阿尔茨海默病不同临床阶段脑脊液中炎前和抗炎细胞因子水平的变化

目的:观察不同临床阶段阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者脑脊液中炎前和抗炎细胞因子水平与神经病理损伤的关系。方法:用夹心式酶联免疫吸附法测定轻、中、重度AD患者,血管性痴呆(VD)患者与正常老年人脑脊液中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和白介素1受体拮抗剂(IL-1ra)的水平。结果:各AD组患者脑脊液中IL-1β、TNFα的水平较其他组有不同程度升高,而IL-1ra则有不同程度降低,各AD组组间比较,随着痴呆程度的加重,IL-1β与TNFα水平相应增高,IL-1ra却相应下降,其中重度AD患者这种改变与轻度AD患者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:炎前和抗炎细胞因子表达失衡造成的级联反应在AD脑损害过程中起重要作用。     

Alpha-ketoglutaramate: increased concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients in hepatic coma

alpha-Ketoglutaramate, a deaminated metabolite of glutamine not previously identified in biological tissues, was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of human subjects and found to be increased three- to tenfold in patients with hepatic coma. When perfused into the cerebral lateral ventricles of rats, alpha-ketoglutaramate (10 mM) depressed the animals' nocturnal locomotor activity, and at higher doses induced circling behavior and myoclonus. The concentration of alpha-ketoglutaramate in cerebrospinal fluid appears to be a reliable diagnostic indicator of hepatic coma, and its accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.     

Choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid production

Acute progressive hydrocephalus occurred in 76 rhesus monkeys undergoing ventricular obstruction 2 to 6 months after choroid plexectomy and was only slightly less pronounced than in 73 nonplexectomized animals with similar ventricular obstructions. The composition of cerebrospinal fluid after choroid plexectomy was essentially normal. Experiments with ventricular perfusion techniques indicate only a slight reduction in cerebrospinal fluid production after choroid plexectomy. Thus, the choroid plexus is probably not the sole or even the major source of cerebrospinal fluid within the primate ventricular system.     

Enkephalin-like material elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgetic focal stimulation

Enkephalin-like activity has been measured in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intractable pain. Electrical stimulation of periventricular brain sites resulted in significant decrease in persistent pain in these subjects. This analgesia, which was blocked by naloxone in 80% of the cases, was accompanied by a significant rise in ventricular enkephalin-like activity, as measured by two different methods. The results present evidence of in vivo release of enkephalin-like material in humans and suggest that stimulation analgesia may be partially due to this release.     

Multiple sclerosis: correlation between immunoglobulin-G in cerebrospinal fluid and brain

There is a positive correlation between the concentration of immunoglobulin-G in plaques of demyelination due to multiple sclerosis (as well as in white matter of normal appearance) and the concentration of this globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid. The tentative conclusion drawn from these results was that, in patients with multiple sclerosis, the increase in immuno-globulin-G in the cerebrospinal fluid is a reflection of an excess of this globulin in the brain.     

Transport of 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid from feline cerebrospinal fluid

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid was cleared from cerebrospinal fluid of the cat by a saturable mechanism. Clearance was inhibited by naturally occurring neutral amino acids. Carrier transport may explain the low ratio of amino acid in spinal fluid to that in plasma.     

Growth hormone responses to L-dopa in depressed patients

Plasma human growth hormone responses to oral administration of 500 milligrams of L-dopa were analyzed in three groups of subjects: normals, age 20 to 32; normals, age 48 to 68; and unipolar depressed patients, age 45 to 68. While only 7 percent of the young normals had deficient human growth hormone responses to this stimulus, 36 percent of the older normals and 77 percent of the depressed patients failed to have adequate responses, suggesting an effect of age and a further effect of depressive illness. Because the release of human growth hormone appears to be closely related to brain catecholamine metabolism, the deficient responses in the depressed patients may provide further support to the concept of a neurochemical defect in depressive illness.     

Endogenous anticonvulsant substance in rat cerebrospinal fluid after a generalized seizure

Cerebrospinal fluid taken from rats subjected to electroshock-induced seizures and injected into the cerebral ventricles of rats that had not been shocked increased the seizure threshold of the recipients. The anticonvulsant activity of the donor cerebrospinal fluid was antagonized by opioid antagonists and enhanced by peptidase inhibitors. These results suggest the existence of an endogenous anticonvulsant substance in rat cerebrospinal fluid, possibly opioid in nature, which is activated as a consequence of a seizure and which may play a critical role in postseizure inhibition.     

New neurons follow the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the adult brain

In the adult brain, neuroblasts born in the subventricular zone migrate from the walls of the lateral ventricles to the olfactory bulb. How do these cells orient over such a long distance and through complex territories? Here we show that neuroblast migration parallels cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Beating of ependymal cilia is required for normal CSF flow, concentration gradient formation of CSF guidance molecules, and directional migration of neuroblasts. Results suggest that polarized epithelial cells contribute important vectorial information for guidance of young, migrating neurons.     

Relation between nitrogen oxide metabolites in amniotic fluid and productive qualities of poultry

The composition of nitrogen oxide (NO) metabolites in amniotic fluid of poultry embryos is established. It is shown on three poultry species that breeding for an increase in growth rate leads to a sharp drop in the content of NO metabolites in the amniotic fluid. The probable mechanism of occurrence of this characteristic is discussed.     

Central norepinephrine metabolism in affective illness: MHPG in the cerebrospinal fluid

Concentrations of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol in cerebrospinal fluid were measured by a gas chromatographic method in 34 patients with affective illness and in 44 controls. Concentrations of this metabolite in spinal fluid were significantly lower in depressed patients than in controls or manic patients. These low values may occur secondary to depressive phenomena such as reduced psychomotor activity, or they may reflect a primary change in norepinephrine metabolism in depressive illness.     

