荔枝果核力学特性分析及试验

针对荔枝果核的物理机械特性,运用Hertz弹性接触理论,建立果核压缩过程力学模型.通过对荔枝果核的压缩试验,测得其理学特性参数,结果表明:荔枝果核在压缩过程中主要为弹性变形,达到破坏极限时,果核产生应力裂纹或破碎而破坏;果核的弹性模量在20～50MPa之间,最大值出现在压缩开始阶段,并逐渐减小,趋于稳定.上述结果为荔枝去核理论的发展及相关机械的设计等提供了必要的参考.     

新产品 新技术

荔枝鲜果剥壳机 由华南热带农业机械研究所研制。该机能连续对鲜果剥壳并使果肉分离,鲜果剥壳率达95％以上,果壳自动分离率80％,加工能力约100 kg/h,配套电机功率为0.75 kW。该机结构新颖,简单实用,已获国家实用新型专利,专利号为:98206639.2。 (李明)     

龙眼力学参数测试与分析

对龙眼果实、果核进行压缩试验表明:龙眼整果的压缩力-变形曲线为二次多项式关系,其横向和纵向的刚度相近,弹性模量为0.90～0.95 MPa;果核的压缩力-变形曲线为近似线性关系,横向和纵向刚度相近,弹性模量约为40 MPa.龙眼整果破壳时变形随着加载速率的增加而减小.由果壳的拉伸试验得到应力-应变关系和果壳弹性模量-应变关系.试验表明龙眼果实可看作各向同性材料.     

龙眼力学参数测试与分析

对龙眼果实、果核进行压缩试验表明：龙眼整果的压缩力-变形曲线为二次多项式关系,其横向和纵向的刚度相近,弹性模量为0.90～0.95MPa;果核的压缩力-变形曲线为近似线性关系,横向和纵向刚度相近,弹性模量约为40MPa。龙眼整果破壳时变形随着加载速率的增加而减小。由果壳的拉伸试验得到应力-应变关系和果壳弹性模量-应变关系。试验表明龙眼果实可看作各向同性材料。     

银杏种核力学特性试验

采用不同加载方向、含水率和载荷类型,通过压缩试验对银杏种核进行了力学特性研究.相同含水率下种核在各个方向上的破碎力不同,在宽度方向上最小,在厚度方向上最大.含水率对种核的压缩破碎影响很大,种核含水率越高核壳与果仁的间隙越小,所需破碎力越小,但果仁允许变形量较大.试验表明,含水率27.66%的银杏在厚度方向的破碎力为(135.82±24.48)N,当控制压缩头到果仁的移动距离在(2.4±0.5)mm,且不超过果仁允许的变形量2.23 mm时可以得到完整的果仁.     

新疆红枣残枝力学特性试验研究

新疆南疆地区因枣树管理每年修剪产生残枝约70万t,针对红枣残枝粉碎后多元化利用的需求,测定了红枣残枝的力学特性(压缩、弯曲和剪切的各项力学参数)和枣枝的物理性质(密度、含水率)。试验结果表明:红枣残枝顺纹压缩、横纹压缩和弯曲的应力-应变曲线图弹性段本构关系均符合胡克定律,剪切破坏为塑性破坏方式;枣枝顺纹压缩抗破坏强度、抗破坏弹性模量和承受外力功均大于横纹压缩,顺纹压缩功与抗压强度之间呈多项式函数正相关,横纹压缩功与抗压强度之间呈指数函数正相关;枣枝密度与抗弯强度、抗剪强度之间均呈多项式函数正相关,含水率与抗弯强度之间呈多项式函数负相关,与抗剪强度之间呈幂函数负相关。研究结果可为红枣残枝粉碎机械的设计和优化提供理论依据和参考。     

圣女果常温贮藏过程中压缩特性试验

运用万能试验机对常温贮藏下的圣女果进行压缩特性试验,研究了不同压头、不同压缩速度下的压缩曲线,同时对破坏极限Frax屈服极限Fs、刚度K、变形能Us、破坏能Ub等压缩特性指标的变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:不同压头和不同加载速度对屈服极限Fs、破坏极限Fmax与变形量的大小都有影响;刚度K和屈服极限Fs随贮藏时间的延长逐渐下降,变形能Us逐渐上升,而破裂极限Fmax和破坏能Ub的变化比较复杂.研究结果对圣女果贮藏、运输等都具有实际意义.     

寒地包衣玉米种子压缩特性试验研究

以寒地包衣玉米种子龙丹47为研究对象,对其物料特性进行了测量,得到三轴尺寸长9.287mm、宽7.64 mm、厚5.9 8 mm,休止角3 2.2 0°,自流角2 5.4 0°,千粒质量3 6 9.5 g。利用CTM2 0 5 0微机控制电子万能材料试验机,得到龙丹47玉米种子在平放、立放、侧放条件下的压缩特性曲线,经拟合曲线符合PEAL-READ模型,并获得了最大压缩载荷(平放379.5N、立放124.3N、侧放161.926N)、弹性模量(平放161.528 MPa、立放45.66MPa、侧放1 0 2.8 9 3 MPa)和抗压强度(平放1 0.8 4 4 MPa,立放3.5 5 2 MPa、侧放4.6 2 6 MPa)。结果显示:籽粒平放时的压缩载荷明显高于侧放和立放时的载荷,且平放压缩载荷是立放压缩载荷的2.6倍,是侧放压缩载荷的2.7倍;而侧放与立放的压缩载荷差异不大,表明籽粒在侧放和立放时更易受压缩外力的影响。     

爆炸焊接地基特性试验研究

通过对爆炸焊接现场地基土壤参数的测定和分析表明：地基爆炸焊接冲击坑可分为压碎压密区、压密胀裂区、挤密区和振动区，各区半径与复合板装药半径存在线性关系。在爆炸焊接强冲击载荷下，土壤固体颗粒、空气和水的含量均无明显变化，表现为固定组分的3组介质。在同级爆炸载荷下，粘土地基的密度变化较大，呈高压缩性，而密致散粒结构砂土地基密度变化较小。地基的压缩变形量与复合板单位面积装药量呈正相关。     

槽轮送料机构的动力分析与结构设计

槽轮机构广泛应用于各种机械中.针对灯笼状荔枝果肉获取机械中的槽轮机构,通过动力分析建立槽轮工作阻力矩和拨盘驱动力矩间关系的数学模型,利用Pro/E软件建立槽轮机构的三维参数化模型,并进行静态应力分析和全局敏感度分析.结果表明:槽轮工作中受到的静态应力小于材料的抗剪刚度;槽轮的厚度越大,在同样的工作载荷下所受到的静态应力就越小.上述结果给送料机构的改进设计和制造提供了依据.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。