关于黑龙江省经济作物可持续发展的思考

改革开放以来，在省委省政府的高度重视下，我省优势经济作物在改革中前进，在调整中发展，不仅适应了高效农业的需求，丰富了市场供给，而且增加了农民收入，涵养了地方财源，为振兴农村经济，推动农业结构战略性调整做出了重大贡献。随着中国加入世界贸易组织和农业结构调整的进一步深入，我省农业产业化向纵深推进，经济作物．产业在经历了由辅助性发展到调整性发展再到创效增收的大发展以后，当前面临着新形势和新问题，呈现出新的发展态势。     

基于大数据的农产品电子商务发展现状研究

近年来，互联网技术的发展促进了我国农业产业的转型和发展。为促进农产品电子商务的发展，本文分析了农产品电子商务的发展现状及大数据对其发展的促进作用，并提出未来的发展对策，为促进农产品流通，实现乡村振兴提供理论指导。     

浙江省新果园发展特点、存在问题与对策建议

水果产业为浙江省农业十大主导产业之一，种植规模在全国处于中上游水平。“十二五”以来，浙江省优新品种发展迅速，产业结构有所调整，加快了水果产业转型升级，但近年来受果品市场供需关系变化影响，果园新发展规模有所减缓。从果园新发展视角，介绍了浙江省新果园发展情况及特点，分析了存在的问题，并提出了相关的对策建议，以期推进浙江省果业高质量发展。     

柞蚕产区发展食用菌产业的优势与策略初探

通过对柞蚕产区的实地调查，主要阐述了柞蚕产区发展食用菌产业独特的优势，并对柞蚕产区发展食用菌产业的效益和前景进行分析，最后提出了建立生态型蚕场，提高资源利用效率，发展龙头企业，构建食用菌发展的产业化模式，加大科技创新的力度，提高食用菌的科技含量的发展对策。     

树立大果品、大市场观念全力抓好果品产加销基地建设

山东省果业发展到今天，已经成为发展经济的支柱产业，成为农民收入的重要来源。为进一步探索适合果品发展的新路子，推动果业产业化的发展，近年来，省政府牢固树立大果品、大市场观念，积极开展了果品产加销基地示范工作，取得了显著成果。有力地推动了果品贸工农一体化，产加销一条龙的形成，极大地促进了全省果品事业的发展。第一，进一步促进了果品产业化的发展。各示范市以优势企业为龙头，以国内外市场为导向，以加工企业为重心，以名牌产品为依托，以产前、产中、产后的系列化服务为纽带，以千家万户分散的果农适度规模经营为基础，…     

高平大黄梨发展“瓶颈”及发展建议

高平大黄梨有其独特的生理和地理优势，伴随着大黄梨产业的发展，出现了影响大黄梨产业发展“瓶颈”。本文介绍了大黄梨的基本状况，分析了影响大黄梨发展的问题，提出了解决措施，以期为高平大黄梨产业的健康发展提供帮助。     

北京食用菌生产现状与发展前景展望

本文论述了北京地区食用菌生产现状，发展因素分析，近期发展计划和远景目标规划，对今后发展提出了建议。     

我国农业生产进入机械作业为主新时代

“十一五”期间，我国农业机械化发展环境继续优化、政策法规不断健全、发展速度明显加快，地位作用持续增强。农业机械化发展从初级迈入了中级阶段，农业生产方式实现了人畜力为主向机械作业为主的历史性跨越。农业机械化的快速发展，缓解了务农青壮年劳动力短缺对粮食生产带来的不利影响，在促进粮食连年丰收、农业稳定发展中发挥了不可替代的重要作用，为工业化、城镇化、农业现代化协调推进提供了重要支撑。     

