Effects of sugar cane extract on pseudorabies virus challenge of pigs

This experiment aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sugar cane extract (SCE) on the modulation of porcine immunity against pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection. Twelve-week-old experimental pigs were fed with SCE (500 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 3 days and challenged with PrV (2 x 10(5) TCID(50)) on the second day. Pigs that were only challenged with PrV and without SCE-treatment served as controls. The leukocyte functional assays were performed on the 7th and 14th day post-PrV challenge. Our results showed a significant enhancement (P<0.05) of natural killer cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytic function of monocytes, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production of CD4(+) and gammadelta T cells in the SCE-treated pigs compared with the controls. In addition, SCE administration reduced the severity of clinical signs and brain lesion in the course of disease in PrV-challenged pigs. SCE-treated pigs showed a 12% growth enhancement compared with untreated controls. SCE administration had an immunostimulating effect on porcine immunity that may subsequently enhance protective activities against PrV infection which may be extensively applied in field for the prevention of infections.     

甘蔗提取物对夏季高温环境下育肥猪生长性能的影响

旨在探究日粮添加甘蔗提取物(SCE)对夏季高温环境下育肥猪生长性能的影响。试验选择120头初始体重为(70±5.0)kg健康的"杜×长×嘉"育肥猪,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复15头,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)和添加SCE的试验日粮(试验组),试验组每周前3 d连续饲喂含1.5%SCE的日粮,后4 d饲喂正常日粮,在夏季高温环境下饲喂4周后结束试验。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组末重和平均日采食量分别显著增加3.90%和7.88%(P0.05),平均日增重增加13.79%(P=0.06),血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05),十二指肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著提高(P0.05)。结论:在夏季高温环境下,日粮中添加SCE能提高育肥猪生长性能,改善小肠黏膜上皮形态,降低机体内脂质过氧化水平。     

Immunostimulating and growth-promoting effects of sugar cane extract (SCE) in chickens

Polymorphonuclear cells of the peripheral blood in the chicken significantly increased their phagocytosis when cultured with sugar cane extract (SCE; 250-1,000 microg/ml) for 24 hr. Chickens orally administered SCE (500 mg/kg/day) for 3 or 6 consecutive days at 1 week of age showed significantly higher body weight and gain in body weight/day and a lower food conversion ratio within the growing period of 6 weeks than physiological saline-administered control chickens. Furthermore, oral administration of SCE also resulted in significantly higher immune responses against sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus. These results suggest that SCE has immunostimulating and growth promoting effects in chickens.     

Histological alterations of the intestinal villi and epithelial cells in chickens fed dietary sugar cane extract

1. Sugar cane extract (SCE) is the residue after removing glucose, fructose and sucrose from sugar cane juice. To investigate the effects of dietary SCE on growth performance and alterations to intestinal histology, 36 male Sanuki Cochin chickens were divided into three groups: a control group was fed a commercial diet (180 g/kg CP, 13.59 MJ/kg ME) and the treatment groups were fed the commercial diet supplemented with 0.5 or 10 g/kg SCE ad libitum for 35 d. 2. Feed intake and weight gain tended to be higher in the 0.5 and 10 g/kg SCE groups than in the control group. No specific gross morphological alterations were observed in the visceral organs of chickens in any of the groups. However, intestinal villus height, villus area, epithelial cell area and cell mitosis in each intestinal segment had higher values in the SCE groups than in the control group. In the 0.5 and 10 g/kg SCE groups, but not in the control group, the cells on the villus apical surface protuberated and had larger cell clusters and some areas with cells with no microvilli. 3. The observed alterations to intestinal histology in chickens fed dietary SCE diets demonstrate that the function of villi and cells on the villus tip might be activated in all the intestinal segments and that cell turnover is also accelerated. These activated intestinal functions appear to promote growth and immuno-stimulation in chickens fed SCE diets, especially in the 0.5 g/kg group.     

