基于茎直径变化的无线传感器网络作物精量灌溉系统

为实现准确判断作物水分亏缺程度,为精量灌溉提供科学依据,该文基于作物水分胁迫茎直径微变化诊断方法,研发了无线传感器网络节点,并设计了无线传感器网络精量灌溉系统。该系统可以使人们随时随地精确获取作物需水信息,并实现精量灌溉。该系统具有功耗低、成本低廉、鲁棒性好、扩展灵活等优点。初步试验表明了该系统的合理性与实用性。可以应用于温室、农田、苗圃等区域。该研究为无线传感器网络在节水农业中的应用做出了探索。     

Competition between species of Rhizobium for nodulation of Glycine max

Glycine max cv. Malayan is a promiscuously nodulating cultivar which formed nodules with 6 out of 9 strains of Rhizobium spp of diverse origin and all strains of R. japonicum tested. No generalizations can be made as to the probability of strains isolated from a particular host being infective on Malayan as only some isolated from Centrosema pubescens, and Cajanus cajan were able to form nodules. In competition with R. japonicum at 30°C all 20 strains of Rhizobium spp isolated from Malayan grown in Nigeria formed fewer than 50% of the nodules and 14 strains fewer than 25%. Competition was influenced by root temperature. Three strains of Rhizobium spp were poor competitors with R. japonicum between 24° and 33°C but at 36°C they formed more nodules (74–88%) than R. japonicum. Another strain of Rhizobium spp formed the majority of the nodules between 27° and 36°C whereas R. japonicum formed the most at 24°C.     

基于机器视觉的鲐鱼鱼体定向排列输送装置设计与试验

针对传统鱼体头尾及腹背定向输送由人工操作完成,劳动强度大、生产效率低等问题,该研究探索了利用机器视觉技术结合输送装置实现鱼体头尾及腹背定向排列输送的方法。该研究以鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)为研究对象,在对鱼体形态特征及物理特性检测的基础上,设计了鱼体提升装置、鱼体分离输送装置、鱼体头尾及腹背定向输送装置、鱼体返回输送装置、定向控制系统等部件组成鲐鱼鱼体定向排列输送装置;构建YOLOv5s目标检测模型对鲐鱼的头尾朝向和腹背朝向进行识别,并根据识别结果控制鱼体定向排列输送完成鲐鱼的头尾和腹背定向作业,检测模型在测试集上的精确率为99.76%,召回率为99.59%,平均检测精度值为99.5%;试制了鱼体定向排列输送装置样机,以单条鱼体提升成功率为评价指标,对不同输送速度下鱼体提升装置的输送效果进行试验;同时以鱼体的头尾定向成功率和腹背定向成功率作为评价指标,以鱼体提升装置输送速度、鱼体分离输送装置输送速度、鱼体头尾及腹背定向输送装置输送速度为试验因素,对鱼体定向排列输送装置的定向输送效果进行试验。试验结果表明：鱼体提升装置在不同输送速度下,都能有效实现鱼体单条分离并向上提升,且不存在鱼体重叠向上输送的情况;当鱼体提升装置输送速度为0.05 m/s、鱼体分离输送装置输送速度为0.45 m/s、鱼体头尾及腹背定向输送装置输送速度为0.60 m/s时,鲐鱼鱼体的头尾定向成功率平均为97.2%,腹背定向成功率平均为95.6%,鱼体定向输送速度可达15条/min。研究结果可为其他淡水鱼鱼体定向排列输送装置的研制提供参考。     

A risk analysis for the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus)

The common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) has suffered a dramatic decline in Western Europe though the species is characterized by an extremely high reproductive potential. An individual-based model was developed to determine the risk factors which lead to population decline and to investigate management actions for viable populations. Demographic stochasticity was considered by (a) describing reproduction on an individual basis and (b) distinguishing behavioural patterns according to age and sex. Unknown model parameters were determined by comparing field data and simulated patterns in a specific multi-criteria fashion. We conclude that disturbances such as agricultural management and highway construction are most dangerous to the common hamster in autumn. Complex land management is required which should aim at reducing habitat-specific mortality and favouring the safeguarding of adult and subadult females to protect the most sensitive component of the population. According to the model results, large habitat size is not sufficient for survival, and habitat connectivity may be even more important. Late timing of the harvest and following cultivations was most favourable for population survival.     

