仔猪早期补铁补硒的增重对比试验

选择农户３２头母猪所产的长本仔猪（３－４日龄）３４窝２８６头。随机分成试验组（１４７头）和对照组（１３９头）。试验组仔猪一次肌注１毫升富铁力（含络合铁１５０毫克，硒化合物１毫克）。结果表明：试验组比对照组平均每头仔猪，４５日龄时增重１．２３千克。在６０日龄时增重２．６３千克，比对照组提高１７．４８％，３－６０日龄，试验组比对照组净增２．６千克，比对照组提高１８．７％。试验组仔猪断奶成活率达９２．５     

仔猪大肠杆菌病的防治

从本省４个县（市）６４窝具有典型大肠杆菌病症状的仔猪粪便中，分离出６１株ＥＴＥＣ，经鉴定主要为Ｋ８８（３４／６１），其次是Ｋ９９（１１／６１）和Ｋ９１（８／６１）；用含Ｋ８８－ＬＴＢ的双价工程菌苗免疫１６６头母猪所产１５８８头仔猪，３０日龄内腹泻发病率为１０．９１％，对照组为５５．４２％；扩大试验免疫组发病率（１．７２％），也大大低于对照调查组的发病率（６．８％）；用该菌苗二次免疫优于一次免疫（仔猪发病率分别为：１０．９６％和３２．５１％），差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；用微生态制剂促菌生预防该病后发病率为２．４５％，对照组为１１．６２％，且试验组比对照组２８日龄时个体增重高０．６ｋｇ；证明促菌生对防治大肠杆菌病有较大的潜力。本试验用四种药物进行了治疗对比试验，痢菌净治愈率为７７．３７％、链霉素为９５．７％、庆大霉素复合剂为９６．８％、促菌为生８２．９６％。用痢菌净治疗免疫母猪所产病仔猪２５７头，治疗２３５头，治疗率为９１．４３％。通过本试验我们认为，目前疫苗与药物结合是防治仔猪大肠杆菌的最佳措施     

猪流行性腹泻病毒适应Vero细胞培养及以传代细胞毒制备氢氧化铝灭活疫苗免疫效力试验

采用在病毒培养液中加５～１０μｇ／ｍｌ胰酶的培养方法，将猪流行性腹泻病毒（ＰＥＤＶ）ＣＶ＿（７７７）适应于Ｖｅｒｏ细胞，并传４５代．细胞病变规律．经免疫荧光检查阳性，电镜观察可见典型冠状病毒粒子，猪传染性胃肠炎（ＴＧＥ）免疾荧光检查阴性，猪流行性腹泻（ＰＥＤ）血清可抑制细胞病变（ＣＰＥ）．ＰＥＤＶＣＶ＿（７７７）毒株１１、２５、２８、４０及４４代传代毒的毒价分别为１０￣（３．５）、１０￣（５．５）、１０￣（６．５）、１０￣（７．０）和１０￣（７．０）ＴＣＩＤ＿（５０）／０．３ｍｌ。以１１、２１及２２代的毒１０ｍｌ头口服接种未吃初乳仔猪，可使之典型发病，免疫荧光及电镜观察均呈阳性．分别以２５、２８及３１代毒０．５ｍｌ／头、１ｍｌ／头、２ｍｌ／头口服接种３日龄仔猪１８头．除０．５ｍｌ组有１头反应外，均未发病，攻毒试验的总保护率为８７．５％，对照组１００％发病．以２８代毒制备氢氧化铝灭活苗，后海穴位接种，主动免疫组８５．１９％保护，被动免疫组８５％保护，对照组１００％及９２．３％发病．     

两种补铁剂对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

为了探讨富来血和富铁力2种补铁剂对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响,试验选用体重相近、健康的杜洛克、长白、大白初生仔猪138头(各46头),随机分成试验组和对照组,用富来血(试验组)和富铁力(对照组)2种铁制剂,在仔猪2日龄时一次性每头注射2 mL,以研究不同铁制剂对哺乳仔猪平均日增重的影响和28日龄腹泻率和育成率的高低.试验结果表明,哺乳仔猪早期补铁可提高其日增重.降低腹泻率,且富来血的使用效果明显好于富铁力.     