断奶仔猪黏膜免疫的营养调控

断奶仔猪肠道黏膜免疫在断奶仔猪肠道黏膜防御机制中起重要作用。断奶仔猪无法从母乳中获得母源抗体，同时其自身的主动免疫功能尚未发育健全，因而极易受到病原微生物的侵袭，导致腹泻等疾病的发生，给养猪生产造成了巨大的经济损失。而大部分病原微生物的入侵都是通过黏附在断     

Effects of muscle needle biopsy on parameters of humoral and cellular immunity in pigs

The shot biopsy is a common experimental technique for the collection of samples to investigate muscle tissue characteristics or to determine meat quality features in pigs. Its application seems to be also possible in interdisciplinary research projects investigating animal stress, behaviour, and welfare. The present study on 12 group-housed pigs (age: 12 weeks, weight: 29.3 kg) shows the influence of this wound-causing technique on different humoral and cell-mediated parameters of the immune system at 1, 3, 5, and 9 days after biopsy compared to the initially investigated levels before. An enhancement of the blood sedimentation rate and both the IgG and the cellular immune response in vivo (leukocytes, lymphocytes) as well as in vitro (ConA) was observed. Furthermore, there were signs of a secondary wound infection 5 days after biopsies were taken possibly caused by mutual oral manipulation of the animals. We conclude that the muscle shot biopsy technique can be used on group-housed pigs as a method to investigate muscle physiological characteristics. The technique, however, induces immunological reactions which may interfere with stress-induced immune reactions.     

Adjuvant effects of sugar cane extracts (SCE) in chickens

The effects of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on immune responses in chickens were studied. Two- or 10-month-old chickens orally administered SCE (500 mg/kg/day), for 3 consecutive days before immunized with sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus and Salmonella Enteritidis organisms, showed significantly increased and prolonged antibody responses to these antigens, compared to control chickens without SCE. Furthermore, chickens orally administered SCE also revealed enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity responses to human gamma globulin. These results indicated that SCE has immunostimulating and adjuvant effects in chickens.     

甘蔗提取物的活性成分与生理功能研究进展

食品安全一直是全球关注热点,在食品安全研究领域中,植物源功能性提取物一直是研究热点之一,本文主要关注制糖工业主要原料甘蔗的提取物。甘蔗提取物含有总多酚、迷迭香酸、二苯乙烯苷、汉黄芩苷等活性成分,具有促生长、抑菌、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗应激、抗癌细胞增殖、增强免疫力和保肝护肝等生理功能,在功能性饲料添加剂领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

杜仲提取物对猪生长性能及血液指标的影响

探讨杜仲提取物在猪生产中的作用,试验选用基本同质的42日龄杜×长×大三元杂交猪300头,平均初始质量为（9．96±0．05）kg,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每重复10头猪。试验分3个阶段,第1阶段9．96—20kg,第2阶段20—60kg,第3阶段60-90kg。试验日粮分别在基础日粮中添加杜仲提取物0、1500、2000和2500mg／kg及黄霉素12mg／kg（阶段1）或8mg／kg（阶段2和阶段3）。试验结果表明,1500mg／kg杜仲提取物显著降低阶段1和阶段2日均腹泻评分（P〈0．05）,显著提高了阶段2猪群日均增质量（P〈0．05）,降低了阶段2和阶段3料重比（P〈0．05）。杜仲提取物（除2000mg／kg）和黄霉素组均能显著提高试验全期动物日增质量（P〈0．05）,而杜仲提取物与黄霉素间不存在显著差异,动物日均采食量存在增加趋势（0．05〈P〈0．10）。杜仲提取物能显著降低血清尿素氨水平（P〈0．05）,显著提高阶段2和阶段3血清球蛋白水平（P〈0．05）。这说明,杜仲提取物的添加能影响动物机体蛋白质代谢,提高猪体免疫能力,对猪生长性能产生影响,添加量以1500mg／kg最佳。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征DNA重组质粒对猪的免疫效应

