基于机器视觉的猪体质量估测模型比较与优化

基于机器视觉的猪体质量估测模型较多,但模型缺乏在实用性、准确性的对比,最佳模型没有定论。该文总结了已有的估测算法,基于79组背部图像面积、实际面积、体长、体宽、体高、臀宽、臀高数据,使用线性回归、幂回归、二次回归、主成分线性回归、RBF(radial basis function,径向基函数)神经网络等方法,重建了13种体质量估测模型,并比较了13种模型的估测精度。结果表明,基于体长、体宽、体高、臀宽和臀高的线性回归模型具有较好的估测精度,估测值与真值的相关系数达到了0.996。利用主成分法去掉体尺的共线性,利用曲线回归解决残差不均匀问题,更加符合猪体质量增长趋势,结果表明基于主成分的幂回归模型具有较高的相关系数和较低的标准估计误差,对于97组数据的估测平均相对误差为2.02%。使用猪场实测24组数据验证模型,估测质量与测量值相关系数为0.97,估测平均相对误差为2.26%,标准差为1.78%,优于基于面积和面积体高结合的估测模型,平均绝对误差为2.08 kg,优于面积体高结合方法的平均绝对误差。试验证明使用多个体尺的主成分幂回归体质量估测模型较为精确,可用于机器视觉估测猪体质量的应用中。     

Effect of different pig feeding strategies on the nitrogen fertilizing value of slurry for Lolium multiflorum

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent to which altering pig nutrition for environmental reasons could affect the N fertilizing value of slurry. This was assessed by studying the nitrification of NH₄-N and the N use efficiency of slurries obtained from growing pigs offered feeds either with commonly applied contents of crude protein (CP) and bacterially fermentable substrates (BFS) or reduced CP levels and/or elevated BFS levels. Soil/slurry mixtures were incubated for 16 weeks at 20°C using 0.2 g total slurry N addition per kg soil. In a 15 weeks lasting pot experiment with Lolium multiflorum, N derived from the same slurries was applied at two N doses with overall either 0.4 or 0.8 g total slurry N/kg soil. In the pot experiment the effect of slurry on plant growth and N uptake was compared with a mineral N fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) treatment and a non-fertilized control. Slurries obtained from pigs fed at reduced CP content had lower pH, total N content and proportion of NH₄-N than slurries obtained from pigs fed at higher CP. Accordingly incubation of soil/slurry mixtures using slurries obtained from low CP feeds resulted in lower NO₃-N concentration in the soil. Furthermore, a lower proportion of the added NH₄-N was nitrified in treatments involving slurries derived from low CP feeds. Modifying the BFS content in feeds had minor effects both on slurry characteristics and on slurry NH₄-N nitrification in soil. Although reduced CP and, to a lesser extent, elevated BFS altered the N release pattern to plants, slurry N use efficiency during the four cuts following the first fertilization ranged at a similar level of 32 to 33% for all types of slurry. This apparent use was significantly lower than that of the mineral N fertilizer which amounted to 72 to 75% of the added N. Nitrogen balance showed that less than 22% of the added mineral N fertilizer was lost from the soil/plant systems while from 32 to 47% of the N added with the slurries was lost independently of the type of slurry. So overall N utilization by crop and rate of slurry N recovery did not significantly differ which indicates that the investigated modifications of pig feeding appear to have no short term negative effect on the N fertilizing value of slurries.     