应用富铁力和牲血素对比观察试验

应用富铁力和牲血素对比观察试验姜海云（大庆天燃气农工商养猪场·１６３４５９）天燃气猪场有经产母猪２００头，年生产仔猪３６００头以上．对仔猪补铁和补硒是抓好仔猪健康多活的重要措施之一．以往多采用牲血素和亚硒酸钠分别注射，效果也比较好，根据中国猪协推荐的...     

复方山莨菪注射液治疗大肠杆菌性仔猪腹泻效果观察

应用研制的复方山莨菪注射液治疗黄白痢仔猪５７头和大肠杆菌性断奶腹泻仔猪１２９头，治愈率分别为９８．２％和１９３．０％，平均治疗次数分别为１．７次和２．１次；而同期设立的抗菌素（庆大霉素或氯霉素）对照组的治愈率分别为９３．１％和５０．０％，平均治疗次数为４．６次和４．１次．二组疗效差异显著。８３头同窝病仔猪的分组治疗试验结果是：在３．３天内，复方山莨菪注射液治疗组头均增重为０．２７８ｋｇ，而抗菌素组为０．１１６ｋｇ，差异显著．证明复方山莨菪注射液治疗大肠杆菌腹泻仔猪优于现常用的庆大霉素、氯霉素等。     

爽乐神(Stalosan F)对哺乳仔猪健康和生长性能的影响

在存栏3600头生产母猪的猪场中．选择预产期相近的60头临产母猪．随机分成三组。在整个泌乳期内，试验Ⅰ组用“爽乐神”．试验Ⅱ组用“百毒杀”．试验Ⅲ组用“迪威”对环境进行消毒处理，观察三种消毒剂对哺乳仔猪腹泻率、死亡率、日增重及雄性仔猪阉割后创口感染率的影响。结果表明试验Ⅰ组的仔猪断奶平均个体重显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）：试验Ⅰ组的仔猪腹泻率极显著低于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅲ组（P〈0．01）；试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅰ组仔猪的断奶平均个体重、腹泻率均未达到显著差异（P〉0．05）；公仔猪阉割后创口感染率．3组之间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结果表明：爽乐神能通过降低仔猪腹泻率和提高仔猪健康水平，达到提高仔猪日增重的作用。     

猪瘟超前免疫试验

对某养猪场１６窝１５７头初生仔猪，分成哺乳前９０分钟免疫，哺乳前４５分钟免疫，哺乳后３０分钟免疫及非免疫（母源抗体被动免疫）对照四个组。２０日龄时随机抽取试验仔猪１１窝６７头前腔静脉采血，采用间接血凝试验（ＩＨＡ）和猪瘟兔化弱毒单克隆抗体纯化酶联免疫吸附试验（ＨＬＬＶ－ＭＡＢ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）两种方法检测仔猪血清猪瘟免疫抗体水平。ＩＨＡ法各组ＩＨＡ平均效价为１９．６、２１．１、９．７、１１，保护率为７０．６％、８０％、３５．７％、４６．２％；ＨＣＬＶ──ＭＡ６──ＥＬＥＳＡ法各组ＯＤ值平均为０．２２、０．３２、０．１１、０．０８，阳性率为５８．８％、７５％、０％、０％。试验结果表明：超前免疫其免疫效果显著优于哺乳后免疫及母源抗体被动免疫，且哺乳前４５分钟免疫优于哺乳前９０分钟免疫。     

粗制蜂蛹干粉防治断奶仔猪腹泻的观察

断奶仔猪腹泻是断奶仔猪常患的一种疾病，严重阻碍了养猪业的生产发展。为了研究不同剂量蜂蛹干粉对4周龄断奶仔猪腹泻的防治作用，进行了预防试验和治疗试验，结果表明：预防试验中，蜂蛹干粉组（Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组）、抗生素组（Ⅳ组）的预防率分别为90．O％、93．3％、80．0％、73．3％；治疗试验中，Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组的治愈率分别为92％、96％、79％、68％。说明蜂蛹干粉在仔猪断奶期间的抗腹泻效果优于抗生素，而且不同添加剂量的防治效果不同。     

亚硒酸钠维生素E对提高早期断奶仔猪成活率效果的观察

本试验选取2～5胎杜长大哺乳仔猪412头，随机分成2组，试验组和对照组各206头，试验组仔猪在2113龄和28日龄分别肌肉注射0．1％亚硒酸钠维生素E2mL和3mL。结果表明，断奶前两次注射亚硒酸钠维生素E能使断奶仔猪腹泻发病率降低6．7％，发病死亡率降低6．6％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -