Study on Forest Fire Occurrence in China

China is not rich in natural forest sources. Owing to natural and historical factors, forest fires have long been frequenting China. Forest fire prevention is the most important of all. Forest fire prevention and controlling have long been held as a very important factor in our ecological plans. Taking china 's special geographical location, topography, climate and the distribution of forest sources into consideration, we have every reason to believe that forest fires in China have their own special environment and occurrence. China suffers forest fire hazards heavily. Forest fires arise occasionally from thunderstruck or self-burning of peat. However, most fires are due to man's fault while inappropriately using fires in production and daily life. Since China is located in the Northern Hemisphere with a vast territory, there is a striking difference in the climate between South China and North China.     

Southeast Tibet Forest Fire Environment and Fire Behavior

With the influence of the world scope human being to the forest and climatic anomalies, forest fires in the world show the trend of escalation. US, Australia, Russia and Indonesia one after another had forest fires that were above 1 million hectares (ha). Impacted by the whole world forest fires situation, forest fires in China are very serious in the recent years. Forest fires in northeast and southwest China are unceasing, and the distribution of forest fires has the tendency to move south…     

我国人工林森林可燃物特点及管理技术研究进展

在全球变暖背景下森林火灾发生的危险性持续增加,可燃物是唯一可人为调控的火环境因子.与天然林相比,人工林结构简单,且以富含油脂的纯林为主,同时多为中幼龄林,易发生森林火灾.文中从人工林可燃物特点及其与林火引燃和火行为的角度出发,综述了人工林可燃物管理技术,对管理中存在的问题进行了分析,建议今后人工林可燃物管理在降低森林易...     

The European Forest Fire Information System in the context of environmental policies of the European Union

Since the mid-20th century, countries in Europe have been organized to record information on forest fires and their effects. These initiatives were established at regional and often national level, without major interaction among countries in Europe. With the expansion of the European Union in the 1980s, when Mediterranean countries were incorporated in the EU, the issue of forest fires increased in relevance, mainly due to the damages caused by fires in the natural areas of these countries. Initial EU policies related to fires date back to the 1980s, in which the European Union elaborated the first voluntary Regulations to support the development of forest fire information systems in the countries. Although EU environmental policies promoted the development of national systems, the first steps towards the development of a European fire information system did not take place until the late 1990s. Such a system was initially discussed between the European Commission services and the Member States in 1998. Although the development of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) started at this time, its official establishment came only in place with the publication of the Forest Focus regulation in 2003, which included within its implementation rules the reference to EFFIS. Since its establishment, EFFIS has influenced the further development of EU environmental policies on forest protection. It has further shaped the link of these to other forest and regional policies, which, although not fire-specific, did address the issue of damages caused by fires to the European environment and its population. The present article describes the steps in the development of the EU fire policies and EFFIS. It provides a synoptic view of how fires are included in different sectoral policies of the EU, and suggests ways in which the continuation of forest fire monitoring and management may be included in future European policies.     

基于ArcGIS技术的森林防火辅助决策系统的研制

森林火灾扑救一直是我国森林防火工作的薄弱环节,为提高林火扑救的信息化水平,以中日防火项目为依托,以ArcObject组件为技术手段,研制开发了基于COM的森林防火辅助决策系统。该系统通过对林火行为模拟、火场损失预评估和最佳扑火路线的分析,实现辅助林火扑救、决策工作。     

关于林火管理经济学的研究与探讨

林火管理经济学就是运用经济学原理,研究人们和社会如何作出选择,利用其他用途的经济资源对林火进行管理和控制,最大限度地发挥森林的整体效益的一门科学。本文定义了林火管理经济学中的一些基本概念,分析了林火管理经济学的特点、研究对象与研究内容,描述了林火管理经济学的基本研究方法。相信林火管理经济学的研究对提高我国的林火管理水平,提高制定林火管理目标决策的科学性具有重要的意义。     

Managing Ecosystems for Forest Health

Forest health is most appropriately based on the scientific paradigm of dynamic, constantly changing forest ecosystems. Many forests in the Inland West now support high levels of insect infestations, disease epidemics, fire susceptibilities, and imbalances in stand structures and habitats because of natural processes and past management practices. Impending, potentially catastrophic fires can be avoided or modified through proactive forest health management-protecting, creating, and maintaining stand structures, processes, and species populations at viable levels across substantial landscapes. Proactive management will be less costly than fire fighting and associated rehabilitation, especially if done jointly with environmentally sound production of commodities. Management to achieve a fluctuating balance of patterns, processes, and species can begin while better information-based tools and scientific knowledge are being developed. A wider array of silvicultural and other management tools will be required for forest health management than has traditionally been used for commodity management. Specific changes that will allow forest health management include: recognizing the extent and consequences of present imbalances, decentralizing management decisions, adopting management techniques, coordinating with various landowners through incentives, funding forest health management activities, and supporting appropriate research.     

