雨水冲刷对防腐处理折断杉木的防腐剂流失性能影响

用硫酸铜与二癸基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)复配,对折断木进行顶端施药,模拟1～3年降雨量雨水对药剂主要活性成分流失的影响,检测木材中主要活性成份的载药量.结果表明:随取样深度增大,试样总载药量、DDAC与铜的含量都呈下降趋势;降雨量对试样中铜含量、DDAC含量、总载药量变化影响不显著.经5%浓度的防腐剂施药使腐朽菌不能在木材顶端1 cm内生长,并在2～3 cm 范围内减缓生长,在木材顶端形成防护层,可在3年以上时间内避免和减缓腐朽的发生,有效减少林农损失.5%药剂总成本约1元/株.     

氨(胺)溶季铵铜处理进口木材的野外埋地耐久性能

为了确保进口木材的防腐性能及使用寿命,进行了氨(胺)溶季铵铜处理西部铁杉、南方松及樟子松木材的野外埋地耐久性试验。结果表明:在腐朽及白蚁危害严重地区(Z4),处理南方松及西部铁杉木材可用于户外与土壤接触使用(C4.1),南方松木材可采用标准载药量6.4 kg/m3,西部铁杉木材载药量应大于7.3 kg/m3。标准载药量处理的樟子松木材,可用于中等腐朽危害及无白蚁地区(Z2)在户外与土壤接触使用(C4.1),或者较轻生物危害等级的地区(C3)。     

树干注射防治病虫害技术

树干注射防治病虫害技术是一种新的化学施药技术 ,它通过外力向树干内注入一定量的药剂防治病虫害 ,矫治缺素症 ,调节植物及果实生长发育 ,具有施药准确、药液利用率高、不污染环境的特点。其技术要点如下 :施药器械　目前较先进的有BG30 5D型打陛注横贯机。该机以汽油机作动力 ,速度较快 ,每min能打 8～ 1 0个。注射液的配制　首先确定合适的流向浓度。林木病虫害防治可取 1 5 %～ 2 0 %有效浓度 ,果树可取 1 0 %～ 1 5 %有效浓度。配药最好用冷开水。注射部位和注药量　距地面 30～ 5 0cm处 ,孔洞与地面成 40°夹角。药液应注射到 2～ 3…     

三唑制剂及其铜唑制剂处理材的防腐性能

为开发新型三唑类木材防腐剂,检测己唑醇、氟环唑和三唑醇制剂处理材的防腐性能,并将其分别与铜氨(胺)络合物复配,采用抑菌圈法确定二者的优化配比.检测结果表明,三唑制剂的载药量为0.05～0.08 kg/m3时,处理材质量损失率≤5％;复配的铜/己唑醇、铜/氟环唑、铜/三唑醇三种铜唑制剂,其优化配比范围分别为99～70∶1、124～70∶1、49～32∶1,适宜的载药量为0.8～1.0 kg/m3.     

马尾松木材防蓝变的野外试验

以Me-TBZ、CBZ和DDAC 3种药剂为主要配方由低向高浓度设3个梯度,分别以蒸馏水、75%酒精做溶剂,配制6种复合配方处理马尾松试材进行防蓝变野外试验,清水处理做对照。结果表明:质量百分比为双十烷基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)0.50%～1.00%、甲基硫菌灵(Me-TBZ)0.05%～0.15%、多菌灵(CBZ)0.05%～0.15%复合试剂对马尾松木材防蓝变效果明显。     

防霉型杨木单板制备及性能研究

为提高杨木防霉性能,通过抑菌圈法分别测定3种防霉体系对黑曲霉的抑制能力,并用3种防霉剂体系对杨木单板进行浸渍处理,研究3种防霉剂载药量及对黑曲霉的抑制效果。结果表明:以氨铜为主要有效成分的防霉剂B浓度为1.5%时,对黑曲霉的抑制率可达99%以上,对杨木单板进行浸渍处理,满足GB/T 18261—2013《防霉剂对木材霉菌及变色菌防治效力的试验方法》中试样受霉菌感染值0级的要求;载药量达到3.99 kg/m3时,对黑曲霉抑制效果优良;该氨铜类防霉剂浸渍处理的杨木单板可有效防止霉变。     