妊娠猪舍氨气及氧化亚氮浓度测定与排放通量的估算

在北京选择一典型猪场,对不同季节妊娠舍的氨气及氧化亚氮浓度进行了为期1年的试验测定,并根据二氧化碳平衡原理,对猪场不同生长阶段的妊娠猪含氮气体的排放通量进行了估算。结果表明:冬季2004年11月氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为(11．64±4．36),(1．17±0．2)mg／m~3,夏季7月舍内氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为(3．31±2．67),(0．6±0．02)mg／m~3;妊娠猪饲养期间的氨气排放通量为每头(185．2～500．8)mg／h,氧化亚氮为(3．85～35．93)mg／h。     

妊娠猪舍氨气及氧化亚氮浓度测定与排放通量的估算

在北京选择一典型猪场，对不同季节妊娠舍的氨气及氧化亚氮浓度进行了为期1年的试验测定，并根据二氧化碳平衡原理，对猪场不同生长阶段的妊娠猪含氮气体的排放通量进行了估算。结果表明：冬季2004年11月氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为11.64±4.36，（1.17±0.2）mg／m³，夏季7月舍内氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为3.31±2.67，（0.6±0.02）mg／m³；妊娠猪饲养期间的氨气排放通量为每头（185.2～500.8）mg／h，氧化亚氮为（3.85～35.93）mg／h。     

Forms and plant-availability of sulfur in cattle and pig slurry

The contribution of animal slurry to the supply of S to plants was studied. The total-S content of cattle and pig slurry was significantly correlated to DM and nitrogen content and was composed of sulfide, sulfate and C-bonded S. During 42 weeks of storage sulfate concentrations decreased and sulfide and C-bonded S concentrations increased. In a pot experiment plant-availability of S in slurry was found to be low, 5 to 7% of total-S.     

Distribution of fertiliser N among fixed ammonium fractions as affected by moisture and fertiliser source and rate

The relevance of fixed in certain soils and its categorisation has made it necessary to re-examine N behaviour. A replicate factorial experiment was designed to investigate the influence of soil type, soil moisture and fertiliser source and rate on fixation dynamics with particular attention to the distribution between weakly and strongly fixed pools. Fixation of was <20% of added N for all soils except River Estate. The percentage of added N present as fixed was greater for the low application rate. Soil moisture did not significantly influence weakly fixed . However, the dry soil treatment showed greater fertiliser ¹⁵N present as strongly fixed . Fertiliser ¹⁵N present as weakly and strongly fixed decreased and increased, respectively, at the second sampling, indicating movement between the pools. The importance of the weakly fixed fraction as a transitory pool between strongly fixed and available was observed.     

Effects of pig slurry application on soils and soil humic acids

The effect of three annually consecutive additions of pig slurry at two rates (90 and 150 m3 x ha(-1) x year(-1) on soils and soil humic acids (HAs) was investigated in a field experiment under semiarid conditions. Soils and pig slurries were analyzed by standard methods. The HAs were isolated from soils and pig slurry by a conventional procedure based on alkaline extraction, acidic precipitation to pH 1, purification by repeated alkaline dissolutions and acidic precipitations, water washing, dialysis, and final freeze-drying. The HAs obtained were analyzed for elemental (C, H, N, S, and O) and acidic functional group (carboxylic and phenolic) composition, and by UV-vis, FT-IR, fluorescence, and ESR spectroscopies. With respect to the control soil, the pig slurry amended soils had greater pH and electrical conductivity, slightly larger total N content, and smaller values of C/N ratio. A decrease of total organic C was observed only in soils amended for 2 and 3 years at the higher slurry rate. With respect to control soil HA, pig slurry HA was characterized by larger contents of S- and N-containing groups, smaller acidic functional group and organic free radical contents, a prevalent aliphatic character, extended molecular heterogeneity, and smaller aromatic polycondensation and humification degrees. Amendment with pig slurry HA determines a number of modifications in soil HAs, including increase of C, S, and COOH contents, C/N ratios, and aliphaticity and decrease of extraction yields and N, O, phenolic OH, and organic free radical contents. These effects are generally more evident after the first year of slurry application and tend to disappear with increasing number of treatments. Most probably, over the years the slightly humified slurry HA is mineralized through extended microbial oxidation, whereas only the most recalcitrant components, such as S-containing, phenolic, and aliphatic structures, are partially accumulated by incorporation into soil HA.     

