营养小肽对黄金鲫血清生化指标、肠和肝组织的影响

为研究营养小肽对黄金鲫(Carassius auratus)血清生化指标和肠、肝组织的影响,在饲料中添加2.0%营养小肽,试验为期128 d。试验结果显示：试验组血清总蛋白和白蛋白均高于对照组。血清碱性磷酸酶和尿素氮试验组均低于对照组(P≥0.05)。血清脂肪酶试验组略高于对照组(P≥0.05)。血清血糖试验组高于对照组(P≤0.01)。病理观察：试验组肠绒毛层非常丰厚,平滑肌结构排列紧密,内层环形肌层较为发达。对照组基膜结构不清晰,固有层和黏膜下层细胞成分增多。肝组织结构较清晰,肝细胞形状规则,细胞界限分明。肝细胞围绕中央静脉呈放射状排列,细胞间可见肝血窦,中央静脉和血窦中可见血细胞。因此,营养小肽可促进氨基酸的吸收,使养殖鱼类表现出良好的营养状况和健康水平。     

三种中草药方剂对鲫部分生化指标的影响

在水温20℃下研究了在饲料中分别添加3种中草药方剂(复方A由甘草、紫草等组成;复方B由生鸡内金、生牡蛎、山药等组成;复方C由茵陈、板蓝根、黄芩等组成),对平均体质量37.09±4.09g鲫(Carassius aura-tus)肝胰脏和血液中部分生化指标的影响。每组15尾,每天按照鱼体质量的2.0%投喂饲料,对照组投喂不含中草药添加剂的基础饲料。实验结束后,取样测定鱼体肝脏和血液部分生化指标。结果显示,复方A、B、C皆可显著提高血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性,但却明显降低了尿酸(URIC)、总蛋白(TP)、总胆红素(TBIL)和球蛋白(GLB)的含量,其他几项生化指标升降不一;复方A、B、C对肝脏中Fe、ALP和肌酐(CREA)3项生化指标的提升效果比较明显,对Ca、P、AST、总胆固醇(CHOL)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、TP和GLB起相反作用。结果的差异可能与中草药配方组成成分、取样部位、测试的生化指标有关。     

复合植物提取物对湘云金鲫血液生化指标的影响

为探讨复合植物提取物对湘云金鲫的促生长机制,选用1 008尾健康湘云金鲫鱼种,随机分为3组,对照组投喂基础饲料,试验组1、2在基础饲料中分别添加剂量为1％、2％的复合植物提取物,测定饲养30 d后鱼体血液生化指标.结果表明,1％剂量组能显著提高谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶及血清总蛋白含量(P＜0.05),显著降低血液葡萄糖和...     

加州鲈血液生理生化指标的测定

以40尾加州鲈为材料，测定了血液中红细胞数、白细胞分类计数值、血红蛋白含量、红细胞沉降率、红细胞脆性等生理指标和血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、钠、钾、钙、氯等生化指标的正常值，并进行统计分析，给出了总体均数的变化范围。     

嗜水气单胞菌对鲫三项血液指标的影响

用嗜水气单胞菌(浓度9×108CFU/mL)感染健康鲫(剂量为0.3mL/尾),4d后观察鲫的发病情况,并对鲫三项血液生化指标进行测定。结果表明:感染鲫表现出典型的嗜水气单胞菌引起的败血症症状,与对照组比较甘油三酯含量极显著下降,总蛋白含量显著下降,而谷丙转氨酶活性极显著升高。     

温度对鲫血液生化指标和消化酶的影响

采用室内模拟方法,研究了鲫(Carassius auratus)在9℃、16℃、25℃、30℃温度条件下的血液学指标和消化酶活力的变化。结果显示,鲫血清无机成分中的镁、磷在16℃时存在最大值,而其它成分变化不显著。在9～25℃水温范围内,甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等均随水温上升而上升,并在25℃时达到最大值,而超过25℃后,甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等含量均随水温升高而下降。在9～30℃水温范围内,血清中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性随水温上升先升高、后下降,在25℃时达到最大值。鲫肠道中,蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在9～25℃阶段升高,25～30℃时下降,蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性均在25℃时最高;而肝胰脏中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随温度变化不明显。     