Host status of 10 fungal isolates for two nematode species, Filenchus misellus and Aphelenchus avenae

The classification of nematodes in the family Tylenchidae into plant parasites, plant associates or fungal-feeders for community analyses, have been much discussed by nematode ecologists. For an appropriate classification, fungal-feeding habits in the family need to be studied. To evaluate the host status of 10 fungal isolates for Filenchus misellus (Tylenchidae) and Aphelenchus avenae (Aphelenchida, Aphelenchidae), population growth rates, body length and width and sex ratios of the nematodes were measured after 40-day culture on fungal colonies at 25 °C. For F. misellus, the fungi determined as good hosts were two Basidiomycota fungi (Agaricus bisporus, Coprinus cinereus), three Ascomycota fungi (Chaetomium cochlioides, Chaetomium funicola, Chaetomium globosum) and a plant-pathogenic fungus (Rhizoctonia solani) on the basis of nematode population growth rate and female body length. Interestingly Pleurotus ostreatus, known as a predaceous fungus for the other nematodes, was also a good host for F. misellus. While, for A. avenae, good hosts were four plant-pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, Pythium ultimum, R. solani) and A. bisporus. A. avenae was trapped and preyed upon by Pleurotus hyphae. In F. misellus, males were 7-21% of adults, but the ratio did not correlate significantly with the population growth rate. In A. avenae, no male occurred. Differences in habitat preference between Filenchus and Aphelenchus were explained on the basis of the host status and habitat preferences of the tested fungi.     

Ecological conditions for Saxifraga hirculus in Central Europe: A better understanding for a good protection

Saxifraga hirculus is a postglacial relict in Central Europe, whose populations suffered a dramatic decrease in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, few researchers have been interested in its ecological requirements in Central Europe. This article synthesizes previous knowledge supplemented by original data from the last large population (Switzerland).S. hirculus is a weak competitor which needs precise ecological conditions. It grows on bryophyte carpets in neutral to slightly acid wetlands, with stable water table close to the soil surface (optimum between 8 and 14 cm) but does not stand long flooding. However, it requires a good oxygen supply, with roots 2-3 cm under the soil surface, generally not reached by water, with running, cold water through loose, fibric peat. Its optimal conditions are in spring fens, but it grows in other types of wetlands as well. However, overgrowing by shrubs, sedges or Sphagnum in natural successions may threaten the species with extinction, as did drainage and peat extraction previously. Now, its survival in Central Europe depends on an adequate management of the ecosystems. Moderate grazing (cattle or sheep) or mowing help to limit competition with taller Carex species. Reintroduction of disappeared populations or creation of new ones from cultivation in botanical garden is possible, but appropriate sites are rare. In some cases, substrate management could improve the conditions in somewhat inadequate situations. This management in four directions can be flexibly applied in different situations to progress to optimal conditions for the conservation of this valuable species.     

A range-wide model of landscape connectivity and conservation for the jaguar, Panthera onca

Large, wide-ranging carnivores face greater threats and more persistent declines than most other mammal species. An important conservation tool for these carnivores has been range-wide priority-setting exercises that have helped identify critical threats and key populations. However, such exercises often fail to identify functional movement corridors or account for genetic connectivity. We present a new model for jaguar (Panthera onca) conservation that uses a geographic information system (GIS) and expert input to create a dispersal cost surface and identify least-cost corridors connecting the 90 known populations across the jaguar’s range. Results indicate 78% of historic jaguar range, an area of approximately 14.9 million km², still holds potential for jaguar movement and dispersal. We identified 182 potential corridors between populations, ranging from 3 to 1607 km in length; 44 of these corridors are characterized as being of immediate concern due to their limited width, and thus their high potential for being severed. Resultant maps, displaying priority populations and corridors, are used to direct field-based research and conservation efforts. Field assessment and refinement of the corridors is ongoing. This is the first attempt to create and implement such a holistic model of range-wide conservation for a large carnivore species.     