猪粪沼液防治辣椒疫病机理研究--沼液中铵与腐殖酸的作用

为探明猪粪沼液对作物土传病害的防治效果与机制,设纯化肥处理为对照,采用盆栽试验比较了猪粪沼液(ADP1)、外源添加铵沼液(ADP2)、除铵沼液(ADP3)、除腐殖酸沼液(ADP4)施用对辣椒疫病的防治效果。结果表明,猪粪沼液(ADP1)可以显著降低辣椒疫病的发病率(防效40.8%),去除沼液中的铵或腐殖酸后,对辣椒疫病的防治效果显著下降,其发病率与病原菌对照(PC)无显著差异。定量PCR检测结果表明,ADP2处理土壤疫霉数量最少(2.51×103copies.g 1),ADP3、ADP4沼液处理的辣椒根际疫霉数量较多,分别为8.19×103copies.g 1、1.38×104copies.g 1;土壤中辣椒疫霉菌的数量低于9.54×103copies.g 1时,辣椒疫病发病率与土壤中病原菌数量有较好的对应关系。不同沼液处理对细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响不同。病原菌存在下,ADP1处理的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均最多,ADP2处理的真菌数量最少。孢子萌发试验表明,随着铵和腐殖酸处理浓度的增加,对疫霉菌游动孢子萌发的抑制率均逐渐增大。浓度为500 mg.L 1、1 000 mg.L 1、1 500 mg.L 1NH4+对疫霉菌孢子萌发的抑制率分别为77.6%、81.8%、95.4%。用浓度为25 mg(C).L 1、50 mg(C).L 1、75 mg(C).L 1、150mg(C).L 1的猪粪沼液腐殖酸处理疫霉菌游动孢子6 h,游动孢子萌发率分别比无菌水对照下降了27.8%、54.5%、70.0%、87.5%。研究表明铵和腐殖酸可能是沼液的主要抑菌因子,沼液作为土传病害抑制剂具有一定的应用前景。     

Chlordane transport in a sandy soil: effects of suspended soil material and pig slurry

In experiments in lysimeters of sandy soil chlordane was transported in water flows only when sorbed on suspended soil material. A chlordane ‘concentration’ was calculated by dividing this sorbed chlordane by the volume of the water sample in which the suspended matter was carried. In all but one lysimeter the first peak in this ‘concentration’ appeared in the drainage well ahead of the first peak in the concentration of bromide applied at the same time as the chlordane. Chlordane also persisted in the drainage for less time than bromide. The transport of chlordane was most closely associated with that of the largest category of suspended soil material (> 1.2 μm), possibly because that category contained the most organic matter. It was not associated with the transport of colloidal matter for either of the two possible size limits applied to the latter (< 0.22 μm or < 0.45 μm). In the lysimeters to which pig slurry was applied the evidence that it enhanced the transport of chlordane was limited and equivocal; the chlordane was probably sorbed strongly by the soil's organic matter before the slurry was applied. The application of chlordane was 100 times greater than in normal agricultural practice and it was followed by a substantial volume of water. Nevertheless, only 0.00002% of it was transported from the lysimeters, and its ‘concentration’, calculated as above, never exceeded the EU limit of 0.1 μg1^?1 for any one pesticide.     

