湖北省冬小麦田杂草种类与群落特征

为明确湖北省冬小麦田杂草的发生危害现状和群落组成特征,运用倒置"W"9点取样法对该省冬小麦主产区麦田杂草群落进行了调查。结果表明,湖北省冬麦田杂草有16科39种,其中禾本科杂草占18%,阔叶杂草占82%。相对多度达15以上的杂草依次为猪殃殃、牛繁缕、日本看麦娘、野老鹳草、野燕麦和大巢菜等6种,其中猪殃殃、牛繁缕和日本看麦娘的相对多度分别为74.19、51.66和30.36,为优势种类。     

河南省冬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确河南省冬小麦田间杂草组成及群落结构,采用倒置"W"型九点取样法对河南省冬小麦田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,河南省冬小麦田杂草共有66种,隶属于22科,57属,其中菊科、禾本科和十字花科杂草种类较多,分别有13、10、9种。优势杂草有猪殃殃、荠菜、播娘蒿、野燕麦、泽漆和波斯婆婆纳共6种;区域性优势杂草有看麦娘、刺儿菜、打碗花、野芥菜、麦瓶草、稻槎菜、繁缕和节节麦共8种。此外还有常见杂草19种和一般性杂草33种。从杂草区域分布来看,河南省6个区域中,豫中南平原区物种丰富度最高,为45种,豫中南平原区和豫西丘陵区的物种多样性最高,而豫北平原区和豫南平原区的Simpson优势度指数最高。经聚类分析,河南省6个区域小麦田杂草群落可分为4组:豫东平原区、豫西南平原区和豫中南平原区杂草群落聚为一组;其他3个区域冬小麦田杂草群落结构各有特点,均自成一组。     

湖北省油菜主产区杂草群落的数量分析

采用七级目测法定量调查了湖北省油菜主产区28个样点的杂草发生情况,应用主成分分析法对杂草群落进行了数量分析。结果表明,28个样点可以分为4个聚类群,即江汉平原鄂北旱茬油菜田、鄂东南旱茬油菜田、江汉平原稻茬油菜田和鄂东南稻茬油菜田。轮作制度与地理因素决定了湖北省油菜主产区杂草群落的分布。根据综合草害指数和发生频率明确了各聚类群相应的优势杂草,并就该地区油菜田杂草发生的特点提出了治理策略。     

稻油轮作田杂草种子库组成及其垂直分布特征

杂草种子库是潜在的杂草群落，对杂草可持续治理具有重要意义。在稻油轮作田杂草种子库中共检测到28种杂草，主要隶属于禾本科、玄参科和菊科，种子库密度达224 550 seed/m2，其中约64％为冬季油菜田杂草种子。从杂草种子库中种子的垂直分布来看，土壤表层的种子密度较高，占整个种子库数量的63.88%，而中层和下层的种子密度较小，其垂直分布主要有3种类型。种子库中优势恶性杂草有菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、异型莎草Cyperus difformis、看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis、稻槎菜Lapsana apogonoides和日本看麦娘Alopecurus japonicus等，随着土层深度的增加，各土层的优势种组成也有差异。通过采取措施调控杂草种子库的规模，有望实现稻油轮作田杂草的可持续治理。     

湖北省油菜田灾害性杂草高效防控技术研究进展

综述了湖北省油菜田杂草及种子库种类组成和特征、油菜田主要灾害性杂草的发生危害规律以及高效化学防除和生态防除技术。探讨了建立生态调控与化学除草相结合的农田杂草可持续治理技术体系的研究前景。     

杂草地和苜蓿田节肢动物群落时序动态

2004年7月初至9月底,运用扫网法对山东省惠民县淄角镇棉田周边的杂草地和苜蓿田的节肢动物群落进行了调查,结果表明:(1)杂草地的节肢动物物种数多于苜蓿田,个体数则少于苜蓿田;烟蓟马是杂草地和苜蓿田的优势害虫.(2)对害虫、天敌和中性节肢动物这三个功能团物种数和个体数的比较表明,苜蓿田和杂草地天敌的物种数和个体数均长期大于害虫,中性节肢动物的变化则较大.(3)苜蓿田与杂草地节肢动物群落均表现出物种多、个体数量大、群落多样性指数高而且稳定的特点.(4)杂草地节肢动物群落时序动态可分为5个阶段,即:7月份1个阶段,8月份3个阶段,9月份1个阶段;苜蓿田节肢动物群落时序动态也可分为5个阶段,即:7月份3个阶段,8月份1个阶段,9月份1个阶段.     