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)灭活疫苗、表达GP5蛋白的DNA重组质粒分别与表达IL-2和IL-4的重组质粒(pcDNA-IL-2和pcDNA-IL-4)联合免疫健康仔猪,经3次免疫后人工感染PRRSV HB-2株,检测仔猪体液免疫以及攻毒保护性反应。研究结果显示,重组质粒pCI-GP5可诱导免疫猪产生抗GP5抗体,最高ELISA抗体效价可达1∶285。攻毒后组织中PRRSV核酸的检出率下降30.3%,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05),表明表达PRRSV GP5的DNA重组质粒pCI-GP5可诱导一定的免疫效力。pcDNA-IL-2与pCI-GP5联合免疫后,病毒血症的出现频率减少38.9%,PRRSV阳性组织检出率下降28.8%,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);pcDNA-IL-4与pCI-GP5联合免疫后,最高ELISA抗体效价可达1∶320,病毒血症的出现频率下降38.9%,PRRSV阳性组织检出率减少34.8%,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。本研究表明,PRRS DNA重组质粒pCI-GP5对猪的免疫保护力是稳定的,真核表达的细胞因子pcDNA-IL-2与pcDNA-IL-4能够显著增强pCI-GP5的免疫保护力。     

Protective effects of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on Eimeria tenella infection in chickens

The effects of oral administration of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on Eimeria tenella oocysts infection in chickens were studied with 2 different experiments. In Experiment 1, 3-week-old inbred chickens (MHC; H.B15) were inoculated into the crop with SCE (500 mg/kg/day) for 1 day or 3 consecutive days, and then challenged with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (2 x 10(4) cells/chicken). In Experiment 2, 1-week-old chickens were orally administered SCE at the same dose for 3 consecutive days, and then initially infected with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (2 x 10(3) cells/chicken). At 2 and 3 weeks of age, these chickens were immunized intravenously with the mixed antigens of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus (BA). At 4 weeks of age, chickens were challenged with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (1 x 10(5)/chicken). Challenged chickens with E. tenella oocysts showed markedly decreased body weight gain/day, severe hemorrhage and great number of shedding oocysts in feces and high lesion scores. Oral administration of SCE and initial infection with oocysts (2 x 10 (3)/chicken) resulted in a remarkable improvement in body weight gain/day, hemorrhage, the number of shedding oocysts and lesion score, compare to other infected groups. In addition, SCE-inoculated chickens with the initial infection showed a significant increase in antibody responses against SRBC and BA and also improvement in decreased relative proportions of Bu-1a(+) and CD4( )cells in cecal tonsil lymphocytes of E. tenella-challenged chickens. Cecal tissues of chickens administered SCE and initially infected with E. tenella oocysts showed lower numbers of schizonts, gametocytes and oocysts than those of infected control chickens. These results suggest that SCE have immunostimulating and protective effects against E. tenella infection in chickens.     

海南岛甘蔗糖蜜生产畜禽饲料的效果及问题分析

海南岛年产甘蔗糖蜜5万多t，长时期用作高度污染环境的制作工业酒精。经500多头生长猪，约4000只产蛋鸡饲养试验表明，配合饲料中使用3％的甘蔗糖蜜，猪晶产重提高2．8％，饲料增重比下降4．3％，鸡产蛋率提高2．05％，料蛋比下降3．7％。采用电加热－过滤－喷雾的添加工艺，添加3％甘蔗糖蜜的配合饲料混合均匀度变异系数4．9％，保持期10d。按海南省现有配合饲料生产能力，可以利用全省年产甘蔗糖蜜的一半，节省大量由岛外购进的能量饲料。     

日粮中添加女贞子CO_2超临界萃取物对于猪免疫性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同添加水平女贞子CO2超临界萃取物(supercritical CO2ligustrum lucidum extract,LLE)对猪免疫功能的影响。选择健康无病、体质量接近(平均体质量为7.43kg)的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪96头,公母各半,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%的LLE。结果表明:(1)免疫后14、78、114d各LLE组猪瘟(classical swine fever virus,CSFV)和口蹄疫(foot and mouth disease virus,FMDV)抗体效价相对于对照组均有一定提高,第114天,0.1%、0.2%LLE组CSFV抗体效价相对于对照组分别有显著提高(P<0.05)。(2)不同阶段猪血清溶菌酶水平随添加LLE量的提高有提高趋势,但没有达到显著水平(P>0.05)。(3)0.05%和0.2%LLE组断奶仔猪脾脏指数相对于对照组有上升趋势(P>0.05);不同水平LLE组断奶仔猪胸腺指数相对于对照组也均有提高,但不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析,饲粮中添加LLE能够在一定程度上改善猪的免疫性能。     