猪粪沼液培养微藻系统中试试验

为实现猪粪沼液资源化的大规模应用,该研究以小球藻（Chlorella E2E）为试验藻种,开展了中试规模的\     

沼液联合冻融预处理对水稻秸秆理化特性的影响

农业秸秆厌氧发酵生产沼气、氢气潜力巨大,然而受其自身结构影响,秸秆直接厌氧发酵生物质能转化率较低,需要经过前期预处理以打破秸秆木质素的复杂结构,提高秸秆纤维素、半纤维素的利用率。冻融预处理秸秆技术操作简单、预处理效果好,但目前冻融预处理过程常用的酸碱浸泡液易造成潜在环境污染风险。该研究针对中国北方冬季气温低的特点,以水稻秸秆为原料,选取富含氨氮的厌氧发酵副产物：沼液作为浸泡液,模拟北方冬季自然平均最低气温（-20 ℃）,基于单因素、正交试验,系统研究沼液浸泡联合冻融预处理水稻秸秆的理化特性及规律。结果表明：沼液联合冻融预处理后,水稻秸秆的木质素结构及分子间氢键发生显著破坏,O-H、C-H、C＝C、C＝N、N＝N、N＝O等基团的吸收峰均呈现减弱趋势,水稻秸秆晶型结构未改变,但结晶度显著降低,最低降至29.82%,比较原秸秆结晶度减少21.38%;沼液浸泡过程可将水稻秸秆C/N显著降至30以下,而冻融过程对沼液浸泡后秸秆C/N的影响不显著,最低降至28.19;浸泡时间与冻融循环次数对木质素去除率交互影响显著,而浸泡温度与浸泡时间、液固质量比对挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）浓度均具有显著交互影响,沼液联合冻融预处理水稻秸秆过程木质素去除率和VFAs浓度最高达到40.06%和4 140 mg/L。研究结果为北方冬季秸秆冻融预处理的低成本广泛应用及冻融预处理的无害化奠定理论基础。     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征,该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification,以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果,重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen,DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时,借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下,采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法,仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动,同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%,出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中,增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示,增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降,但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低,导致脱氮效率下降;贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键,提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度,进而影响脱氮效果。     

西北地区植被净初级生产力估算模型对比与其生态价值评价

净初级生产力(NPP)是绿色植物在单位时间和单位面积上所能产生的有机干物质总量,是地球碳氧循环研究的关键问题之一。通过使用不同模型进行NPP物质量测算并换算为价值量,分析2000—2009年西北地区NPP价值的时空分异特征,了解西北地区近年植被生态效应的变化格局与趋势。结果表明:(1)CASA模型估算出耕地、草地、常绿针叶林的平均NPP分别为4.15 t.hm 2、4.87 t.hm 2和7.35 t.hm 2,统计模型中综合模型与北京模型和CASA模型估算结果最为相近;(2)研究区NPP价值随时间序列递增,耕地与建设用地的增幅集中在2000—2003年,而草地与未利用地增幅集中于2006—2009年,草地增长最快,2009年达7.91 107万元;(3)以县域为单元分析NPP价值空间差异,空间分布的不对称性、趋向均值的偏离程度有所增加,但高值集聚特征也有所加强;(4)NPP价值的空间集聚变化有低值快速升高、高值继续升高、较高值出现下降3种趋势,青藏高原与黄土高原NPP价值增速最快。NPP价值升高趋势比下降趋势更明显,反映了西北地区生态环境呈现整体好转、局部恶化的态势。     

Use of C abundance to study short-term pig slurry decomposition in the field

Applying pig slurry (PS) on agricultural soils is a common practice. However, its impact on soil organic C dynamics is not clear. This experiment investigated the use of natural ¹³C abundance to study the short-term C mineralization of anaerobically stored PS under field conditions. Measurements of δ¹³C-CO₂ were made on soil air samples obtained from a bare sandy loam during 22 d following incorporation of either PS alone, PS+barley straw, or barley straw alone; an unamended treatment was used as a control. Slurry C was enriched in ¹³C (−20.0‰) because of the high corn (Zea mays L.) content of the animal diet. This value contrasted with δ¹³C of −28.4‰ for the soil organic matter and of −29.0‰ for the barley straw. A peak of high δ¹³CO₂ values (average of −9.2‰) was observed on the day of PS application and was attributed to the dissociation of PS carbonates when mixed with the relatively acidic soil. After this initial burst, 36% of the evolved CO₂ originated from the decomposing PS. After 22 d of incubation, approx. 20% of the PS-C had been lost as CO₂. This short-term field study did not show any priming effect of PS on the mineralization of straw or native soil C. Due to its heterogeneity, the use of the isotopic composition of the evolved CO₂ for estimating PS decomposition requires precaution either through the use of a specific experimental design involving comparable C3 and C4 treatments, or calculations to account for the presence of ¹³C-enriched inorganic C in the PS.     