上海地区油菜田不同年型杂草种群发生规律及判别分析

根据1992－2002年稻茬免耕油菜田禾本科和阔叶类杂草自然发生量观测资料分析，将禾本科杂草划分为偏多发生年；中等发生年和偏少发生年3种年型，阔叶类杂草划分为偏多发生和偏少发生年2种年型，不同年型杂草种群发生规律和危害程度存在差异。采用0－1型投票法对禾本科和阔叶类杂草发生年型作判别分析，预报总体准确率分别为81．8％和100％。     

湖北省花生主产区花生田杂草种类与群落特征

为了明确湖北省花生主产区花生田杂草的发生危害现状和群落组成特征,运用倒置"W"9点取样对田间杂草群落进行了调查。结果表明,该省花生主产区花生田杂草有76种,隶属于24科,其中优势杂草有4种,局部优势杂草有6种,次要杂草有10种,一般性杂草有56种。相对多度较大的杂草有马唐、鳢肠、火柴头和铁苋菜,是构成湖北花生主产区花生田杂草群落的优势种。鄂东北地区花生田主要形成鳢肠+马唐+火柴头为主的杂草群落,鄂北地区花生田主要形成马唐+铁苋菜+火柴头+鳢肠为主的杂草群落。鄂东北地区花生田杂草群落的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数较高,而Simpson优势度指数较低。     

云南红河流域热带作物园区杂草组成及群落特征分析

采用相对优势度、物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、群落相似性指数等生态学指标及聚类分析的方法,对4种作物地杂草进行分析。结果表明：该地区农田杂草共有116种,隶属于37个科,其中禾本科和菊科种数较多,分别占总数的21.55%和19.83%;鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）和牛筋草（Eleusine indica）在各作物园区普遍为害,为常年优势恶性杂草,应重点防控;各作物地杂草的多样性,橡胶地最高,其次为香蕉地,菠萝地和油梨地多样性较低;多样性指数的季相变化规律,4种作物地均表现为夏秋季高于冬春季;杂草群落相似性和聚类分析结果一致表明：菠萝蜜地与油梨地杂草群落相似度最高,其次为香蕉地与菠萝蜜地,再次为香蕉地与油梨地,橡胶地与其他3种作物地相似度均较低。     

盘锦稻区水田杂草种类及优势度情况

采用随机调查方法,于2016年至2018年对盘锦稻区水田杂草种类进行调查,共调查17科共36种杂草,其中稗草、稻稗、扁秆藨草、藨草、水绵、野慈姑等10种杂草为盘锦稻区主要杂草种类,发生总量占杂草总量的88.77%。禾本科、莎草科、阔叶类杂草及水绵仍是盘锦稻区近三年来造成水稻产量损失的草害性杂草。     

Use of glufosinate-ammonium to control cruciferous weed species in glufosinate-resistant winter oilseed rape

