适生长温度为32℃,最适pH值为7,能较好地利用碳源葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖、甘露糖,以及氮源磷酸氢二胺。     

Electrophysiological effects of lidocaine on myocardial tissue in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract under conditions of hypoxia,acidosis and treatment with epinephrine

AIM：To study the electrophysiological effects of lidocaine on the myocardial tissue in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract under the conditions of hypoxia, acidosis and treatment with epinephrine. METHODS：The action potentials of pacemaker cells in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract were recorded by conventional technique with intracellular microelectrodes. The effects of lidocaine on the spontaneous slow response potentials were investigated under the conditions of hypoxia, acidosis and treatment with epinephrine (EPI). RESULTS：Lidocaine markedly decreased the rate of pacemaker firing (RPF), the velocity of diastolic depolarization (VDD), the maximal rate of depolarization (Vmax), the maximal diastolic potential (MDP) and the amplitude of action potential (APA). Lidocaine also shortened the 50% and 80% of duration of action potential (APD50 and APD80). At the concentrations from 0.1 μmol/L to 10 μmol/L, the effects of lidocaine were more significant. Under the condition of hypoxia and perfusion with deprived glucose content for 15 min, VDD, RPF, Vmax, MDP and APA significantly decreased, and APD50 notably shortened. Under the condition of hypoxia, lidocaine at 1 μmol/L significantly decreased VDD, RPF, Vmax and APA as compared with the cells treated with hypoxia only. Perfusion with pH 6.8 solution for 10 min, VDD, RPF, Vmax and APA significantly decreased, MDP notably increased, and APD50 and APD80 markedly shortened. Under the condition of acidosis for 10 min, lidocaine significantly decreased VDD, RPF and Vmax, and lengthened APD50 and APD80 as compared with the cells under the condition of acidosis alone. Perfusion with EPI at 10 μmol/L for 10 min resulted in significant increases in VDD, RPF, Vmax, MDP and APA, and notable shortenings of APD50 and APD80 were also observed. Compared with 10 μmol/L EPI group, 1 μmol/L lidocaine+10 μmol/L EPI significantly reduced VDD, RPF, MDP and APA, and lengthened APD50 and APD80. CONCLUSION：Lidocaine markedly decreases the autorhythmicity of the pacemaker cells in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract and influences the electrophysiological effects of hypoxia, acidosis and EPI.     

西花蓟马对宁夏不同寄主蔬菜及其不同部位叶片的选择研究

摘要：为高效防治西花蓟马，针对西花蓟马对不同寄主蔬菜及其不同部位叶片的选择性开展了系统的试验研究，其中采用组织培养法和笼罩法分别研究了西花蓟马对不同寄主蔬菜（黄瓜、辣椒、茄子、豇豆、番茄、芹菜、甘蓝）及其不同部位叶片的选择性。结果表明：在非选择性试验组，在番茄、黄瓜、甘蓝、豇豆上成虫着虫数均以中部叶片最多，分别为14.33、10.33、10.80头和10.00头；在辣椒、芹菜和茄子上若虫孵化数均以中部叶片相对最多，分别为0.33、0.20头和1.80头。在选择性试验组，番茄、芹菜、黄瓜、茄子上成虫着虫数均以上部叶片最多，分别为6.20、2.40、10.00头和4.40头；在甘蓝、茄子、黄瓜和豇豆上若虫孵化数均以中部叶片最多，分别为8.40、4.00、1.80头和1.20头。在组织培养法探究中，黄瓜上成虫着虫数最多（17.17头），茄子次之（4.17头），芹菜（2.00头）、甘蓝（2.00头）、辣椒（1.83头）和番茄（1.83头）上相对较少；若虫孵化数量以茄子（33.67头）上最多，黄瓜、甘蓝、番茄 次之，芹菜和辣椒上相对最少。在笼罩法探究中，成虫着虫数由多到少顺序依次为茄子（4.28头）＞黄瓜（4.25头）＞番茄（2.12头）＞甘蓝（1.72头）＞辣椒（1.35头）＞芹菜（0.78头），若虫孵化数由多到少顺序依次为茄子（33.67头）＞黄瓜（14.50头）＞番茄（0.83头），而辣椒、甘蓝、芹菜上没有若虫孵化。综合研究表明，西花蓟马成虫和若虫对黄瓜和茄子具有更强的偏好，其次是番茄、甘蓝、辣椒和芹菜，且西花蓟马优先选择在寄主蔬菜上部和中部叶片取食并产卵。     