A possible role for saprotrophic microfungi in the N nutrition of ectomycorrhizal Pinus resinosa

We determined whether Pinus resinosa, selected ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic microfungi have access to various organic nitrogen sources commonly found in the forest. Vector analysis demonstrated nitrogen limitation of the P. resinosa in the plantation from which most of the fungi were isolated, establishing this study's relevance. Nonmycorrhizal P. resinosa seedlings did not absorb significant N from amino acids. The ectomycorrhizal fungi, including Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillus intermedius and Tylopilus felleus, obtained substantial N from amino acids, a limited amount of N from glucosamine, and essentially no N from protein-tannin complex. In contrast, Penicillium and Trichoderma readily acquired N from protein-tannin and glucosamine. Thus, there was an increasing ability to obtain N from complex organic N sources from plant to ectomycorrhizal fungi to saprotrophic fungi. Furthermore, N mineralization from an organic N source by Penicillium depended on the C:N ratio. We conclude that acquisition of relatively simple organic N sources by P. resinosa is likely to be largely indirect via ectomycorrhizal fungi, and that more complex organic N sources may become accessible to ectomycorrhizal fungi (and thus possibly their host plants) following mineralization by saprotrophic fungi such as Penicillium or Trichoderma when C:N ratios are sufficiently low.     

A quick method for estimating larval populations of Melitaea cinxia L. during surveys

Surveys were made in 1979 and 1980 to discover the status of Melitaea cinxia L., the Glanville fritillary, in Britain. A quick method for estimating the number of larval nests on a site was devised. This made it possible to assess the size of every colony that was found. Details of this method are described and its accuracy is examined. A synopsis is also given of the results of the two surveys.     

基于热平衡法检测植物茎流传感器的标定

植物茎杆的茎流量是植物重要的生理信息之一,该文主要是对基于热平衡法的植物茎流传感器进行标定试验的研究,通过标定试验,测试了茎流检测装置的性能。试验结果表明,计算出传感器输出值与茎流量有很高的决定系数R2=0.96～0.97,分辨率为1×10-3 g/min,精度为±3%。因此参照标定试验,可以较准确地获取植株茎流速率,进而可以反映出植物的蒸腾及需水状态信息,并据此可以为植物生长环境的调控、节水灌溉等提供有效的监测工具。     

Screening of bacterial isolates from various European soils for in vitro antagonistic activity towards Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum: Site-dependent composition and diversity revealed

A cultivation-based approach was used to determine the in vitro antagonistic potential of soil bacteria towards Rhizoctonia solani AG3 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini (Foln3). Four composite soil samples were collected from four agricultural sites with previous documentation of disease suppression, located in France (FR), the Netherlands (NL), Sweden (SE) and the United Kingdom (UK). Similarly, two sites from Germany (Berlin, G-BR; and Braunschweig, G-BS) without documentation of disease suppression were sampled. Total bacterial counts were determined by plating serial dilutions from the composite soil samples onto R2A, AGS and King's B media. A total of 1,788 isolates (approximately 100 isolates per medium and site) was screened for antifungal activity, and in vitro antagonists (327 isolates) were found amongst the dominant culturable bacteria isolated from all six soils. The overall proportion of antagonists and the number of isolates with inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum were highest in three of the suppressive soils (FR, NL and SE). Characterization of antagonistic bacteria revealed a high phenotypic and genotypic diversity. Siderophore and protease activity were the most prominent phenotypic traits amongst the antagonists. The composition and diversity of antagonists in each soil was site-specific. Nevertheless, none of the antimicrobial traits of bacteria potentially contributing to soil suppressiveness analyzed in this study could be regarded as specific to a given site.     