Weed control is an important component of integrated cropping systems. However, cruciferous weeds are difficult to control in conventional winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and new herbicide options are needed. The aim of this study was to determine the potential for use of glufosinate-ammonium (2-amino-4-(hydroxymethyl-phosphinyl)-butanoic acid) as a flexible post-emergence herbicide for control of cruciferous weeds in glufosinate-resistant winter oilseed rape in the Hercynian dry region of Central Germany. The effects of glufosinate-ammonium (900 g active ingredients ha⁻¹) on chlorophyll fluorescence and dry matter in 4-week-old Sisymbrium loeselii L. (tall hedge mustard), S. officinale (L.) Scop. (hedge mustard), S. altissimum L. (tall tumble mustard), and Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl (flixweed) were assessed under controlled conditions in a growth room. A 2-year field trial was used to investigate the effect of glufosinate-ammonium on the dry matter of S. loeselii. Therefore, different application times (two- to four-leaf stage, five- to six-leaf stage, end of vegetative period in autumn, beginning of vegetative period in spring) and herbicide rates (450 and 900 g a.i. ha⁻¹) were tested.Under controlled growth room conditions, plants of all four cruciferous weed species showed a gradual decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem II. The quantum yield was less than 20% of the control plants measured from 0 to 34 h after application. Dry matter production of all four species was reduced to less than 3% that of the untreated control 4 weeks after application. Under field conditions, dry matter production of S. loeselii varied in dependence on the environmental conditions and was 0–88% of the control plants. Under controlled and field conditions, the results indicate that glufosinate-ammonium is effective in post-emergence control of the tested cruciferous weeds in glufosinate-resistant winter oilseed rape. Under field conditions, weather and crop growth influenced herbicide effectiveness.     

甘蓝型油菜浙双72菜用和油用研究

浙双72油菜不同播期、移栽密度及采薹长度对菜薹、菜籽产量及经济效益影响的研究表明,浙双72早播可以提高菜薹、菜籽产量,播期以9月1日为宜,移栽密度10.5×104株/hm2为佳。采薹对株高、一次分枝有较大影响,但对产量影响不明显,采薹长度以10cm为好。浙双72作为菜用和油用栽培,单位面积产值明显增加,可在生产上大面积推广种植。     

施肥对贵州直播油菜产量和养分吸收的影响

2011-2012年于贵州省油菜主产区设置直播油菜氮磷钾硼肥田间试验,以推广品种油研599为材料,研究施肥对产量、养分累积量、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响,以期明确当地（典型的南方水稻土）的养分限制因子,为该地区直播油菜的合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,与不施肥相比,施肥提高了直播油菜的产量,各处理中以NPKB处理的产量最高,平均为2 189kg/hm2。缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和缺硼处理相比NPKB处理分别减产961、342、295和184kg/hm2,表明该地区直播油菜的养分限制因子依次为N > P > K > B。与当地农民习惯施肥（FFP）相比,NPKB处理增加了施肥量,产量明显提升,平均增产430kg/hm2;养分累积量和肥料利用率也均有明显提高,氮、磷、钾分别增加28.6kg/hm2和13.5%、9.6kg/hm2和3.3%、71.4kg/hm2和23.9%。从经济效益看,NPKB处理相比FFP处理收益平均增加1 109元/hm2。肥料合理配施可以明显提高直播油菜产量、养分累积和经济效益,在当前贵州省直播油菜的生产中,应积极推行合理的平衡施用技术和科学的施肥方法,从而达到高产、高效、高收益的目的。     

Bacillus megaterium A6 suppresses Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on oilseed rape in the field and promotes oilseed rape growth

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes serious yield losses in oilseed rape and other crops worldwide. Field trials were conducted at two locations to evaluate two formulations of oilseed rape seed containing the plant-growth promoting bacterium Bacillus megaterium A6 for suppression of this pathogen. Treatments containing strain A6 in pellet and in wrap formulations resulted in oilseed rape seed yields that were similar to the chemical control and significantly greater than the untreated seed control at both locations. Treatments containing A6 in pellet and wrap formulations also resulted in an incidence of disease caused by S. sclerotiorum that was similar to the chemical control. Both of these treatments significantly decreased disease incidence relative to the untreated seed control and to the respective formulated seed controls (that did not contain strain A6) at both locations. Strain A6 applied to oilseed rape seed in these two formulations promoted growth in greenhouse pot studies conducted with autoclaved soil. In two experiments, these treatments resulted in significant increases in mean shoot dry weight per pot and mean % total N per plant relative to their respective controls containing formulated oilseed rape seed without strain A6 and to the untreated seed control. Both formulations provided stable B. megaterium A6 (≥10⁶ CFU) and seed germination (>85%) over a six month period at room temperature. Experiments reported here indicate the commercial potential of these formulations of B. megaterium A6 for suppression of S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape.     