橡胶树生长轮宽度、木材密度变异及其预测模型的研究

本文报道了橡胶树 3个无性系生长轮宽度、木材基本密度和热水浸提物含量变异规律 ,并就橡胶树木材材质改良与资源开发利用进行了讨论。木材基本密度无性系间差异不显著 ,无性系内株间差异显著。PR10 7无性系株内木材基本密度径向上为“递增、稳定”的模式 ,过熟期内木材密度降低 ;纵向上为递增到最大值后减少。株内木材密度变化范围为 0 4 70g·cm- 3～ 0 6 0 5g·cm- 3,变异系数为 3 0 %～ 8 2 %。林分内株间木材基本密度变化范围为 0 4 2 1g·cm- 3～ 0 5 80g·cm- 3,变异系数为 5 16 %～ 7 0 5 %。橡胶木浸提物含量较高 ,株内、株间变化范围为 6 6 5 %～ 11 5 3% ;浸提前木材基本密度与浸提后木材基本密度呈显著的正相关 ;3个无性系生长轮宽度、木材基本密度与树龄的关系模型为 5～ 6次多项式方程 ,相关系数r=0 836 2～ 0 9787。     

丙环唑/戊唑醇处理材的野外耐久性能评价

对丙环唑/戊唑醇(PT)及各铜唑处理马尾松进行9年耐久试验。结果表明:较高载药量PT处理材,在北京试验场9年耐腐朽完好,在广州试验场则7年时基本完全腐朽或被白蚁蛀蚀,适用于生物危害等级较低的户内或户外地上环境使用。铜唑Cu PT及铜/戊唑醇CuTEB处理材,各载药量时的耐腐朽效果均较好,但均在第6年开始遭受不同程度的蛀蚀;Cu PT处理材的抗白蚁蛀蚀性能更优,可用于户外地上环境(C3)及户外与土壤接触的环境(C4.1),包括白蚁高危害地区。     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分的流失性试验

以季铵铜防腐剂处理南方松为原材料,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析不同pH值、不同温度的水环境对季铵铜防腐木中有效成分流失率的影响。结果表明:铜和DDAC的总流失率在pH 9时的碱性环境明显小于其在酸性环境下的流失率,在pH 3时,分别达到最大值40.80%和44.43%;随着温度从室温(10℃)升高到30、50℃,铜和DDAC的流失率均明显增大;在14 d的流失时间里,铜和DDAC的流失率呈现出随时间递减的规律,并且DDAC比铜更容易流失到环境中。     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分总流失率的动力学分析

以季铵铜防腐剂处理的南方松为试材,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析10、30和50℃3种温度条件下防腐木中有效成分的总流失率,并基于时间-温度叠加原理,运用阿伦尼乌斯方程,进行总流失率的动力学分析.结果表明:3种温度条件下铜和DDAC的流失趋势是一致的.根据铜和DDAC总流失率,得出防腐木表面的活化能为Ea=54.59 kJ/moL,相关系数R2达到0.98以上,拟合性较好,由此证明可以用动力学分析方法预测ACQ防腐材中铜和DDAC在10～50℃温度范围内总流失率变化.     

Comparative effectiveness of two alkylammonium compounds as wood preservatives

This study describes a laboratory evaluation of the efficacy of two alkylammonium compounds [didecyldimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC)] when applied via vacuum impregnation or superficial treatment. Treated wood specimens were tested for their termite and microbial resistance under controlled laboratory conditions. The higher chemical retentions were needed to suppress the feeding by Coptotermes formosanus ≦3% mass loss in the multichoice test than in the no-choice test. The DBF and DDAC retention levels necessary to meet the performance requirement ≦3% mass loss after 12-week fungal exposure varied with wood species. The retention level of 3 kg/m³ for DBF and DDAC was generally high to keep the nondurable wood species free of decay. Although there was no difference between DBF and DDAC in the efficacy against decay and termite attack, the former slightly outperformed the latter as an antimold and antisapstain agent.     