陶瓷膜预处理猪场沼液的工艺参数及效果研究

针对沼液中悬浮物含量高、重金属残留等问题,该研究采用陶瓷膜进行预处理,开展膜过滤工艺参数优化和污染物去除效果的试验。首先证明7种不同孔径陶瓷膜中10～50 nm超滤陶瓷膜通量较高,再选择20 nm膜进行后续沼液温度、膜面流速和浓缩倍数等因素对陶瓷膜通量影响的研究。结果显示：20 nm陶瓷膜通量随温度升高呈指数型增长;较适宜的膜面流速为3.0 m/s,对应的膜通量可达175 L/(m2·h);经济性较高的变频器运行频率范围为40～45 Hz;20 nm陶瓷膜的极限浓缩倍数大于10倍,优于100 nm膜。20 nm陶瓷膜可完全去除沼液中浊度,同时较好的保留溶解性有机质和氮磷钾等无机营养,并对沼液中多种重金属具有良好的阻控效果,综合考虑其生产工艺和使用成本,20 nm陶瓷膜有广阔的实际应用前景。     

Wheat yield and leachability of phosphorus and mineral nitrogen in pig slurry amended Soils

Abstract

An outdoor pot experiment was conducted using wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lotti). Each pot was filled with the upper layer of either a Cambic arenosol (soil A) or a Dystric cambisol (soil B) removed from the correspondent lysimeter where a two‐year wheat experiment (1993–1995) had been carried out with an equivalent experimental design as in the present study. The main objectives of this research were (1) to study the effects of increasing applications (5, 15, and 25 t ha^‐1) of solid phase from pig slurry (SP) on wheat yield and tissue elemental composition and (2) to investigate the risk of contamination of drainage water by leaching of phosphorus (P) and mineral nitrogen (N_min) as a result of those applications to the soil. The control consisted of a basic dressing of NPK fertilizer. Results from the study showed that grain production was lower in the 5 and 15 t ha^‐1 SP treatments compared to the control in soil A probably due to a potassium (K) deficiency. Increasing application rates of SP significantly enhanced P and N_min leaching losses in both soils. Finally on soil A high rates of SP amendments led to the contamination of water with P.     

Bird communities, roads and development: prospects and constraints of applying empirical models

Our objectives were to explain the prospects and constraints of applying empirical models that relate bird community metrics to broad-scale characteristics of roads and development. We explored the practical value of regression models that were derived for a large protected area in the Chihuahuan Desert. These models related bird species richness, relative abundance, or probability of occurrence to total length of roads within each of two spatial extents (1- and 2-km radii), distance to the nearest road, distance to the nearest development, or the two-way interactions of these variables. Empirical models can be used to inform conservation decisions, to parameterise simulation models for conservation planning, to identify threshold levels of road and development variables, and to determine the focus of management experiments for confirmatory hypothesis testing and improvement of model realism.     

水稻遥感估产模拟模式比较

通过大田小区试验,测定了2个品种、3个供氮水平处理的水稻抽穗后不同时期冠层的光谱反射率、叶面积指数及最后的理论产量和实际产量,模拟MSS、TM、SPOT、资源一号CCD相机、IKONOS、MODI S和高光谱的波段来构建光谱差值植被指数DVI、比值植被指数RVI、差值归一化植被指数NDVI和绿度G,并模拟建立遥感估产模式.结果表明:单变量估产模式以差值植被指数DVI效果最好,蜡熟期估产效果要优于抽穗期和灌浆期;多时期复合估产模式估产效果要优于单一生育期;成熟期各种数据的DVI估产模式具有相近估产精度,达91%以上,其中MSS波段的估产精度最高.