检测脑脊液细胞因子水平对化脓性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎鉴别诊断的价值

目的 :了解中枢神经系统 (CNS)感染性疾病患儿脑脊液中细胞因子水平对化脓性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎的鉴别诊断价值。方法 :采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测化脓性脑膜炎、病毒性脑炎和非CNS感染性疾病患儿脑脊液中的G CSF、TNF α、IL 8和sIL 2R水平 ,观察它们与粒细胞、蛋白含量和糖定量间的相关性并对它们在不同疾病组脑脊液中的水平进行比较。结果 :中枢神经系统 (CNS)感染性疾病患儿脑脊液中的G CSF、IL 8、sIL 2R与粒细胞计数呈正相关 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;化脓性脑膜炎组脑脊液中G CSF、IL 8明显高于病毒性脑炎组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,而TNF α、sIL 2R与病毒性脑炎组的差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。病毒性脑炎组脑脊液中的TNF α、sIL 2R均高于对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,而G CSF、IL 8与对照组的差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :脑脊液中G CSF、IL 8水平对化脓性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎的鉴别诊断有一定的价值     

Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients

The possibility that hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) contributes to the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis observed in patients with major depression was investigated by measuring the concentration of this peptide in cerebrospinal fluid of normal healthy volunteers and in drug-free patients with DSM-III diagnoses of major depression, schizophrenia, or dementia. When compared to the controls and the other diagnostic groups, the patients with major depression showed significantly increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CRF-like immunoreactivity; in 11 of the 23 depressed patients this immunoreactivity was greater than the highest value in the normal controls. These findings are concordant with the hypothesis that CRF hypersecretion is, at least in part, responsible for the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis characteristic of major depression.     

Sympathetic nervous control of cerebrospinal fluid production from the choroid plexus

The rabbit choroid plexus, responsible for the bulk production of cerebrospinal fluid, is well supplied by sympathetic nerves emanating in the superior cervical ganglia. Electrical stimulation of these nerves markedly reduces production of cerebrospinal fluid, measured by [14C] inulin dilution during ventricular perfusion, whereas sympathetic denervation enhances the rate of formation.     

新生儿颅内出血患者血浆、脑脊液中生长抑素和血管活性肠肽的测定及意义

目的观察新生儿颅内出血患者血浆、脑脊液(CSF)中生长抑素(SS)和血管活性肠肽(VIP)的水平变化与临床意义。方法应用放射免疫法对19例新生儿颅内出血患儿的血浆、脑脊液SS和VIP的含量作了测定,并与以无神经系统疾病的入院新生儿12例作为对照。结果颅内出血新生儿CSF的SS和VIP含量高于其在血浆中的含量(P<0.01);颅内出血急性期患儿血浆和CSF的SS和VIP含量均显著高于恢复期和对照组,恢复期又显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血浆、CSF中SS和VIP含量的变化可反映脑组织损伤的分期,推测病情和预后。     

Property of cerebrospinal fluid associated with disturbed metabolism of central nervous system

Cerebrospinal fluid was assayed for the capacity to contract smooth muscle and for the capacity to develop such activity when incubated with globulin. Activity was observed in fluid collected from patients with inflammatory or degenerative disease of the central nervous system, sustained intracranial vasodilatation, sustained noxious stimulation, or chronic schizophrenia. Control specimens lacked measurable activity.     

Indole-3-acetic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid: identification and quantification by mass fragmentography

Indole-3-acetic acid has been identified in human cerebrospinal fluid by the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique called mass fragmentography. A specific and sensitive method for quantitative determination of indole-3-acetic acid down to 2 nanograms per milliliter of cerebrospinal fluid has been developed. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 24 patients with depression contained 6.1 +/- 3.1 (range 2.6 to 15.8) nanograms of indole-3-acetic acid per milliliter.     

Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins

A new silver stain for electrophoretically separated polypeptides can be rapidly and easily used and can detect as little as 0.01 nanogram of protein per square millimeter. When employed with two-dimensional electrophoresis, it should permit qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein distributions in body fluids and tissues. It has been used to demonstrate regional variations in cerebrospinal fluid proteins.     

Selective extraction of small and large molecules from the cerebrospinal fluid by Purkinje neurons

Cerebellar Purkinje neurons accumulated propidium iodide, granular blue, and horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin but not unconjugated horseradish peroxidase, bisbenzimide, or Evans blue when these compounds were infused into the lateral cerebral ventricles of awake, unrestrained rats. Accumulation of propidium iodide by Purkinje neurons of the vermis was associated with a reproducible behavioral abnormality characterized by truncal tremor, ataxia, and nystagmus. Both the accumulation of propidium iodide in Purkinje cells and the behavioral abnormality were prevented by prior intracerebroventricular administration of ouabain or colchicine, drugs that block neuronal transport processes. The ability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to extract small and large molecules from the cerebrospinal fluid has important implications for their physiology and pathology.     

Elevated beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after electrical brain stimulation: artifact of contrast infusion?

Beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid was assayed in 11 patients receiving electrical stimulation of the brain for chronic pain. Immunoreactivity increased dramatically after contrast ventriculography prior to stimulation. No further elevations were observed after stimulation. The magnitude and time course of elevations were identical after placement of electrodes either in the thalamus or in the periventricular gray matter. These results suggest that previous findings of stimulation-induced elevation of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid are attributable to an artifact of contrast ventriculography.