Forest Policy Evolution in Poland

Abstract

In Europe, intensive forest management has anteceded a long history of intensive exploitation. The result has been the replacement of natural forests with highly productive albeit more vulnerable forests of simplified structure. Polish forestry has followed this same pattern and the country has seen a substantial increase in forest cover over the last 50 years. The main challenge for Polish forest management comes in trying to meet growing demand for wood products while responding to increased public demand for conservation of environmental values. Poland's new Forest Act for the first time puts environmental social and productive values of the forest on an equal footing. Within the framework of the Act. the Polish Policy of Sustainable Forest Development puts special emphasis on protection of biological diversity and the promotion of environmentally safe technologies and practices. The concept of Forest Promotion Areas is the major element of the Policy. The challenge for Forest Promotion Areas and for Model Forests will be to bring together all the necessary elements: environmental, economic and social that will allow sustainable development in its broadest sense.     

Southeast Tibet Forest Fuel Types and Flammability

Southeast Tibet forest is in east subtropical zone. This region natural environment is unique, influenced by the southwest monsoon, so forest fires are very easy to occur in the dry season. Forest in this region is over mature forest, and accounts for much proportion. Fire season in this area is winter and spring. But in the special year, forest fires can also occur in the hot summer. Fire season lasts from October to next February,but to April in an individual arid year. Most of the fires in this area are surface fires, crown fire, can occur after long time drought. Ground fires do not occur in the region.     

Fire management on Imperata grasslands as part of agroforestry development in Indonesia

Fire is an important factor in the Imperata grassland ecosystem. It prevents or slows down the natural succession to shrubs and/or secondary forest vegetation and is a major threat to (agro)forestry options for Imperata grassland rehabilitation. Forest fires can also be a primary cause of the extension of Imperata grasslands. In this review an attempt is made to integrate biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of the causation of fires in a conceptual model. Fire effects on vegetation are examined. The management options at the level of a farmer, a village community and a national government are analyzed.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of forest fire frequency and forest area burnt in Jilin Province,Northeast China

Forest fires caused by natural forces or human activities are one of the major natural risks in Northeast China. The incidence and spatial distribution of these fires vary over time and across the forested areas in Jilin Province, Northeast China. In this study, the incidence and distribution of 6519 forest fires from 1969 to 2013 in the province were investigated. The results indicated that the spatiotemporal distribution of the burnt forest area and the fire frequency varied significantly by month, year, and region. Fire occurrence displayed notable temporal patterns in the years after forest fire prevention measures were strictly implemented by the provincial government. Generally, forest fires in Jilin occurred in months when stubble and straw were burned and human activities were intense during traditional Chinese festivals. Baishan city, Jilin city, and Yanbian were defined as fire-prone regions for their high fire frequency. Yanbian had the highest frequency, and the fires tended to be large with the highest burned area per fire. Yanbian should thus be listed as the key target area by the fire management agency in Jilin Province for better fire prevention.     

Emulating natural disturbances: the role of silviculture in creating even-aged and complex structures in the black spruce boreal forest of eastern North America

Ecosystem-based forest management is based on the principle of emulating regional natural disturbance regimes with forest management. An interesting area for a case study of the potential of ecosystem-based forest management is the boreal forest of north-western Québec and north-eastern Ontario, where the disturbance regime creates a mosaic of stands with both complex and simple structures. Old-growth stands of this region have multi-storied, open structures, thick soil organic layers, and are unproductive, while young post-fire stands established following severe fires that consumed most of the organic soil show dense and even-sized/aged structures and are more productive. Current forest management emulates the effects of low severity fires, which only partially consume the organic layers, and could lead to unproductive even-aged stands. The natural disturbance and forest management regimes differ in such a way that both young productive and old-growth forests could ultimately be under-represented on the landscape under a fully regulated forest management regime. Two major challenges for ecosystem-based forest management of this region are thus to: (1) maintain complex structures associated with old-growth forests, and (2) promote the establishment of productive post-harvest stands, while at the same time maintaining harvested volume. We discuss different silvicultural approaches that offer solutions to these challenges, namely the use of (1) partial harvesting to create or maintain complex structures typical of old-growth stands, and (2) site preparation techniques to emulate severe soil burns and create productive post-harvest stands. A similar approach could be applied to any region where the natural disturbance regime creates a landscape where both even-aged stands established after stand-replacing disturbances and irregular old-growth stands created by smaller scale disturbances are significant.     

