Klebsiella oxytoca发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇的研究

利用一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca ZU-03)发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇,并对主要发酵工艺参数进行了优化.实验结果表明:在木糖质量浓度 90 g/L、玉米浆质量浓度 6 g/L、接种量 10 %(体积分数)、初始pH值5.5、 30 ℃的条件下发酵 96 h,木糖利用率为 89 %, 2,3-丁二醇的质量浓度为 36.22 g/L,得率为 0.45 g/g,达到了理论值的 90 %.     

树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵影响因素的研究

研究了树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)CBS 5776以木糖为单一碳源发酵生成乙醇的影响因素.结果表明,树干毕赤酵母发酵体系的初始酵母质量浓度、pH值和通风条件对其发酵性能有很大影响,发酵的最佳初始酵母质量浓度为5～7 g/L,最佳pH值范围是4.7～5.5,250 mL摇瓶发酵的最佳持液量为75 mL,最佳摇床转速为150 r/min.在2L发酵罐中,通风量为0.075 L/min,即0.05L/(L·min)时,发酵时间为32 h,最高乙醇质量浓度18.29 g/L,乙醇得率83.2％;厌氧发酵的最高乙醇质量浓度19.09 g/L,乙醇得率86.5％.因此,最优通风量为0～0.075 L/min.pH值的提高和通风条件的改善可以使酵母对乙酸的耐受能力得到提高,在150 r/min的转速、pH值为5时,提高通风量后,酵母乙醇得率比厌氧时提高了166.6％.纯糖实验得到的结果用以玉米秸秆酸性爆破模拟水解液定向驯化的酵母在含有乙酸的模拟糖液中发酵得到验证.     

稻草液化物酶解发酵制备2,3-丁二醇的研究

以乙二醇为液化剂对稻草进行液化和酶解预处理,经肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneu-moniae CICC 10011)发酵制备2,3-丁二醇。考察了温度、pH值、接种量、摇床转速、时间和底物浓度对发酵产2,3-丁二醇的影响。结果表明:稻草液化产物酶解后,经双膜浓缩总糖质量浓度可控制在85～95 g/L,不但为后续发酵提供充足的碳源,而且实现了工艺控制的自动化,易于提高产物浓度,降低分离成本。对其脱色发酵生产2,3-丁二醇,最佳发酵条件为:初始总糖质量浓度94.3 g/L、37℃、pH值5.5、接种量10%、转速170 r/min、反应72 h,制得2,3-丁二醇质量浓度为36.47 g/L,2,3-丁二醇对总糖的转化率可达42.5%,生产效率为0.51 g/(L.h),对其液化产物的转化率最高为33.4%。     

杨树变色真菌生防细菌KLBMP033发酵条件优化

以内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌KLBMP 033对可可球二孢菌的拮抗活性为评价指标,采用单因素多浓度和响应面试验设计法,对其液体发酵培养基和培养条件进行了优化。优化结果表明,发酵培养基为玉米粉17.8g/L,黄豆粉13.7g/L,NaCl5.0g/L;发酵条件pH值7.5,培养温度28℃,转速为180r/min,种子液的接种量4%,装液量60mL/250mL,培养时间为60h;对可可球二孢的抑制率从起始的53.3%提高到83.2%。     

利用汽爆玉米芯酶解液发酵生产类胡萝卜素的研究

研究了汽爆玉米芯酶水解及酶解液发酵生产类胡萝卜素.对影响酶解各因素考察表明:在最适酶解条件下,即温度50℃、pH值4.8、底物质量浓度50 g/L、加酶量48 FPU/g、酶解时间60 h,还原糖质量浓度达34.85 g/L.利用均匀设计对发酵条件进行了优化,最优发酵条件为:装液量23.91 mL,pH值4.85,接种...     