Spectrophotometric assay of a wood preservative, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), in aqueous solution

A spectrophotometric assay based on the color reaction between didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and 4-[4-(dipropylamino)phenylazo]-benzenesulfonic acid (propyl orange) was used for the determination of DDAC as a wood preservative. The assay was carried out using a propyl orange solution at pH 2.9. The visible absorbance spectrum of propyl orange showed an absorbance maximum at 510 nm, which decreased continuously with increasing DDAC concentration from 0 to 20 ppm. A linear correlation was observed at a DDAC concentration lower than 8 ppm. To apply this assay method to determine DDAC retention in treated wood, the influence of wood extractives on the assay was investigated. Wood extractives from sapwood and heartwood of Japanese cedar, Hinoki cypress, Japanese larch, and Western hemlock showed no influence on DDAC determination except in the case of heartwood from Japanese cedar and Hinoki cypress, which gave apparent DDAC concentrations higher than the actual values. However, it was also found that absorbance measurement at 477 nm solved this overestimation and gave precise values. It was concluded that this assay is a viable alternative to the current methods for DDAC determination.     

铜-季铵盐复配木材防腐剂的防腐性能

在实验室内采用常规的真空－加压法浸注试件，土壤木块法进行防腐试验，检验了铜－季铵盐类防腐剂（FFJ－1、FFJ－2和FFJ－3）对白腐采绒革盖菌[Coriolus versicolor(L.ex Fr.)Quel.]和褐腐绵腐卧孔菌[Poria placenta(Fr.)Cooke.]的防腐性能，结果表明：在较低的保持量下，都有较好的防腐效果。与百菌清（可湿性粉剂）、五氯酚钠、三唑酮相比较，它们对白腐菌的防腐性能与百菌清相近，批五氯酚钠和三唑酮好。     

敖汉旗小流域主要树种生长过程的研究

在内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗小流域选择小叶杨、白榆、油松为研究对象,采用样地法和标准木树干解析木法,对标准地内林木进行每木检尺,同时对标准木树干解析,从而对流域内3种人工造林树种进行树高、胸径以及材积生长过程分析。结果表明:立地条件对不同人工林都存在明显的生长抑制作用。(1)小叶杨在种植19年后,树高、胸径、材积量生长均出现下降或减缓;从材积生长来看,第5~19年时为小叶杨的速生期;(2)白榆在种植后9~10年间树高和胸径生长速度开始降低,树高连年生长量与平均生长量相交于10年。材积量的快速积累可达22年;(3)油松在种植后14~19年开始出现树高和胸径生长降低现象,种植后19年是油松生长的转折期,应在此时实施疏伐调整。从材积生长来看,第7~20年时为油松的速生期。     

Fungal–copper interactions in wood examined with large field of view synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to demonstrate how synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) can be used to better understand the mechanisms of copper tolerance in wood decay fungi. Copper is a major component in commercial wood preservatives as it is toxic to many wood decay fungi. However, certain fungi are copper tolerant and can attack preservative-treated wood, resulting in structural damage to treated wood members. Here we used large-field XFM to visualize six different elements (K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the mycelia and wood inoculated with four different species of brown rot wood decay fungi. Wood blocks were partially dipped into a solution of copper sulfate, exposed to fungi in malt extract agar petri dish assays for nine weeks, and then imaged and compared to blocks that were partially dipped in water. The blocks were imaged immediately adjacent to an end-matched control that was placed in malt extract agar petri dish assays for 9 weeks, but not exposed to the fungi so that the differences in the elemental distributions could be directly compared. The colonized wood and mycelia were rich in K, Ca, Mn, and Fe; however, the elements and the spatial distribution in the mycelia and wood differed across fungal species. The most interesting results were the maps showing the copper distribution. While three of the four fungi grew on the copper-rich region of the wood, only one species, Fibroporia radiculosa, dramatically reduced the copper concentration in the region of fungal growth.     