我国猕猴桃生产的发展形势和宏观控制

回顾了我国猕猴桃生产的发展历程，参照世界各国发展猕猴桃的经验教训，指出应控制我国猕猴桃过热的发展势头，提出了发展的控制指标。     

我国猕猴桃生产的发展形势和宏观控制

回顾了我国猕猴桃生产的发展历程，参照世界各国发展猕猴桃的经验教训，指出应控制我国猕猴桃过程的发展势头，提出了发展的控制指标。     

锥栗种仁发育期叶片与果实矿质元素含量变化

以‘长芒仔’锥栗为试材,对其种仁发育期营养枝叶片、结果枝叶片及果实（种仁、刺苞、果皮 + 种皮）中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 矿质元素含量及果实不同组织质量变化进行分析。结果表明：坚果从幼胚发生期至成熟期为种仁发育的关键时期,坚果、种仁和淀粉干质量较前期都有显著增长,分别增加了6.14 g（92.4%）、4.97 g（99.43%）及3.82 g（99.92%）。在种仁发育期,营养枝及结果枝叶片中Cu 含量呈显著下降变化,P、Zn 含量波动上升;果实刺苞中Ca、Fe、Cu 含量显著下降,Zn 含量上升后下降,其余元素变化甚微;果皮 + 种皮中N、P、K、Mg、Cu 含量前期变化甚微,后期显著下降,Ca、Zn 含量先增加后降低;种仁中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 含量均呈降低变化,种仁中各元素总量均呈显著上升趋势,在采收前1 周Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu 总量呈明显降低。种仁内淀粉总量与结果枝叶片及营养枝叶片中Cu 含量,刺苞中Cu 含量,果皮 + 种皮中K、Mn 含量呈显著负相关;与刺苞中Fe 含量,果皮 + 种皮中P、Mg、Cu 含量呈极显著负相关;而与种仁中的N、P、K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 总量极显著正相关。     

Establishment and evaluation of a hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus model in neonatal rats

AIM：To establish and evaluate a hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus model in neonatal SD rats. METHODS：Three-day-old SD rats were randomly divided to 7 experimental groups by litter and body weight, and were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline (control group), and 6.25 μg/g (T1), 12.5 μg/g (T2), 25 μg/g (T3), 50 μg/g (T4), 100 μg/g (T5) and 200 μg/g (T6) bilirubin, respectively, twice every day for 3 d. All rats were photographed, weighed and killed 12 h after the last injection. The contents of the stomach were drawn and weighed, and the index was calculated. The liver/body weight ratio was determined, the total and unconjugated bilirubin in the serum and total bilirubin in the brain were calculated, and the contents of ATP and water in the brain were measured. HE and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological changes. RESULTS：Along with the increase in bilirubin, gradual exacerbation of the general performance of the rats, and yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes were observed.The degree of the activity gradually reduced, and the weight gain was suppressed. The weight of T6 group showed negative growth, and the 72 h mortality rate was close to 100%. The mortality rate in T4 and T5 groups continued to rise 1 week after injection. Compared with control group, the weight of stomach contents and stomach content index in T3~T5 groups significantly decreased (P<0.01). The liver/body weight ratio in T5 group was significantly higher (P<0.05). The concentrations of serum total and unconjugated bilirubin and brain bilirubin levels in T1~T5 groups were gradually increased, while the brain water content had no difference among groups. The brain ATP content in T1~T5 groups increased at the beginning and reached its peak in T3 group, but compared with control group, that in T4 group and T5 group significantly reduced (P<0.05). HE results showed that, with the increase in bilirubin concentration, the number of the neurons in the cerebral cortex of the rats decreased. In T4 group and T5 group, the neuronal structural disorder, cell swelling, nuclear pyknosis, fragmentation and dissolution, increase in non-homogeneous structure of the material dyed red, and disappearance of nuclear staining were observed. Nissl staining showed that, compared with control group, in T1 group and T2 group, the cortical neurons became smaller, Nissl bodies decreased, and cytoplasmic staining changed little. The cortical neuronal tigroid body color became light gradually, neuron cells become small, and Nissl bodies decreased obviously in T3, T4 and T5 groups. The T4 and T5 rat ce-rebral cortical neurons dissolved or even disappeared. CONCLUSION：Newborn 3-day-old SD rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of bilirubin at doses of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/g, 2 times a day, can induce hyperbilirubinemia, and 50 and 100 μg/g can cause bilirubin encephalopathy.     