葡萄园不同土壤管理模式对土壤理化性状及细菌群落的影响

在山东省蓬莱市瑞枫·奥塞斯葡萄基地检测了连续7年清耕、使用除草剂、自然生草、种植狗牙草和种植高羊茅对土壤理化性状和细菌群落的影响。结果表明:相比于清耕,其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤容重,以种植高羊茅最为明显;除种植狗牙草显著提高土壤p H值外,其他3种土壤管理模式对土壤p H值无显著性影响;其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤电导率,以自然生草最明显,降幅达48.1%;生草不同程度地提高了土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量,使用除草剂对氮磷钾含量无显著影响,而使有机质含量降低了39.6%。与清耕相比,生草和使用除草剂均增加了土壤微生物数量和群落多样性,以种植狗牙草的土壤细菌OTU数量和多样性最高;生草提高了土壤有益菌丰度,降低了有害菌丰度,总体上看以种植狗牙草效果最为突出;使用除草剂显著降低了大多数有益菌丰度。对土壤最主要的30个细菌菌落而言,不同土壤管理模式对其产生了不同影响,高羊茅和除草剂对微生物菌属的影响最接近,狗牙草对微生物菌属的影响与其他2种草差异较大。总之,生草模式优于清耕和使用除草剂,不同草种各具优势。     

Effects of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase on hypertensive vascular remodeling

AIM: To investigate the changes of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) in hypertensive vascular remodeling and to explore the relationship between SCAD and vascular remodeling in hypertension.METHODS: The spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; 24 weeks old) and Wistar rats (24 weeks old) were used as experimental control groups. The SHR and Wistar rats of 16 weeks old were trained by swimming as experimental groups. The systolic pressure was measured periodically. The thickness of vascular wall and the diameter of the vascular lumen were measured. The contents of ROS and ATP, the enzyme activity of SCAD, and the expression of SCAD at mRNA and protein levels in the aorta were determined. The free fatty acid in the serum and aorta was also measured.RESULTS: Compared with Wistar group, the diameter of vascular lumen decreased in SHR group. The thickness of vascular wall, the ratio of vascular wall and the diameter of vascular lumen, and the blood pressure in SHR group were increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with SHR group, the diameter of vascular lumen increased in SHR+swim group. The thickness of vascular wall, the ratio of vascular wall and the diameter of vascular lumen, and the blood pressure in SHR+swim group were decreased significantly. Compared with control group, the expression of SCAD at mRNA and protein levels, the enzyme activity of SCAD, and the content of ATP were decreased in SHR group. However, the free fatty acid in the serum and aorta, and the content of ROS in the aorta were increased in SHR group. The expression of SCAD at mRNA and protein levels, the enzyme activity of SCAD, the content of ATP were increased in Wistar+swim group and SHR+swim group. However, the free fatty acid in serum and aorta, and the content of ROS in the aorta were decreased in Wistar+swim group and SHR+swim group.CONCLUSION: Decrease in SCAD expression may be associated with hypertensive vascular remodeling. Swimming training can reverse hypertensive vascular remodeling by increasing the expression of SCAD in the aorta.     

茉莉酸、水杨酸类激发子外源诱导的茶树挥发物比较

为比较茉莉酸类和水杨酸类激发子外源诱导的茶树挥发物,选用茉莉酸（JA）、茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）、水杨酸（SA）、水杨酸甲酯（MeSA）等4种激发子喷施茶树,用动态顶空法和气相色谱质谱联用仪收集分析茶树挥发物。4种激发子均可提高茶树挥发物组分数及总量。对照茶树仅释放2种物质,总量低于0.01 ng ? h-1 ? g-1;JA可诱导新释放9种物质,总量可达4.37 ng ? h-1 ? g-1,80%以上为(E)–β–罗勒烯、(E)–4,8–二甲基–1,3,7壬三烯（DMNT）、苯乙醛等萜类及芳香族化合物;MeJA可诱导新释放27种物质,总量可达95.41 ng ? h-1 ? g-1,80%以上为(E)–β–罗勒烯、DMNT、(E,E)–α–法尼烯等萜类化合物;SA可诱导新释放苯甲醚、苯酚、MeSA等3种芳香族化合物,总量可达191.21 ng ? h-1 ? g-1,90%以上为MeSA;MeSA仅诱导新释放MeSA,总量可达507.5 ng ? h-1 ? g-1。激发子浓度提高,茶树挥发物中主要组分释放量或组分数增加。主成分分析与层次聚类分析显示,4种激发子诱导的茶树挥发物得分数差异显著,但JA与MeJA、SA与MeSA诱导的茶树挥发物各聚为一类。综上,JA、MeJA、SA、MeSA等4种激发子均可显著增加茶树挥发物释放,茉莉酸类与水杨酸类激发子诱导的茶树挥发物差异大,而同类激发子诱导的茶树挥发物相似。本研究结果对进一步揭示茉莉酸类和水杨酸类激发子诱导茶树挥发物的生理机制及抗虫功能具有重要意义。