Future prospects for the rare, late-flowering Gentianella germanica and Gentianopsis ciliata in Dutch nutrient-poor calcareous grasslands

We discuss the population biology of two calcareous grassland gentians, Gentianella germanica and Gentianopsis ciliata, in relation to the habitat management currently practiced in The Netherlands. There, at the margin of their range, both species are rare. Gentianella germanica persists on six remaining locations, whereas Gentianopsis ciliata, with two populations, is nearly extinct. Gentianella germanica is a strict biennial, Gentianopsis ciliata an iteroparous perennial. Both species depend on insects for seed production and suffer from low insect visitation. Pollination experiments in one Dutch population demonstrated that Gentianopsis ciliata is self-compatible, but hardly sets any seed under natural conditions due to pollen limitation. The low reproductive success of both species is partly due to the low pollinator densities at their late flowering time, partly caused by the small population size of the gentians themselves, and partly a result of mowing too early. The latter has destroyed the seed crop of several subsequent years in one population of Gentianopsis ciliata and some of Gentianella germanica. In Gentianella germanica, the early mowing and low insect visitation seems to have resulted in selection of less herkogamous and consequently more autofertile individuals. The perspectives for Gentianopsis ciliata are currently extremely poor in The Netherlands. Under the present circumstances, extinction will most likely occur within 10-20 years. Population reinforcement (seeding, artificial cross-pollination with nearby populations) should be considered if we want to conserve this species. For both gentians, but also of other flagship species of nutrient-poor calcareous grasslands, the total grassland area needs to be enlarged and must constitute an interconnected network of reserves. The traditional management method, sheep grazing, is to be preferred over mowing, but only if the flock visits each grassland patch or reserve for only a short time of less than a day, and with intervals of more than 2 weeks between visits. If mowing is preferred for other reasons, it should be done rotationally, and not before October.     

A cooperative breeding programme for the Mongolian wild horse Equus przewalskii in the United States

The Mongolian wild horse Equus przewalskii (Poliakov, 1881) has been propagated in captivity for ten generations. Well over a decade has passed since the last confirmed sightings of E. przewalskii in its historic range. Concern over the extent of inbreeding which has occurred during the captive propagation of this endangered species has led to numerous recommendations for management of captive stock as genetic populations rather than isolated collections. In November 1979 a meeting was held of North American Przewalski's horse breeders, at which time a coordinated breeding programme was considered and adopted by all institutions breeding E. przewalskii in the United States. As a result of this agreement, a number of animal movements between zoos have occurred with a projected decrease in the extent of inbreeding of foals of the next generation. The history of propagation of E. przewalskii in the United States and the genetic considerations involved in the management programme are discussed.     

A habitat-based population viability analysis for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the United States

Strategies are needed to recover the ocelot Leopardus pardalis from the endangered species list. Recently, a population viability analysis (PVA) was developed which concluded that combinations of different recovery strategies were needed to effectively reduce ocelot extinction probability in the United States (US), with habitat protection and restoration identified as the most effective recovery scenario. We expanded this PVA model by incorporating landscape data to develop a more realistic habitat-based PVA for ocelots in southern Texas. We used RAMAS/gis software to conduct a habitat-based PVA by linking landscape data with a demographic metapopulation model. The primary goal of this study was to provide a model for evaluating ocelot recovery strategies in the US. Each model scenario was simulated 1000 times over 50 years and we defined extinction as one individual remaining. Using the RAMAS/gis program we identified 11 possible ocelot habitat patches (i.e., subpopulations) occurring in southern Texas. In addition, based on the habitat-based PVA model we found that combinations of different recovery strategies were needed to effectively reduce ocelot extinction probability in the US, with reducing road mortality the single most effective strategy. Short-term recovery strategies should include reducing ocelot road mortality, and translocation of ocelots into the US from northern Mexico. Long-term recovery strategies should include the restoration of habitat between and around existing ocelot habitat patches and the establishment of a dispersal corridor between ocelot breeding populations.     

A survey of the Bali mynah Leucopsar rothschildi stresemann 1912

Present knowledge of the distribution of the Bali mynah Leucopsar rothschildi and the results of a survey implemented during March and April 1979 are reviewed. Maximum numbers of Bali mynahs still present in the West Bali nature reserve are estimated not to exceed 200 individuals. Finally some possible measures to prevent extinction are summarised.