尖峰岭绿楠树生长过程的研究

对海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种———绿楠人工林进行了样地调查,并进行了样木横剖树干解析,研究其生长规律及与环境的关系。研究结果表明：（１）绿楠是比较速生的树种,地径、胸径、树高和材积的年生长都呈多峰态曲线;（２）胸径年生长高峰值出现在第１１年,而树高年生长量高峰期晚于地径和胸径生长高峰值出现的年份;（３）在生长初期（８ａ前）,材积生长极缓慢,年生长量＜００００９ｍ３,其后开始较快增长,到第１７年出现最大值０００８６８ｍ３;（４）从平均生长量看,地径变化比较平缓;胸径在１４ａ前呈稳态上升趋势,１４ａ后呈平稳发展状态并略有下降;树高在１９ａ前基本呈稳态上升趋势,１９ａ后保持在０５０ｍ／ａ左右,并呈缓慢地下降趋势;材积一直是随着年龄的增加而增加;（５）不同坡位的水肥等条件不同,因而影响了绿楠树的生长,离水沟最近的下坡地的树高和胸径比上坡分别大３７５％和２９１％;（６）绿楠树地径、胸径和树高的连年生长变化趋势基本上与降雨蒸发比（Ｒ／Ｅ）变化趋势相一致,说明水分状况是影响绿楠生长的一个重要环境因子。     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防褐腐作用及力学性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以褐腐菌棉腐卧孔菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)、ACQ处理材的耐腐性能、力学性能及胶接性能进行研究.结果表明:1) CCC处理的竹材对棉腐卧孔菌的耐腐性能不及CCB和ACQ处理材;但是,随着CCC处理浓度的增加,处理材耐褐腐性能明显增加,当处理材中金属离子保持量达到5.141 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失低于6.1%.2) CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果低于CCC、CCB和ACQ,略高于氯化锌处理材,当CZC中金属离子保持量高于5.091 kg·m-3时,处理材的质量损失在26.4%～29.0%之间.3) 同素材(未处理材)相比,经防腐剂处理后的竹材力学性能及胶接性能均有不同程度下降,尤其是CCB处理材.在所测指标中,抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度下降最明显,横纹抗压强度和胶接强度除CCB外变化不大.     

柳窿桉在永泰生长情况初报

对永泰县2003年引进栽培在不同地段、2007年底采收利用的柳窿桉9号家系5年生林分进行调查分析的结果显示:树高年均生长量3.00～3.31m,胸径年均生长量2.90～3.24cm,蓄积年均生长量25.83～35.12m3.hm-2;平均出材57m3.hm-2,平均产值3.14万元.hm-2,平均利润1.17万元.hm-2。柳窿桉经济效益较好,在生态效益方面未发现对周围环境产生不利影响,在永泰有较大发展潜力。     

不同间伐强度对思茅松人工林的生长效应研究

通过对景谷试验示范林场12年生的思茅松人工林开展不同间伐强度的试验,结果表明：（1）通过抚育间伐,能促进思茅松树高、胸径的生长,随着间伐强度的增加,林分平均胸径、平均树高也随之增大;（2）思茅松人工林中龄林采用30％的间伐强度,保留木为1428株／hm2较为适宜。     

Methods for determination of duration of surface moisture and presence of water in gaps in wood joints

If water stays on wood surfaces or is trapped in gaps, the wood is supplied with water for a long period of time and high local moisture contents are reached. This can lead to decay by rot fungi, and it is therefore important to avoid such water traps in order to limit the decay rate. This paper presents two methods: one for determination of duration of surface moisture on wood surfaces and one for determination of duration of water trapped in gaps in wood joints. Both these methods are based on electrical conductance measurements that are commonly used to measure moisture content of wood. Both sensor types consist of insulating tubing, electrically conductive adhesive and copper wire. The sensors monitor the presence of moisture on the actual material surface, and because of their small size, they do not influence the amount and duration of moisture that stays on the surface or in the gap.