玉米减量施肥研究

在吉林通化市长年高施肥量(N180kg／hm^2，P2O5 70kg／hm^2)的玉米栽培区，实行减量施肥效果明显。1999年在暗棕壤上试验，用氮量降低23kg／hm^2(实际用氮量150kg／hm^2)，比高施氮量的增产10％左右，2001～2002年分别在冲积土和白浆土上试验，用氮量降低36kg／hm^2(实际用氮量144kg／hm^2)，比高施氮量的分别增产5．65％、2．56％。1995年在白浆土和暗棕壤上试验，施P205量在36．6～91．8kg／hm^2间，形成的玉米产量没有本质上的差异，即多施磷和少施磷的效果是一样的。据此，吉林省东部地区玉米施氮量应由目前180kg／hm^2，减为140～150kg／hm^2，施P2O5量由目前70kg／hm^2，减为35～45kg／hm^2。     

过量施用氮磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和氮磷吸收的影响

采用田间肥料试验研究过量施用氮、磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和吸收氮、磷养分的影响.结果表明,与不施氮肥比较,N用量225 kg/hm2,大白菜增产102.4%;与不施磷肥比较,P2O5用量180 kg/hm2,大白菜增产21.5%;施用有机肥大白菜产量显著增加.N用量225、450、675 kg/hm2,P2O5用量180、360、540、720 kg/hm2各处理间,大白菜产量均无显著差异.过量施用氮、磷和有机肥,大白菜奢侈吸收氮、磷养分.依据土壤氮、磷收支平衡,N、P2O5、有机肥用量分别为225 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、150 t/hm2,基本上可满足大白菜对养分的需求,在此基础上过量施用氮、磷和有机肥均导致氮和磷养分的浪费.     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

不同降水年型施氮量对冬小麦水氮资源利用效率的调控

  【目的】  研究不同降水年型氮肥用量引起的小麦生育期耗水量、植株氮素积累与运转、产量及效率的变化,为黄土高原旱地冬小麦精准施肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2017—2020年在山西农业大学闻喜试验示范基地开展大田试验,种植制度为冬小麦后夏休闲,一年一熟。3个试验年降水量分别属于正常、干旱和湿润年型。试验设施氮量 0、120、150、180、210 kg/hm2 5个处理,分析了小麦耗水量、氮素吸收与利用、产量形成及不同降水年型间的差异。  【结果】  不同降水年型旱地小麦生育期总耗水量均以N 180 kg/hm2最高,且丰水年和欠水年耗水变化率以施N 150～180 kg/hm2最高,平水年则以施N 120～150 kg/hm2最高。与其他施氮处理相比,丰水年施N 180 kg/hm2提高了播种—拔节期植株氮素积累量,显著提高了花前叶片和穗轴+颖壳氮素运转量,平水年和欠水年施N 150 kg/hm2提高了播种—拔节期植株氮素积累量及花前叶片和茎秆+叶鞘氮素运转量。不同降水年型花前植株氮素运转量、成熟期的植株氮素积累量变化率均以N 120～150 kg/hm2最高。与其他施氮处理相比,丰水年施N 180 kg/hm2产量显著提高了8.4%～35.6%,平水年施N 150 kg/hm2产量显著提高8.9%～33.7%,欠水年施N 150 kg/hm2产量显著提高13.4%～48.9%;不同降水年型产量变化率以施N 120～150 kg/hm2最高,且施氮量增加到N 180 kg/hm2时在丰水年仍可增产。丰水年施N 150～180 kg/hm2肥效最高,达14.9 kg/kg,平水年和欠水年均施N 120～150 kg/hm2肥效最高,分别达18.0和15.2 kg/kg;丰水年施N 180 kg/hm2、平水年和欠水年施N 150 kg/hm2均可获得较高的水、氮利用效率和氮肥表观利用率。此外,不同降水年型增加施氮量条件下,产量、水分利用效率均与花前植株氮素运转量呈显著相关关系。  【结论】  综合考虑氮肥用量氮肥变化量对耗水量、氮素运转量及产量等变化率的影响,丰水年施N 180 kg/hm2,平水年和欠水年施N 150 kg/hm2可提高产量、水氮利用效率和氮肥表观利用率,该施氮量为该区域的推荐施肥量。     

