长白山北坡主要建群种种群结构及重要值沿海拔梯度的变化

From 700 m to 1900 m on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, 13 plots with an interval of 100 m in elevation were investigated to study the variations of population structure and important value of the main edificators along the elevation gradient. In their core distribution areas, most of the edificators had healthy population structure and could regenerate smoothly except Larix olgensis, but important value of Larix olgensis had no obvious variations with elevation changes, which showed that Larix olgensis had its own particularity and strong adaptability. At high elevation above 1800 m, Betula ermanfi was the only species that could form a mono-dominant community. Important values of Pinus koraiensis and Acer mono had similar changing trends, and they had the similar ecological adaptabilities.     

Leaf and twig litter decomposition of main species in different forests along the north slope of Changbai Mountain, northeast China

From 2001 to 2003, the litter decomposition dynamics of dominant tree species were conducted using a litterbag burying method in the broadleaf-Korean pine forest, spruce-fir forest and Ermans birch forest, which represents three altitudinal belts in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The spatial and temporal dynamics of litter decomposition and the effects of litter properties were examined. Furthermore, the decomposition trend of different species was simulated by the Olson model, and results showed that annual mass loss rates increased over time, but was not significantly correlated. Leaf decomposition rates increased after decomposing for 638 days (1.75 years), and the order of dry weight remaining rates of leaf litter for different species is: Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla) (24.56%) < Amur linden (Tilia amurensis) (24.81%) < Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) (38.48%) < spruce (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma) (41.15%) < Ermans birch (Betula ermanii) (41.53%) < fir (Abies nephrolepis) (42.62%). The dry weight remaining rates of twig litter was smaller than that of leaf litter, and followed the order of Amur linden (44.98%) < fir (64.62%) < Korean pine (72.07%) < spruce (73.51%) < Asian white birch (77.37%) < Ermans birch (80.35%). The simulation results by the Olson model showed that, in leaf, the 95%-decomposition rates ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 years, and annual decomposition rate (k) followed the order of Amur linden (0.686) > Asian white birch (0.624) > Korean pine (0.441) > spruce (0.406) > fir (0.397) > Ermans birch (0.385); in twig, it ranged from 7.8 to 29.3 years, and k follows the order: Amur linden (0.391) > fir (0.204) > Korean pine (0.176) > spruce (0.157) > Asian white birch (0.148) > Ermans birch (0.102). In general, the differences of decomposition rate are evident between leaf and twig litter and among species, and were higher in broad-leaved species compared with coniferous species at the same elevation, and decreased with the ascending of elevation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,037–1,046 [译自: 生态学报]     

Species frequency of communities along northern slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

IntroductionAs an important index reflecting species spatialpatterns, frequency reflects not only the importanceof species, but also the evenness of spatial distribution in community (Lin 1986, Magurran 1988; Dale1999). Frequency figure could reveal the complexityand diversity of community at some extent. Raunkiaer(1918) divided frequency indices into five classes,namely, Ac 1%-20%, Ba 21%-40%, Cd 41%-60%, Da61%-80%, and Ed 81%-100%, and based on 8 078frequency indices of herbaceous vegetat…     

湘东大围山垂直带表层土壤肥力质量分析

为了解山地土壤肥力质量的垂直地带性分异规律,选取中亚热带典型花岗岩中山(湘东大围山)土壤垂直带,沿海拔梯度采集21个调查样地的表层土壤样品,室内分析14项土壤物理、化学指标(砂粒含量、粉粒含量、黏粒含量、容重、pH值、有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、全钾含量、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度),基于主成分分析法构建土壤肥力质量评价的最小数据集,探索土壤肥力质量指数、土壤理化性质与海拔的关系。结果表明,土壤肥力质量评价最小数据集包括黏粒含量、阳离子交换量、有机质含量、有效磷含量和速效钾含量5项指标。土壤有机质、全氮含量和阳离子交换量均随海拔升高呈先减少后增加的趋势,土壤全磷和有效磷含量与海拔呈显著正相关。土壤类型(亚类)也显著影响土壤有机质、有效磷含量和阳离子交换量,均以灌丛草甸土最多,红壤最少。土壤肥力质量综合指数随海拔升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,按指数大小由高到低划分为4个等级,52%的调查样地处于中等偏上水平。中亚热带大围山花岗岩中山土壤肥力质量总体中等偏上,土壤肥力质量指数具有明显的高度带现象,山地土壤保育与开发中应重视土壤质量的垂直地带性分异规律。     