苦楝皮乙醇提取物驱除猪蛔虫效果研究及对猪主要免疫指标的影响

进一步考察苦楝皮的驱虫效果和毒副作用。用云南苦楝皮乙醇提取物,对人工感染猪蛔虫的猪只进行不同药物浓度组与空白组的药效对比试验,并在用药前后对猪只进行免疫指标的检测。结果表明,苦楝皮乙醇提取物的高、中浓度对治疗猪蛔虫病的效果较好,驱虫率分别达到87．2％和79．5％,虫卵减少率分别为87．3％和80．2％,与对照组相比差异极显著;对各项指标的检测表明,苦楝皮提取物能提高猪的非特异性免疫机能,在治疗剂量内使用安全。     

The influence of regular physical activity on the cell-mediated immunity in pigs

The influence of moderate regular physical activity on the cell-mediated immunity was studied in growing pigs. Ten animals were subjected to physical training on a large animal treadmill, and 10 were kept in their pens throughout a 12-week experimental period. Regardless of whether the pigs underwent training or not, a whole blood lymphocyte stimulation test performed at 3 stages of the experiment revealed an equal ability of the cells to respond to stimulation induced by pokeweed mitogen and phytohaemaglutinin. The influence of serum from the pigs of the trained and untrained groups was studied in a stimulation test with purified mononuclear cells obtained from 2 healthy control pigs. The results indicated that no additional serum factors released by the physical training altered the blastogenic response of these lymphocytes. It is concluded that moderate exercise should not be regarded as a stressor which alters the cellular immunity in pigs.     

Effects of stocking density on growth performance,blood parameters and immunity of growing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and intestinal immunity of growing pigs. A total of 288 male pigs (44.35 ± 0.50 kg) were randomly assigned to groups with stocking densities of 2.46, 1.23 and 0.82 m²/pig for a month. The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance among groups. Pigs in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig had the lowest backfat thickness and spleen weight index among groups (P < 0.05). With increasing stocking density, the serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), transglutaminase (TGG), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) were increased, and albumin (ALB), albumin-to-globulin ratio (ALB:GLO), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and immunoglobulin (IgM) were decreased (P < 0.05), and cortisol tended to increase and glucose tended to decrease (0.05 < P < 0.1). Compared with the stocking density of 2.46 m²/pig, the ileal villus height and jejunal villus width decreased in stocking densities of 1.23 and 0.82 m²/pig (P < 0.05). The duodenal villus height and ileal villus width in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig were the lowest among 3 groups (P < 0.05). The content of immunoglobulin A in duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa increased along with increasing density (P < 0.05). The contents of interleukin (IL)-2 in the spleen or liver and IL-10 in the spleen were higher in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig than in other 2 groups. These results showed that stocking density could affect the metabolism, intestinal morphology, and immunity of growing pigs and 1.23 m²/pig may be the suitable stocking density for the growing pigs in the present study.     

Effects of a dietary application of a yeast cell wall extract on innate and acquired immunity, on oxidative status and growth performance in weanling piglets and on the ileal epithelium in fattened pigs

Potential immunomodulatory effects of a cell wall extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y; Antaferm MG) were tested in pigs: in trial I, 0.03% Y and in trial II 0.3% Y was used. Based on earlier observations that Y may increase feed intake, two treatment groups, Y-a (fed ad libitum) and Y-r (fed restrictively) were studied in comparison with a control group (C) in both trials. Y-r received the amount of feed consumed by C. Immune status was surveyed by determining phagocytic activity and oxidative burst of neutrophils and blood concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp), and immunoglobulin (Ig) G and A. Oxidative stress was monitored by recording reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and total antioxidant capacity. In a third trial, fattened pigs were used for morphological and immunohistochemical studies (IgM and IgA as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells) in ileal epithelium. Pigs fed 0.03% Y for 2 weeks prior to slaughter were compared with the C group. Feed intake was identical in the Y-a and Y-b groups and data subsets were accordingly pooled. Treatment and time as well as treatment x time interactions were detectable for most of the parameters studied, but a distinct immunomodulatory effect of Y was not consistently identifiable and performance did not improve. In trial III, the intestinal parameters investigated were not different between Y and C.