设施葡萄植株不同生育阶段矿质营养需求特性研究

以日光温室促早栽培的‘贝达’砧木嫁接的‘87-1’葡萄为试材,2016—2018年,在萌芽、始花、末花、种子发育、果实转色、果实成熟和落叶等关键时期进行整株取样,分析测定植株各矿质元素的含量,计算年生长周期中各生育阶段不同矿质元素的吸收分配比率、需求比例、吸收速率和需求量,探明设施促早栽培条件下葡萄植株对矿质营养的需求特性,为设施葡萄肥料高效利用技术和产品的研发提供依据。研究结果表明：（1）设施葡萄萌芽–始花阶段对各养分的吸收量较大,吸收分配比率为10%左右,其中氮、磷、钾、硼、铜和锰超过14%,钾更是高达21.1%;本阶段对各养分的吸收速率中等。始花–末花阶段对各养分的吸收量最小,但吸收分配比率也达10%左右,氮和钼分别为13.0%和15.3%;本阶段对各养分的吸收速率较大。末花至果实转色阶段虽不是所有养分吸收的最大需求期,但吸收分配比率基本超过20%;本阶段对氮、钾和硼的吸收量在各生育阶段中最高,吸收分配比率分别为30.1%、35.0%和34.9%;对镁、铁、锰、锌、铜和钼的吸收量居第2位,吸收分配比率分别为23.2%、27.1%、23.1%、21.6%、19.9%和30.3%;对磷和钙的吸收量居第3位,吸收分配比率分别为18.9%和20.6%;本阶段对各养分的吸收速率较大。果实转色至采收阶段,对磷、钙和钼的吸收分配比率较大,分别为24.6%、21.9%和25.5%;氮、铁、锰和锌次之,分别为18.8%、17.2%、16.0%和18.4%;钾、镁、硼和铜最小,分别为14.3%、15.5%、15.6%和14.7%;本阶段对各养分的吸收速率较大。果实采收至落叶阶段,对大多数养分的吸收量在各生育阶段中占比最高,对磷、钙、镁、铜、铁、锰、钼和锌的吸收分配比率高达33.8%、37.5%、42.6%、41.1%、33.9%、35.0%、33.8%和38.7%,仅氮、钾和硼略低,但吸收量在各生育阶段中也高居第2位和第3位,吸收分配比率达18%以上;本阶段对各养分的吸收速率较低。（2）设施葡萄植株对钙的需求量最大,分别是钾的1.34倍、氮的1.35倍、磷的3.29倍和镁的5.95倍。综上,各养分的吸收贯穿设施葡萄的整个年生长周期,吸收分配比率和吸收速率因生育阶段不同而异;鲜食葡萄不仅是钾质作物,更是钙质作物。     

Homeowner perceptions,knowledge, and decision making regarding residential trees and natural areas in a Midwestern U.S. suburb

Residential properties in the United States represent a considerable amount of land area and contain substantial tree cover. Homeowners are important decision makers in the management of city trees because they influence the structure of urban forests, and ultimately, ecosystem service potential. To better understand the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of homeowners regarding residential tree preservation, we surveyed owners of newer versus older homes in a midwestern suburb in the United States. We found that newer homeowners were younger, wealthier, and less knowledgeable about the natural aspects of their property. During the redevelopment process, they relied on professionals to make major decisions regarding tree preservation. In contrast, owners of older homes often identified as retirees and gardeners, had more knowledge of the natural aspects of their property, and were more likely to hire an arborist. Regardless of these differences, both homeowner groups expressed equal appreciation for nature, planted, pruned, and mulched their trees, experienced tree loss, hired landscaping and tree care professionals, and communicated with the City’s Forestry Section. The results of our study further clarify the role that homeowners play in decision-making during development and highlight the important relationships that exist between homeowners and urban forest professionals.     

草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机制

为探讨草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机理,以5个常规草莓品种为试材,通过调查、测定大棚内蚜虫自然发生动态和室内人工接虫后种群变化,并对草莓叶片的形态学和生理学特性与抗蚜性的关系进行了分析。结果表明章姬对蚜虫高感,丰香感,卡姆罗莎和吐德拉抗,弗吉尼亚高抗。草莓品种对蚜虫抗性与叶片背面的茸毛密度成正相关,与气孔密度呈显著负相关;与叶片的木质素含量成正比;与酚类物质含量无显著关系,与总游离氨基酸、可溶性固形物含量和水分含量无明显的线性关系。但草莓对蚜虫的抗性程度与叶片中脯氨酸、缬氨酸和胱氨酸的含量有关,特别是缬氨酸和胱氨酸在感蚜品种中的含量是抗蚜品种中的2～3倍。     