褐鳟Salmo trutta血液生理生化指标的测定

选择健康的体质量约为336g的褐鳟Salmo trutta 20尾,雌雄各半,在常规环境中暂养观察10d,禁食12h后,尾静脉采血,利用BT-2100全自动血液分析仪测定16项血液生理值,利用DXC800型贝克曼全自动生化分析仪测定31项血清生化值,以建立2龄褐鳟的血液正常生理生化指标。结果表明:雌雄褐鳟血液生理指标差异不显著(P0.05),但血液中Mg、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)和直接胆红素(DBIL)含量及白球比(A/G)显著差异(P0.05),说明褐鳟生理指标不受性别影响,而某些生化指标却受性别的影响。     

饥饿对养殖鲈鱼血液生理生化指标的影响

设定不同饥饿时间研究养殖鲈鱼（Lateolabrax japonicus)血液生理和生化指标的变化，实验进行4周，每周取样，结果表明，血液中红细胞数，血红蛋白和红细胞比容分别在饥饿2周，2周和4周开始显著下降，而红细胞脆性和沉降率则分别在饥饿1周和3周显著上升，血糖浓度在饥饿第1周显著下降，以后几周则较为恒定，总蛋白，白蛋白和球蛋白在饥饿1周和2周时均有上升，3周后开始下降，甘油三脂和总胆固醇均在饥饿3周开始显著下降；Na^ 和Cl^-浓度在饥饿3周显著上升，谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力分别在饥饿2周和1周时显著下降，饥饿对K^ ,Ca^2 浓度和碱性磷酸酶活力没有影响，各项生理生化指标和饥饿时间的回归分析表明，均以3次多项式的R2值为最大，其中又以白蛋白和血红蛋白的R2值最大，分别为0．922和0．902，建议血红蛋白含量可作为鲈鱼饥饿评价的指标。     

植酸酶对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响

试验探讨了植酸酶对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响。选用1日龄的健康肉仔鸡270只,随机分成6个处理组,每个处理设5个重复,每个重复9只肉仔鸡。分别为试验Ⅰ组(对照组)、试验Ⅱ组(植酸酶100 mg/kg)、试验Ⅲ组(植酸酶200 mg/kg)、试验Ⅳ组(植酸酶300 mg/kg)、试验Ⅴ组(植酸酶400 mg/kg)和试验Ⅵ组(植酸酶500 mg/kg)。采用阶梯式笼养,试验期6周。试验结果表明:肉鸡日粮中添加植酸酶可使肉鸡血清中总超氧化物歧化酶活力和总抗氧化能力显著提高;对血钙、血氯、血钾含量影响较小,而血清中血磷含量显著升高。     

温度对鲫血液生化指标和消化酶的影响

采用室内模拟方法,研究了鲫（Carassius auratus）在9 ℃、16 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃四个温度条件下的血液学指标和消化酶活力的变化。结果显示,鲫血清无机成分中的镁、磷以显著差异在16 ℃时存在最大值,而其他成分变化不显著。在9~25 ℃水温范围内,甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等均随水温上升而上升,并在25 ℃时达到最大值,而超过25 ℃后,甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等含量均随水温升高而下降。在9~30 ℃水温范围内,血清中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性随水温上升先上升后有下降,在25 ℃时达到最大值。鲫肠道中,蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在9~25 ℃阶段升高,25~30 ℃时下降,蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性均在25 ℃时最高;而肝胰脏中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随温度变化不明显。     

乳化剂对异育银鲫消化酶及血清指标的影响

选取8000尾异育银鲫,随机分为2个处理(对照组和试验组),每处理2重复,每重复2000尾,分别饲喂含乳化剂0%和0.05%的基础日粮,试验期为62 d。试验结果表明,饲养31 d后,添加乳化剂使异育银鲫的肝胰脏胰蛋白酶的活性显著提高(P<0.01),肠道胰蛋白酶活性也表现出升高的趋势(P=0.08);血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量也显著提高(P<0.01)。饲养62 d后,添加乳化剂使异育银鲫肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清中葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。试验结果表明,饲料中添加乳化剂能够提高异育银鲫的肠道和肝胰脏消化酶的活性,促进脂肪代谢和蛋白质沉积。     

几种植物提取物对异育银鲫生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

用分别在基础日粮中添加了黄霉素(4 mg/kg)和3种植物提取物(皂树皂甙150 mg/kg、茶多酚50 mg/kg、水飞蓟素100 mg/kg)的饲料饲喂异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)56 d后,测定各组鱼生长性能,并于实验结束时尾静脉采血,测定血液生化指标。结果表明:与对照组和黄霉素组相比,3种植物提取物组间的增重率(WGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)无显著性差异(P>0.05);其中皂树皂甙能显著提高血清白蛋白(ALB)的含量(P<0.05);茶多酚能显著提高血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的含量(P<0.05),降低血清尿素氮(BUN)含量(P<0.05);水飞蓟素能显著提高血清碱性磷酸酶的含量(P<0.05),降低血清丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05)。     

Pharmacokinetics of minocycline in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after intravenous and oral administration

The pharmacokinetic of minocycline was studied after a single intravenous as well as oral dose (5 mg/kg body weight) in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) reared in freshwater at 10°C. Plasma samples were randomly collected from six fish at each sampling time. Plasma concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and further subjected to noncompartmental analysis. Initial concentration of minocycline just after intravenous administration was calculated as 7.320 μg/ml, while the other parameters after intravenous injection were determined as flows: apparent elimination rate constant (λ_z) of 0.064 per hr, apparent elimination half‐life () of 10.82 hr, total body clearance (Cl) of 142.72 ml/hr/kg, volume of distribution (Vz) of 2,227.38 ml/kg and volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) of 1,937.08 ml/kg. While after oral administration, the λ_z, , mean absorption time (MAT), absorption half‐life (t_1/2ka) and bioavailability were determined as 0.059 per hr, 11.74, 5.55, 3.84 hr, and 81.98%, respectively, and the peak concentration was observed as 1.474 ± 0.362 μg/ml at 8 hr. It was shown that minocycline was slowly but relatively completely absorbed, extensively distributed, and slowly eliminated in crucian carp. Based on the ratios of AUC_0–24 hr/MIC90, a minocycline dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously or orally would be only effective to successfully treat crucian carp infected by bacterium with MIC values ≤0.25 μg/ml.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of marbofloxacin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after oral administration

Pharmacokinetics and residue elimination of marbofloxacin (MBF) were studied in crucian carp (Carassius auratus, 250±30 g) kept at two water temperatures of 15 and 25 °C. Marbofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues were analysed by means of high‐performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector. The limits of detection were 0.02 μg mL^?1, 0.02 μg g^?1, 0.025 μg g^?1, 0.02 μg g^?1 and 0.025 μg g^?1 in plasma and muscle, skin, liver and kidney respectively. Fish were administered orally at a single dosage of 10 mg kg^?1 body weight in the PK group. The data were fitted to two‐compartment open models at both temperatures. At 15 °C, the absorption half‐life () and distribution half‐life (t_1/2α) of the drug were 0.36 and 4.48 h respectively. The corresponding values at 25 °C were 0.23 and 0.87 h respectively. The elimination half‐life (t_1/2β) was 50.75 h at 15 °C and 25.05 h at 25 °C. The maximum MBF concentration (C_max) differed little between 15 (6.43 μg mL^?1) and 25 °C (8.36 μg mL^?1). The time to peak concentration was 1.74 h at 15 °C and 0.78 h at 25 °C. The apparent volume of distribution (V_d/F) of MBF was estimated to be 1.36 and 0.87 L kg^?1 at 15 and 25 °C respectively. The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) was 301.80 μg mL^?1 h at 15 °C and 182.80 μg mL^?1 h at 25 °C. The total clearance of MBF was computed as 0.03 and 0.05 L h^?1 kg^?1 at 15 and 25 °C respectively. After repeated oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg kg^?1 body weight per day for 3 days, the results showed that the elimination half‐lives () of MBF from all tissues at 15 °C were longer than that at 25 °C. Therefore, water temperature is an important factor to be considered when deciding a reasonable withdrawal time.     

Dietary myo‐inositol requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

An 11‐week growth trial was conducted to determine dietary myo‐inositol (MI) requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Myo‐inositol was supplemented to the basal diet to formulate six purified diets containing 1, 56, 107, 146, 194 and 247 mg MI kg^?1 diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile gibel carp (initial body weight 3.38 ± 0.27 g, mean ± SD) in a flow‐through system. The diets were randomly assigned to different fish tanks. Fish fed ≥ 107 mg MI kg^?1 diet had significantly higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio than those fed 1 mg MI kg^?1 diet. Fish fed ≥ 56 mg MI kg^?1 diet had higher feeding rate and survival compared with fish fed 1 mg MI kg^?1 diet. Dietary supplemental inositol did not affect fish liver inositol concentration. Fish fed ≥ 56 mg MI kg^?1 diet had higher body dry matter, crude protein and gross energy and lower hepatosomatic index than fish fed 1 mg MI kg^?1 diet. Dietary inositol supplementation decreased fish body ash. Quadratic regression of weight gain indicated that the myo‐inositol requirement to maximum growth for juvenile gibel carp was 165.3 mg MI kg^?1 diet.     

Dietary available phosphorus requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CASIII)

A 57‐day growth experiment was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (13.48 ± 0.10 g) in a flow‐through system to study the effect of dietary phosphorus on growth performance, body composition, nutrition utilization, phosphorus loading and enzymes activities. Seven semipurifed diets were formulated to contain 0.07 (the basal), 2.27, 5.32, 8.10, 12.06, 15.24 and 19.48 g available phosphorus/kg diet. The results showed that specific growth rate, body length and feed efficiency significantly increased in the fish fed diets containing 0.07 to 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05). Ash and P content increased in fish fed diets containing 0.07–12.06 P g/kg (p < .05) and then levelled off, while moisture, crude protein and lipid had no significant difference (p > .05). The protein retention efficiency increased in the fish fed with diets 0.07–5.32 g/kg P (p < .05) and then reached a plateau. The P content in faeces was higher in fish fed diets containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg. Total P concentration in tank water increased in fish fed 0.07–12.06 g available P per kg diet (p < .05). The plasma P was higher in the fish fed with 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05), triglycerides was lower in the fish fed diet containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg (p < .05), no significant differences were observed in plasma Ca, plasma glucose and calcitonin (p > .05). Based on SGR, whole body P content and FE, dietary available P requirement for juvenile gibel carp were 13.37, 13.97 g/kg and 15.06 respectively.     

Biochemical parameters of blood plasma and content of microcystins in tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from a hypertrophic pond with cyanobacterial water bloom

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the blood plasma parameters and the content of microcystins in the tissues of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) in relation to the toxic cyanobacterial water bloom. Fish (average body mass 2176±697 g) in the hypertrophic pond were exposed to natural water bloom (dominated by Planktothrix agardhii, Pseudanabaena limnetica and Limnothrix redekei ), which contained microcystins (concentration in biomass 20–181 μg g⁻¹ dry wt, concentration in water 0.3–9.5 μg L⁻¹). Biochemical parameters in fish blood plasma were analysed in 89 fish at 14-day intervals during the whole season (nine sampling periods). Our results demonstrated high variability and fluctuations in the investigated parameters. The content of microcystins and density of cyanobacterial cells correlated with some haematological indices as lipase, alanine–aminotransferase, albumin, magnesium and chlorides. The concentrations of microcystins in the muscle and liver of the fish (determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer) were below the limit of detection during the monitored period [0.31 ng g⁻¹ fresh weight (f.w.) for the liver and 0.13 ng g⁻¹ f.w. for muscle]. Our study demonstrates that although known cyanobacterial toxin microcystins were not detected in the fish tissues, several biochemical parameters important for the fish physiology were modulated by natural cyanobacterial bloom.     