土壤水分梯度对阔叶红松林结构的影响

2002年8月,在吉林省白河林业局红石林场(12755E,4230N),沿着一个山坡设置了一个长宽为112m8m、包含14个样方的样带。调查了群落结构、0-10cm和10-20cm的土壤含水量、枯落物现存量及其C、N、P含量,主要树种的叶片和枝条的C、N、P含量。沿着山坡的不同位置土壤含水量的不同导致阔叶红松林的群落结构发生变化。蒙古栎的比例随着土壤含水量的下降而逐渐升高,而其他主要阔叶树种则逐渐减少乃至消失。枯落物的水分变化趋势与土壤一致。在不同坡位枯落物的分解状况不同,干重差异显著。坡下枯落物含量较坡上的丰富,部分原因在于群落结构的变化。水分和养分含量的变化影响了枯落物的成分、降解及其养分的释放,进一步影响了林木的生长速度和林分结构并最终影响整个生态系统。图7表2参14。     

长白山北坡林线分布趋势的研究(英文)

为了揭示高山树线随着气候变化而变化的现象，对长白山的高山树线变化趋势进行了研究。根据长白山北坡地区的气象数据，重点调查了（对树线有最大限制作用）一月平均气温和年积温。并在岳桦林与高山苔原之间的交叉带内测出岳桦的地径及样方内岳桦株数。根据地径与年龄有线性关系，地径可以用来代替年龄。结果表明岳桦林年龄随着海拔的上升而降低。近些年长白山北坡的气温在渐渐上升，因此导致了高山树线的上升。     

Larix olgensis growth-climate response between lower and upper elevation limits:an intensive study along the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains,northeastern China

Larix olgensis is a dominant tree species in the forest ecosystems of the Changbai Mountains of northeast China.To assess the growth response of this species to global climate change,we developed three tree-ring width and biomass chronologies across a range of elevations in the subalpine forests on the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains.We used dendroclimatic analyses to study key factors limiting radial growth in L.olgensis and its variation with elevation.The statistical characteristics of chronologies suggested that elevation is a determinant of tree growth patterns in the study area.Response function analysis of chronologies with climate factors indicated that climate–growth relationships changed with increasing elevation:tree growth at high elevation was strongly limited by June temperatures of the previous year,and as elevation decreases,the importance of temperature decreased;tree radial growth at mid-elevation was mainly controlled by precipitation towards the end of the growing season of the current year.Biomass chronologies reflected a stronger climatic signal than tree-ring width chronologies.Spatial correlation with gridded climate data revealed that our chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal for northeast China.Trees growing below timberline appeared to be more sensitive to climate,thus optimal sites for examining growth trends as a function of climate variation are considered to be just below timberline.Our study objective was to provide information for more accurate prediction of the growth response of L.olgensis to future climate change on the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains,and to provide information for future climate reconstructions using this tree species in humid and semi humid regions.     

森林在不同坡度上分布特征的研究

以吉林省蛟河林业实验区管理局的森林为研究对象,利用GIS技术将林相图与DEM进行叠置分析,研究不同坡度森林分布的特征,结果表明:阔叶林在25°以下坡度所占比重为93.4%,25°～35°坡度范围内为5.5%,35°～45°坡度范围内为0.9%,45°坡度以上的为0.2%。幼龄林在不同坡度上分布基本一致,均为2%;中龄林随坡度的增加依次为31%、21%、19%、15%;近熟林所占比重在25°坡度以下为38%,在25°～35°坡度上为34%,在35°～45°坡度上为38%,45°以上为48%;成熟林依次为21%、34%、34%、32%;过熟林依次为5%、9%、7%、4%。     