Electrophysiological effects of lidocaine on myocardial tissue in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract under conditions of hypoxia,acidosis and treatment with epinephrine

AIM：To study the electrophysiological effects of lidocaine on the myocardial tissue in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract under the conditions of hypoxia, acidosis and treatment with epinephrine. METHODS：The action potentials of pacemaker cells in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract were recorded by conventional technique with intracellular microelectrodes. The effects of lidocaine on the spontaneous slow response potentials were investigated under the conditions of hypoxia, acidosis and treatment with epinephrine (EPI). RESULTS：Lidocaine markedly decreased the rate of pacemaker firing (RPF), the velocity of diastolic depolarization (VDD), the maximal rate of depolarization (Vmax), the maximal diastolic potential (MDP) and the amplitude of action potential (APA). Lidocaine also shortened the 50% and 80% of duration of action potential (APD50 and APD80). At the concentrations from 0.1 μmol/L to 10 μmol/L, the effects of lidocaine were more significant. Under the condition of hypoxia and perfusion with deprived glucose content for 15 min, VDD, RPF, Vmax, MDP and APA significantly decreased, and APD50 notably shortened. Under the condition of hypoxia, lidocaine at 1 μmol/L significantly decreased VDD, RPF, Vmax and APA as compared with the cells treated with hypoxia only. Perfusion with pH 6.8 solution for 10 min, VDD, RPF, Vmax and APA significantly decreased, MDP notably increased, and APD50 and APD80 markedly shortened. Under the condition of acidosis for 10 min, lidocaine significantly decreased VDD, RPF and Vmax, and lengthened APD50 and APD80 as compared with the cells under the condition of acidosis alone. Perfusion with EPI at 10 μmol/L for 10 min resulted in significant increases in VDD, RPF, Vmax, MDP and APA, and notable shortenings of APD50 and APD80 were also observed. Compared with 10 μmol/L EPI group, 1 μmol/L lidocaine+10 μmol/L EPI significantly reduced VDD, RPF, MDP and APA, and lengthened APD50 and APD80. CONCLUSION：Lidocaine markedly decreases the autorhythmicity of the pacemaker cells in guinea-pig left ventricular outflow tract and influences the electrophysiological effects of hypoxia, acidosis and EPI.     

棉隆和氯化苦熏蒸对重茬草莓土壤线虫群落及养分含量的影响

以大棚重茬草莓土壤为研究对象,以土壤线虫总丰度、群落组成、生物多样性及生态功能特征、土壤养分等为指标,以冗余分析（RDA）为依据,探究棉隆和氯化苦熏蒸对重茬土壤的正、负面影响,旨在为重茬土壤的科学治理提供参考。结果表明,施用棉隆和氯化苦后,土壤中线虫总量与对照相比分别下降83.24%和85.48%;土壤线虫多样性指数H’和成熟度指数MI无显著变化;土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著降低;pH显著升高。RDA分析结果显示,棉隆和氯化苦与小杆属（Rhabditis）、真滑刃属（Aphelenchus）线虫数量及土壤有机质、速效钾和速效磷含量呈显著负相关。该结果揭示了棉隆和氯化苦施用后除能使有害的真滑刃属线虫数量分别显著下降41.47%和29.77%外,也能使有益的小杆属线虫数量显著下降约10%,还能使土壤养分含量大幅度降低,由此表明棉隆和氯化苦在有效控制土壤中有害线虫种群数量的同时,对有益线虫和土壤养分有明显的负作用。综上,棉隆对有害线虫的抑制作用大于氯化苦,同时使食细菌的真头叶属线虫总丰度增加42.03%,因此认为氯化苦的负面影响更大,在生产中应谨慎使用。     