宁都县生态公益林现状与保护经营管理机制探讨

宁都县林地面积30.088万hm2,生态公益林8.992万hm2。生态公益林建设已建立健全组织领导机制、档案管理机制、资金使用和生态公益林管护机制。但仍存在部分征占林地、非法采脂,森林火灾,群落结构不完整、经营管理不够科学等问题。应对措施:大力宣传重要性,强化管理队伍建设;严格检查验收;改造林分结构等。     

关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨

全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。     

地中海沿岸主要国家林火管理综述及对我国的启示

森林火灾具有很强的突发性和破坏性,处置救援困难,是地中海沿岸国家最为严重的自然灾害之一。针对地中海沿岸地区森林火灾发生较为频繁,但由于积极应对,火灾实际造成的危害较小的主要国家,文中从火灾状况、火管理机构、防火措施以及民防机制等方面进行阐述,分析、总结地中海沿岸主要国家林火管理措施与经验,以期为我国林火研究、林火管理和防火灭火实践,特别是灾前积极预防、灾中安全扑救及灾后生态恢复等提供借鉴。     

Forest Certification as an Instrument for Improved Forest Management within Small-scale Forestry

Since early 1990 ties, Swedish forest land is increasingly becoming certified. Today all major forest owners have joined the Swedish FSC-standard (Forest Stewardship Council), while small-scale forest owners preferably are joining the PEFC scheme (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification). With the overall aim of gaining a better insight into which small-scale forest owners that have decided to take up on forest certification, and how their forest management practices have been affected by this choice, two set of data has been analyzed; one consisting Data Base of Forest Owner Analysis (DBFOA) data relating to approximately 14,000 properties whereof 1955 were found to be certified, and the other one including data from a follow up questionnaire sent out only to owners with certified forest properties. Results show that certified and non-certified forest properties are managed differently and in particular that harvesting on certified properties has increased. Differences in management seem to be connected principally to the fact that forest owners from generally more active sub-groups embrace forest certification requirements. Moreover, our results shows that economic motives for joining a certification scheme are just as prevalent as environmental motives and a majority of forest owners regard certification as something that favors profitability rather than consider it to restrict economic yield.     

黑龙江省林火规律研究Ⅱ.林火动态与格局影响因素的分析

本文对在大尺度 (5 0 0km2 以上 )上影响黑龙江省林火的因素及其影响途径进行了分析。结果表明 ,年林火次数 (人为火次数 )与林业人口正相关 ,林火面积与人口无关。干燥度的空间差异对林火燃烧率格局有正向影响。林火特征与气候因子之间没有线性关系。黑龙江省林火次数和面积对年均温和降水量的响应可归纳为旋转的单叶双曲面和双叶抛物面两种模式。林火特征的周期与年均温、年降水量的周期关系很大。黑龙江省森林类型对林火次数、面积的影响在省级区划尺度上不显著的。较高的管理水平显著减少林火。林火次数、面积与了望塔数量、消防车数量及通讯覆盖率等无线性关系     

Challenges in developing and implementing a decision support systems (ETÇAP) in forest management planning: a case study in Honaz and Ibradı, Turkey

Decision support systems (DSSs) are indispensable tools in preparing a forest management plan for a better combination of multiple forest values. This study attempted to develop and explain a stand-based forest management DSS (Ecosystem-based multiple-use forest planning [ETÇAP]) comprising a traditional simulation, linear programming (LP), metaheuristics and geographic information system. The model consists of five submodels; traditional management approach to handle inventory data, an empirical growth and yield model, a simulation to conceptualize management actions, a LP technique to optimize resource allocation and a simulated annealing approach to directly create a spatially feasible harvest schedule. The ETÇAP model has been implemented in a comparative two case study areas; Denizli–Honaz and Akseki–Ibrad?. Both simulation and optimization models outperformed to the traditional management plan. The periodical change of growing stock, allowable cuts, carbon sequestration and water production are used as performance indicators. The results showed that more amount of wood could be harvested over time compared to traditional level of harvesting. It could be concluded that various management strategies allowed managers to stimulate more decision options for better outputs through intertemporal trade-offs of management interventions as the model provided tools to quantify forest dynamics over time and space. Challenges exist to establish the functional relationships between forest structure and values for better quantification and integration into the management plans.     

The choices of the fire — Debating socioeconomic determinants of the fires observed at Portuguese municipalities

Forest fires have been an important source of economic losses in Portuguese municipalities. This work is one of the first studies to test a large range of socioeconomic determinants to explain the differences in the burnt forest areas observed in 278 Portuguese municipalities between 2000 and 2011. Using Classification and Regression Trees, the amount of municipal burnt area per forest fire was observed to depend on the economic dynamism of each locality, the population density of a municipality, the availability of trained teams of forest firefighters, and the presence of relatively high municipal expenditures on environment outlays. We also studied the number of forest fires, concluding that the frequency of forest fires depends on the aging index, the economic dynamism and the average altitude of a municipality.