择伐后长白山北坡天然次生林乔木种多样性的变化动态

通过调查了不同时期择伐后形成的长白山北坡天然次生林的群落特性,研究了28年恢复期间乔木种多样性的变化动态。结果表明:(1)天然次生林内林分的乔木种丰富度S变化较小,始终保持在18-22;(2)在次生林内更新层、演替层及林分的Simpson指数D变化趋势基本类似,主林层在受到干扰后的前15年恢复期Simpson指数D缓慢减小,第15年以后变化比较小;(3)天然次生林的多样性指数变化较小,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)变化幅度始终保持在原始林的H±10%以内。图3表1参14。     

长白山北坡土壤线虫的群落结构特征

对长白山北坡不同海拔（7262200m）的阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉混交林、暗针叶林、岳桦林和高山苔原中土壤线虫进行了研究。在2001、2002年春天,分别在样地的枯枝落叶层、不同深度的表层土（0-5、5-10、10．20cm）掘取土壤样品进行分析。土壤线虫群落中共有27个科,60个属,其中Plectus和Tylenchus两属为优势属,优势属线虫主要分布在枯枝落叶层中。土壤线虫数量与土壤含水量显著相关（r=0．357;p〈0.01）。在不同深度和植被群落中丰富度最大的是食细菌类群线虫。土壤线虫总数和营养类群在不同土壤深度中差异显著（p〈0.05）;食真菌类群／食细菌类群（F／B）和食真菌类群数量与食细菌类群数量之和与植食类群数量之比（WI）在不同深度也存在明显差异（P〈0．05）。总之,土壤水分是影响土壤线虫密度和营养组成的最主要因素之一,海拔梯度并未显著影响土壤线虫的生态指标,如营养多样性和Shannon指数。     

长白山北坡不同海拔植物群落物种丰富度估计

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700-2600 m 之间，海拔每上升100 m设置一块样地，共20块样地。以具体的样地观测数据为基础，应用刀切法和自助法等非参数估计法对各海拔群落的物种丰富度进行了估计，结果表明，用自助法所得到的物种估计数，与客观实际更为接近。同时，根据各海拔群落观测物种数与估计物种数的差异，进一步验证了最小取样面积的合理性。     

Age structure ofTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

Based on a vast of field investigation on stamps inTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain, age structure of some major species were studied in this paper. The results showed that Korean pine population was composed of grouped patches with different ages. There were not strict intervals among the dominated generations, and the curve of age structure often had two or more peaks. The distribution of broad-leaved species in natural Korean pine forest was grouped or scattered, and age distribution was also uneven-aged. There existed close relation between quality of broad-leaved species and Korean pine. So, it shaped multi-storied and uneven-aged mixed forest. The model of age structure and growth demonstrated their passive correlation, but growth became slow when woods had reached old age. The study was funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Reponsible Editor: Chai Rulhai)     

长白山北坡林区的火警特征与林火管理对策

通过对2006年10月发生在长白山北坡的森林火警的分析,结果表明:人为火源是该地区引发森林火灾的重要原因,尤其是在红松籽成熟的季节;秋季人为火源多于春季。针对长白山北坡的林火隐患,提出了林火管理对策。     

Climate-growth relationships of Pinus tabuliformis along an altitudinal gradient on Baiyunshan Mountain,Central China

A set of standard chronologies for tree-ring width(TRW), earlywood width(EWW) and latewood width(LWW) in Pinus tabuliformis Carr. along an altitudinal gradient(1450, 1400, and 1350 m a.s.l.) on Baiyunshan Mountain, Central China to analyze the effect of varying temperature and precipitation on growth along the gradient. Correlation analyses showed that at all three altitudes and the TRW and EWW chronologies generally had significant negative correlations with mean and maximum temperatures in the...     

Field maple and hornbeam populations along a 4-m elevation gradient in an alluvial forest