Effect of trifluralin,pronamide, haloxyfop-p methyl,propaquizafop, and isoxaben on weed control and oilseed rape yield in Iran

In order to investigate the effect of trifluralin, pronamide, haloxyfop-p methyl, propaquizafop and isoxaben on weed control and oilseed rape yield, a two year field experiment was conducted at Darab, Iran, during 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growing seasons. Herbicides reduced weed biomass compared with the weedy check. In 2004–2005, at 16 WAP (weeks after planting), application of trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha and trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben at 1200 + 100 + 500 g a.i./ha provided best control (80%) of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), compared to other treatments. At 8 and 16 WAP, wild mustard control decreased to 47 and 42%, respectively, when trifluralin was applied alone at 1400 g a.i./ha. In 2005–2006 at 16 WAP, maximum reduction in wild mustard biomass (82%) was achieved with trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha. In both years, all herbicide treatments controlled fumitory (Fumaria officinalis L.) 64–96%. In 2004–2005, at 16 WAP, wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biomass reduction by trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha was 95%. In 2005–2006, at 8 and 16 WAP, minimum biomass reduction of wild oat (37–53%) was observed with trifluralin at 1200 and 1400 g a.i./ha. In both years, at 8 and 16 WAP, the most effective herbicide treatments were trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben and trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben regardless of the dose applied and provided maximum reduction in total weed biomass (77–89%) compared to other treatments. Results of both years showed that all herbicide treatments increased oilseed rape grain yield as compared with the weedy check but percentage of oil was not affected by various herbicide treatments. Maximum grain yield was obtained with trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben at 1200 + 100 + 500 g a.i./ha.     

德国油菜高油酸育种简介

主要介绍德国近年油菜高油酸育种情况,包括高油酸育种的方法,高油酸突变体的遗传特点,高油酸-低亚麻酸育种的可能性和高油酸油菜的应用前景等.     

洞庭湖区稻田油菜免耕直播技术初探

2002～2004年在安乡县进行了稻田油菜免耕直播栽培技术的示范,结果表明,4个品种产量在1.80～2.86 t/hm2之间,比翻耕直播和板田移栽分别增产35.6%和46.9%,产值增加35.5%和47.0%,纯收入增长258.1%和158.1%.     

Persistence of an oilseed rape transgene in the environment

Transgenic bromoxynil (BX)-resistant spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was grown commercially in Canada only for two crop seasons – 2000 and 2001. We investigated the persistence of suspected BX-resistant oilseed rape volunteers in a 64-ha wheat field in Saskatchewan, Canada in 2007, 7 years after the BX-resistant cultivar BX Armor was grown. A small oilseed rape volunteer population, estimated at less than 100 plants, was observed in three main areas or patches in the field. These patches were located in low-lying areas that were too wet to plant or spray with herbicides in 2007. Viable seed was collected from 35 mature volunteers and F₁ progeny screened with BX at 280 g ai/ha in the greenhouse. Progeny of all of the volunteers were visually rated as BX-resistant; the presence of the Oxy 235 transgene in leaf tissue of progeny of all volunteers was confirmed by PCR analysis. This study has documented the longest persistence of oilseed rape volunteers in Canada. Volunteers were not observed in 2008 or 2009, because of drought conditions in spring of both years. Results support the findings from previous studies that persistence of volunteer oilseed rape populations in western Canada is generally ephemeral or transitory in the absence of seed bank immigration. However, this study shows that oilseed rape transgenes can persist in the environment for a number of years even after all cultivars with the conferred trait are removed from the market.