化肥氮用量对日光温室黄瓜产量、抗病性及土壤硝态氮的影响

在河北省高邑县后哨营黄瓜集约化种植区采用小区试验方法,在菜农基施玉米秸秆30 t/hm2(N、P2O5和K2O携入量分别为208.4、62.8和361.6 kg/hm2)基础上,研究不同化肥氮用量对日光温室冬春茬黄瓜产量、抗病性及根层0～40 cm土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,30 t/hm2玉米秸秆配施450 kg/hm2化肥N模式的黄瓜产量、经济效益、化肥氮农学利用率达最高,分别为169.74 t/hm2、33.05万元/hm2、39.2 kg/kg;较农民习惯施肥节N 61.4%、节P2O532.2%和节K2O 33.9%,增产34.9%、增收40.8%;本试验条件下,基施秸秆30 t/hm2的基础上,配施化肥N的适宜用量为370～450 kg/hm2;采收期适宜黄瓜产量建成的根层(0～40 cm)土壤硝态氮需求农学阈值为N 105.9 kg/hm2。农民习惯施肥量严重超出黄瓜养分需求量,土壤NPK比例失调,黄瓜抗病能力下降,习惯施肥区较化肥N用量450～750 kg/hm2各处理黄瓜采收期病+死株率增加了39.7～49.2个百分点,而且根层土壤硝态氮出现显著积累并存在淋失风险。     

施氮量对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用效率的影响

本试验研究了施氮量（0、90、180、270 kg/hm2）对夏播玉米CF008、金海5号和郑单958碳氮积累、运转及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,3个品种的茎叶碳氮积累量、成熟期地上部总氮量均为在施氮量180 kg/hm2或270 kg/hm2下较高,但是最终碳氮运转率、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮肥利用率均在施氮量90 kg/hm2下较高。本试验中,碳运转率与产量呈正相关,氮运转率与氮肥利用率呈正相关,表明较高的碳氮运转率可以促进产量和氮肥利用率的提高。本研究在施氮量90 kg/hm2下,CF008和金海5号茎鞘的C/N值在吐丝期和成熟期分别为22.11～22.91、35.66～54.23,叶片的C/N值分别为4.32～5.11、9.06～10.57;在施氮量90～180 kg/hm2下,3个品种夏玉米产量达到了10688～11461 kg/hm2;CF008和金海5号的氮肥利用率达到了31.55%～49.33%,而郑单958的氮肥利用率仅为15.11%～19.20%。     

施肥对河西绿洲制种玉米各器官养分吸收及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的配合施用对制种玉米氮、磷、钾的养分含量、吸收状况及产量的影响。结果表明,施肥对制种玉米干生物量的累积有明显的促进作用,增施氮、磷肥有利于提高制种玉米干物质的累积,当氮肥过量时,干生物量反而有所下降。合理配施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥,促进了养分比例的协调供给,明显增加了制种玉米各器官的养分含量、养分吸收量及养分收获指数。合理配施氮、磷肥能使制种玉米具有明显的增产效果。每生产100 kg玉米籽粒,最高产量氮素、磷素、钾素的吸收量分别为N:2.25 kg,P2O5:0.60 kg和K2O:2.40 kg,植株吸收养分适宜比例(N︰P2O5︰K2O)3.73︰1︰3.97。在制种玉米生产中推荐施肥量为N 360 kg/hm2,P2O5 180 kg/hm2,K2O 90 kg/hm2。     

贵州高海拔地区玉米高产中的钾肥效应研究

在贵州高海拔地区采用玉米高产栽培措施 ,获得了 12 .2 1t/hm2 的玉米产量 ,超过当地平均产量 2 .7倍 ,钾肥配施可增产玉米 0 .83～ 2 .5 8t/hm2 ,增幅 8.81～ 2 6.80 % ,施钾肥产投比可达 5 .1～ 6.1。施钾肥后玉米的品质有明显的改善 ,试验认为N∶K2 O比为 10 0 :75～ 113 ,即施氮 (N ) 2 0 0kg/hm2 ,施钾 (K2 O) 15 0～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 为宜。     

旱地辣椒栽培中密度、氮、磷及钾肥因子的优化

采用四因素二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究了旱地辣椒双垄沟全膜覆盖育苗移栽条件下密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对辣椒产量的影响.试验结果单因子效应分析表明,随着栽培密度、施氮量和施磷量的提高,辣椒产量呈先升后降的趋势;随着施钾量的提高,辣椒产量呈上升趋势.双因素交互效应分析表明,栽培密度与施钾量之间存在互作效应.获得旱地辣椒产量45 000.00 kg/hm2以上的栽培密度和氮磷钾优化方案为:密度49 071 ～ 52 179穴/hm2,每穴移栽2株,施N量216.75 ～ 257.25 kg/hm2,施P2O5量234.45 ～ 257.55 kg/hm2,施K2O量141.45 ～ 158.10 kg/hm2,适宜的N∶P2O5∶K2O为1.6∶1.6∶1.0.验证试验结果表明,优化栽培较常规栽培增产26.6％ ～ 41.3％.     

施肥对杂交酸模生物量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了滨海盐渍土增施氮磷肥对杂交酸模生物量的影响.结果表明,增施氮肥、磷肥能显著提高杂交酸模生物量,N用量以180～290kg/hm2、P2O5用量以120～223kg/hm2可获得理想生物量及综合效益.     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.