Tree species composition of Central European alluvial hardwood forests has changed with the arrival of flood-intolerant and mesic species. Within this group of tree species, a dominant role is played by field maple (Acer campestre) and European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). This study was performed in the Lanzhot natural forests at the confluence of the Morava and the Dyje Rivers, which are considered to be one of the most natural alluvial hardwood forests in Central Europe and where the absence of the direct influence by humans for 75 years has allowed spontaneous development. Our basic research questions were as follows: (1) does the mutual proportion and structure of field maple and hornbeam populations change along an elevation gradient of 4 m in an alluvial forest and (2) does the tree spatial pattern of field maple and hornbeam change along this gradient? The study found significant differences in the development of hornbeam and field maple populations with increasing elevation in an alluvial hardwood forest. While the strength of the hornbeam population clearly increases with increasing elevation, the field maple population does not. Compared to hornbeam, field maple is closer to the r-strategy side of the K-r continuum on alluvial sites. Our study reveals that field maple and hornbeam are mainly distributed in clusters on alluvial sites. Both species are concentrated at places with lower flooding intensity, i.e. to higher elevation sites. The study shows that tree spatial patterns could change dynamically along a short elevation gradient in alluvial hardwood forest.     

Age structure of Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

IntroductionAgestructureoftrees,whichreflcctsrcge11eratio11processandvelocity,meansquantityoftreesdividingbyage.Broad-leavedKoreanpineforestwastl1etypicalzol1alvegetationofChangbaiMountaininNortheastO1ina,anditwastheprimarygymnospermconununitysurvivedaftertheQuatemaryGlacierPeriod.Alotofcommunityinf`)r-mationaccumulatCdinthestr-uctllreofforeststandsa11dgrowingprocessofindividualtrees.So,athoroughstUdyonagestructureanditsdistributiol1ofbroad-leavedKore-anpine.forestwouldprovidetl1eoretical…     

The abundance and distribution of rattan over an elevation gradient in Sulawesi, Indonesia

The rattan flora of Central Sulawesi is abundant, species rich and patchily distributed in lowland and montane forests. I recorded the abundance and distribution of rattan on five randomly established 10 m × 1000 m transects between 830 and 1330 m elevation and associated changes in forest canopy heights, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil characteristics. Rattans were observed at all sites and elevations (100% of 10 m × 10 m sample plots in the transects contained rattan), but exhibited the greatest diversity (species richness) between 1180 and 1280 m elevation. Overall (all species and elevations), there was an average of 314 mature rattan genets per hectare. The two most prominent rattans in terms of size, abundance and distribution, Calamus zollingeri and Daemonorops robusta, averaged 62 and 40 genets/ha overall, respectively. Several other rattans, including C. leiocaulis, C. leptostachys, and C. ornatus occurred on all transects and all elevations. In contrast, C. didymocarpus, C. minahassae, C. symphysipus and Korthalsia celebica were patchily distributed, and C. didymocarpus and C. sp. (‘kalaka’) were restricted to higher elevations. Resident cane collectors differentiate C. zollingeri and D. robusta into low and high elevation forms on the basis of morphological and growth characteristics, but this distinction is not discernable in sterile specimens. Based on local classification, lowland forms of C. zollingeri and D. robusta were replaced by high elevation forms over less than 200 m vertical elevation which corresponds to the transition from upper lowland to montane forests. The mean canopy height of upper lowland forest between 900 and 1000 m was significantly greater than that of montane forests between 1100 and 1300 m (30.0 and 21.2 m, respectively). Soils in upper lowland forests had significantly higher concentrations of NO₃ and P, significantly lower organic matter levels and higher pH than montane soils in both O and A/E soil horizons. PAR levels did not vary significantly by forest type. Most large diameter rattans are marketed under a single trade name and cannot be distinguished by cane characteristics. These findings have significance for biodiversity conservation and management because rattan harvesting is widespread and unmanaged, and the Sulawesi rattan flora remains poorly known taxonomically and ecologically.     

长白山国家级自然保护区药用植物资源及其多样性研究

经过3年的调查研究,报道了长白山国家级自然保护区共有野生药用植物106科333属613种,分别占吉林省野生药用植物科、属、种数的88·21%、69·66%、58·21%。其中珍稀濒危药用植物39种,占长白山区珍稀濒危药用植物总数的63·93%;东北道地药材有19种。多年生草本类413种,占药用植物总数的67·37%;全草类、根类和根茎类最多,分别占药用植物总数的50·08%、16·48%和12·89%。46·10%的种类属于北温带分布区类型。94·29%的种类分布在海拔720~1000m的红松针阔混交林中。优势科主要有菊科、毛茛科、蔷薇科等。优势属主要有蓼属和乌头属等。提出保护和开发利用的具体建议。