基因重组酵母发酵木糖产酒精的研究

以一株基因重组酵母为研究对象,探讨了厌氧条件下pH值、底物浓度、接种量、乙酸质量分数和葡萄糖添加量等关键因子对木糖发酵的影响。结果表明,重组酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZU-10有较强的发酵木糖产乙醇的能力,在80g/L(相对木糖)、初始pH值5.5、接种量1.2g/L(细胞干质量,相对培养液)、30℃下发酵72h,发酵液中乙醇质量浓度达到28.9g/L。发酵液中的乙酸质量分数低于0.05%时对发酵木糖影响不大。添加适量的葡萄糖可促进木糖发酵,在30g/L木糖培养液中添加40g/L葡萄糖,36h内木糖利用率从79.0%增加到85.7%。     

正红菇液体深层发酵条件的优化

正红菇（Russula vinosa）为出发菌株,对其液体发酵生产胞外多糖的培养基组成（碳源、氮源和无机盐）和培养条件（温度、pH值、发酵时间和装液量）对胞外多糖和菌丝体生物量的影响进行了研究。结果表明：液体发酵培养基的最佳碳源为蔗糖,质量浓度为40g/L;最佳氮源为酵母膏,质量浓度为9g/L;添加无机盐组分为KH2PO42g/L和MgSO41g/L;适宜的发酵条件为初始pH为5.5-6.5,发酵温度为28-30℃,250ml三角瓶装液量为50-60ml,发酵时间为5d。通过优化培养基和发酵条件,胞外多糖产量达到4.96 g/L和菌丝体生物量达到22.34 g/L。     

黑曲霉发酵豆渣产酸性β-葡萄糖苷酶及其水解京尼平苷的性质

利用单因素、正交试验考察了黑曲霉L菌株发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件和酶解京尼平苷的特性。结果表明:2%豆渣适宜作为实验菌株液体发酵产酶培养基,当培养基中接种孢子浓度大于每毫升2×105个时,菌株产酶受发酵温度、装液量的影响显著,而不受接种量、摇床转速的影响,培养基初始pH值1.5时,菌株仍能正常产酶;优化的产酶培养基组成为豆渣1%、米糠1%和Tween 800.1%,初始pH值5.5;菌株在发酵温度28℃、装液量50 mL(250 mL摇瓶)、摇床转速150 r/min的发酵条件下发酵120 h,发酵液酶活为(200±10)U/mL。所产β-葡萄糖苷酶水解京尼平苷的最适温度为55℃、最适pH值2.5、最佳水解时间15 min;在该条件下酶的表观米氏常数(Km)为1.35 g/L,最大水解速率(Vmax)为26.45 g/(L.min.mg),酶活半衰期为15 min,50℃时大于60 min;酶的水解活性受Na+、Ca2+的显著激活,受Mg2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Hg+、Zn2+、Mn2+等离子(10 mmol/L)和葡萄糖、乙醇的抑制。     

一株用于石油污染修复的产漆酶菌种产酶条件优化及性能评价

选取血红密孔菌Pycnoporus coccineus为产漆酶菌种,通过开展单因素产漆酶条件优化研究,明确最佳液体发酵工艺参数,制备出粗酶制剂并进行原油降解性能评价。结果表明:1)漆酶最佳液体发酵工艺参数为初始pH值5～7、初始温度30℃、摇床转速200r/min,接种量1.5%、碳源为羧甲基纤维素钠20.00g/L、氮源为硝酸钠5.00g/L、磷源磷酸氢二钾为2.00g/L、Cu2+浓度为1.00mmol/L、诱导剂为蔥2.00×10-4 mmol/L;复合制剂(粗酶制剂+菌剂)TPHs降解率高于单一制剂(仅投加菌液),环境耐受性、微生物底物作用能力及原油降解速率均显著提升。     

黑曲霉发酵豆渣产酸性β-葡萄糖苷酶及其水解京尼平苷的性质

利用单因素、正交试验考察了黑曲霉L菌株发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件和酶解京尼平苷的特性.结果表明:2%豆渣适宜作为实验菌株液体发酵产酶培养基,当培养基中接种孢子浓度大于每毫升2 x 105个时,菌株产酶受发酵温度、装液量的影响显著,而不受接种量、摇床转速的影响,培养基初始pH值1.5时,菌株仍能正常产酶;优化的产酶培...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.