苹果果实酚类物质含量与果实苦涩关系的研究

 以富士苹果为试材, 利用高效液相色谱(HPLC) 研究了果实酚类物质含量与果实苦涩的关系以及酚类物质在果实中的分布。结果表明, 苦涩的幼果中, 根皮素和儿茶素含量均高达成熟果实的30多倍; 表儿茶素、原花青素和绿原酸含量分别为成熟果实的10倍左右。在成熟果实中, 有涩味的果实其绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素和原花青素含量显著高于风味正常的果实; 有苦味的果实其根皮素和原花青素含量显著高于风味正常的果实; 苦涩味均较强的果实其绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、根皮素和原花青素含量最高。苦痘病果病变组织中根皮素和原花青素含量分别是正常组织的15倍和3倍。绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素和原花青素是引起苹果果实涩感的主要物质; 根皮素、儿茶素和原花青素是引起苦味的主要物质。成熟果实中绿原酸主要分布于种子、果心和果肉; 儿茶素、表儿茶素和槲皮素主要分布于果皮; 原花青素主要分布于果皮中, 果肉和果心中也有分布; 根皮素则主要分布于种子、果皮和果心中。     

西花蓟马对宁夏不同寄主蔬菜及其不同部位叶片的选择研究

摘要：为高效防治西花蓟马，针对西花蓟马对不同寄主蔬菜及其不同部位叶片的选择性开展了系统的试验研究，其中采用组织培养法和笼罩法分别研究了西花蓟马对不同寄主蔬菜（黄瓜、辣椒、茄子、豇豆、番茄、芹菜、甘蓝）及其不同部位叶片的选择性。结果表明：在非选择性试验组，在番茄、黄瓜、甘蓝、豇豆上成虫着虫数均以中部叶片最多，分别为14.33、10.33、10.80头和10.00头；在辣椒、芹菜和茄子上若虫孵化数均以中部叶片相对最多，分别为0.33、0.20头和1.80头。在选择性试验组，番茄、芹菜、黄瓜、茄子上成虫着虫数均以上部叶片最多，分别为6.20、2.40、10.00头和4.40头；在甘蓝、茄子、黄瓜和豇豆上若虫孵化数均以中部叶片最多，分别为8.40、4.00、1.80头和1.20头。在组织培养法探究中，黄瓜上成虫着虫数最多（17.17头），茄子次之（4.17头），芹菜（2.00头）、甘蓝（2.00头）、辣椒（1.83头）和番茄（1.83头）上相对较少；若虫孵化数量以茄子（33.67头）上最多，黄瓜、甘蓝、番茄 次之，芹菜和辣椒上相对最少。在笼罩法探究中，成虫着虫数由多到少顺序依次为茄子（4.28头）＞黄瓜（4.25头）＞番茄（2.12头）＞甘蓝（1.72头）＞辣椒（1.35头）＞芹菜（0.78头），若虫孵化数由多到少顺序依次为茄子（33.67头）＞黄瓜（14.50头）＞番茄（0.83头），而辣椒、甘蓝、芹菜上没有若虫孵化。综合研究表明，西花蓟马成虫和若虫对黄瓜和茄子具有更强的偏好，其次是番茄、甘蓝、辣椒和芹菜，且西花蓟马优先选择在寄主蔬菜上部和中部叶片取食并产卵。     

低温贮藏对‘金红’苹果能量代谢和品质的影响

为探究不同贮藏温度对‘金红’苹果果实能量代谢和生理品质的影响,将‘金红’苹果分别放置在–2、0、2、4 ℃条件下贮藏,定期测定果实能量相关物质三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）、磷酸腺苷（AMP）含量和能荷（EC）变化以及H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、细胞色素氧化酶（CCO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等相关酶活性,同时测定果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、果实硬度、维生素C、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量等生理品质指标,并调查果实组织褐变情况。结果表明：整个贮藏及货架期,–2 ℃下的果实ATP、ADP和AXP（AXP = ATP + ADP + AMP）含量、EC以及能量相关代谢酶活性（H+-ATPase、SDH、CCO）、SOD、乙烯释放速率始终保持最低,维生素C含量后期下降迅速;4 ℃下的果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量降幅较大;–2 ℃下的果实褐变指数最高（果皮和果肉均出现了严重褐变）,0 ℃下的果实果皮和果肉也有轻微褐变,2 ℃和4 ℃果实无褐变。贮藏30、45、90 d以及贮藏90 d + 货架3 d和90 d + 货架5 d期间,2 ℃贮藏的果实保持较高的能量水平,果实品质和风味保持较好,0 ℃果实次之。研究结果表明,‘金红’苹果组织褐变与能量亏缺有密切关系,能量亏缺越多,褐变越严重,适宜的低温能维持果实较高的能量水平,同时抑制果实褐变,维持果实较好的贮藏品质,延缓果实衰老。