Carbohydrate utilization by herbivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish species: a comparative study on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio. var CAS III) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Two 8‐week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate dietary carbohydrate utilization by omnivorous gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (2.4 ± 0.1 g) and herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (6.5 ± 0.1 g). Five isonitrogenous (370 g kg^?1) and isolipid (70 g kg^?1) diets were formulated with increasing corn starch levels (60, 140, 220, 300 and 380 g kg^?1). Results showed that specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) of gibel carp significantly increased from dietary starch of 60 to 300 g kg^?1 and then decreased from 300 to 380 g kg^?1, but those of grass carp showed no significant differences between treatments. Independent of dietary starch levels, grass carp gained significantly higher FE and PRE than gibel carp. Feeding rate (FR) of gibel carp was significantly higher than that of grass carp. In two fish species, high dietary starch (300 and 380 g kg^?1) tended to obtain higher hepatosomatic index (HSI), serum triglyceride, hepatic lipid and body lipid contents. Serum glucose concentration of grass carp was not affected, while that of gibel carp fed the starch of 300 g kg^?1 diet was significantly lower than those of the fish fed other four diets (60, 140, 220 and 380 g kg^?1). Grass carp showed high tolerance to dietary starch while dietary corn starch should be no more than 300 g kg^?1 for gibel carp. High starch contents may cause lipid accumulation in the liver and body.     

Dietary choline requirement in slight methionine‐deficient diet for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted in a flow‐through system to determine dietary choline requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (5.5 ± 0.1 g). Purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin‐free casein as protein source. Choline chloride was supplemented to the basal diet to formulate seven diets containing 76.1, 163, 356, 969, 1457, 2024 and 4400 mg kg^?1 choline. Dietary methionine was 0.58%, less than the requirement (0.69%). The results indicated that specific growth rate (SGR) was higher in the fish fed 2024 mg kg^?1 diet than the control group. Feeding rate and feed efficiency were not significantly affected. Protein productive value increased as dietary choline increased from 76.1 to 2024 mg kg^?1 diet and was lower in the fish fed the diet containing 4400 mg choline kg^?1 diet. Serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and total cholesterol significantly increased with increasing dietary choline up to 1457 mg kg^?1, and no differences were found with further increase. Fish carcass fat contents decreased significantly with increased dietary choline. Hepatic lipid contents increased with dietary choline up to 1457 mg kg^?1 and then decreased. Quadric regression of SGR and plasma HDL‐C indicted dietary choline requirement was 2500 and 2667 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively.     

葡萄糖、维生素C对普安银鲫早期发育的影响

为探究葡萄糖和维生素C（VC）对普安银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）早期发育的影响,采用静水溶液浸泡法研究了葡萄糖和VC溶液浸泡中普安银鲫仔鱼出膜时间、孵化率、成活率及卵黄囊仔鱼生长特点。结果显示,葡萄糖溶液质量浓度低于15 g·L^-1,仔鱼出膜时间随着葡萄糖质量浓度的增加而缩短,孵化率、成活率、体质量和全长则升高;葡萄糖溶液质量浓度高于15 g·L^-1对普安银鲫的早期发育表现出抑制作用。VC溶液质量浓度低于30mg·L^-1时,仔鱼出膜时间随着ρ（VC）的增加而降低,孵化率、成活率、体质量和全长则升高。ρ（VC）高于30mg·L^-1对普安银鲫的早期发育表现出抑制作用。研究表明适宜浓度的葡萄糖和VC能促进普安银鲫的早期发育。