超声场强化胡萝卜渗透脱水质量传递的研究

对超声场强化胡萝卜渗透脱水过程中的质量传递进行了研究,建立了渗透脱水传质模型。通过实验得出了胡萝卜脱水率及固形物得率,由此确定了超声场强化渗透及自然渗透下的胡萝卜脱水率及固形物得率常数。结果表明,超声场能够强化胡萝卜渗透脱水过程中的质量传递,超声场作用下的胡萝卜失水率常数及固形物得率常数均较自然状态的高;同时通过实验结果分析了超声场强化渗透脱水过程中质量传递的物理机制。     

生物技术在柑橘砧木上的应用

本文概述了当前国内外柑橘砧木生物技术尤其是基因工程技术和体细胞杂交技术在柑橘砧木种质改良和品种选育的研究现状与进展,可为我国柑橘砧木资源的研究与开发利用提供参考。基因工程在柑橘育种中的应用起步较晚,但近年来发展迅速,通过运用农杆菌介导法、附体腋芽转化－离体扩繁鉴定法、DNA直接导入法等基因工程技术对培育新型抗性柑橘砧木品种取得了一定的成果;在体细胞杂种的运用方面,通过原生质体融合,获得了大量具优良性状的杂种体细胞,并建立了多个抗病杂交后代群。目前,柑橘砧木生物技术的研究方兴未艾,现代生物技术在柑橘砧木资源多样性研究与种质改良方面仍是今后的主攻方向。     

超声波对羊奶青霉素的分解研究

为了降低羊奶中青霉素的含量,提高羊奶的安全性,利用超声波与维生素C协同作用分解青霉素。通过TTC试验测定鲜羊乳中青霉素残留量,从而检测破坏效果。结果表明,超声波可以分解不稳定的抗菌素青霉素,超声波与维生素C协同作用下,可以缩短分解青霉素的时间。在细胞粉碎机占空比60、输出功率60%,处理时间2 min,维生素C浓度1%条件下,对含有0.1单位青霉素的羊奶分解效果最佳。     

不同频率下超声波水处理对苹果内传热传质影响规律的试验研究

为探究超声波处理对果蔬加工过程中热质传递的影响规律,以苹果为研究对象,结合不同频率（40、68、80 kHz）超声波处理技术,分别进行超声波辅助低温水浴试验和超声波水预冷处理辅助苹果片真空冷冻干燥试验。结果表明：超声波辅助低温水浴可有效强化苹果与冷水间的热量交换,频率为80 kHz时,苹果果肉中部和近果核处的冷却系数与对照组相比分别增加了35.3%和28.6%;超声波水预冷处理后,真空冷冻干燥过程有效水分扩散系数比对照组分别增加了51.6%（超声波频率40 kHz）、55.9%（超声波频率68 kHz）、58.7%（超声波频率80 kHz）。     

Biodegradation of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate

The paper researches on the degradation of LAS (Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonate) by combining AS1.860 immobilized with low intensity ultrasonic irradiation. The paper also discusses the influence of pH, rotary velocity, LAS concentration and the condition of low intensity ultrasonic irradiation on the degradation of LAS, the degradation rate of LAS is the main index of our experiment, the results of orthogonal test shows that low ultrasonic irradiation can increase the metabolizing of microorganism cells and facilitate the biodegradation of immobilized cells to LAS, here we research the degradation condition of 50mg/L LAS simulation wastewater with low ultrasonic irradiation, and the results show that the influence is obvious, the optimization degradation rate is about 83%, nine point five percent higher than that of the immobilized cells without ultrasonic irradiation.     

一种快速检测启动子调控基因表达活性方法的探讨

启动子活性检测是基因工程实验的重要组成部分,笔者利用绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因作为报告基因,对rd29A启动子在受体细胞中调控基因表达的活性进行检测,采用基因枪法进行对洋葱表皮细胞的遗传转化,培养24h后在荧光显微镜下观察GFP基因的表达情况,并通过软件测定不同培养条件下GFP基因表达后的荧光强度,能较为准确的鉴定该启动子的活性大小,并达到量化目的。方法简单、省时、可靠,可以作为一种有效的检测启动子活性的方法。     

谷氨酰胺合成酶产酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质

通过对枯草杆菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉3种菌株的筛选,得到3种菌株具有产谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的能力,其中米曲霉产酶能力较高,对米曲霉菌株进行紫外线诱变使其产酶能力提高了15.6%。确定了米曲霉最佳超声波破碎条件为:功率400W,工作1s,间歇3s,超声20min。谷氨酰胺合成酶的最佳酶促反应时间为30min,最适pH值为6.5,最适温度为60℃,并且得出了Mg2+和Mn2+对维持酶活至关重要。     

Ultrasonic study of the complete dehydration process of orange peel

The use of ultrasonic measurements as an alternative technique to control the natural dehydration process of the orange peel is assessed by means of studying a sample of 140 fully hydrous “Navelina” oranges at ambient conditions. Velocity and absorption coefficients of ultrasound waves through the orange peel were measured together with physico-mechanical properties (weight loss, oil-gland break stress and thickness of the peel) for a period of 84 days, i.e. as far as the complete dehydration state of the fruit. In this study, the time dependence of the properties and the correlations between them are shown. Finally, an absolute scale of the hydration state of the orange has been established using ultrasonic properties that could be measured in a non-destructive way. These measurements can also be used to obtain information about the peel thickness.     

生物技术与棉花杂种优势利用研究之进展

近年来，棉花生物技术发展迅猛，尤其是棉花基因工程的突破，为棉花杂种优势利用开辟了广阔的新领域。本文对棉花细胞质雄性不有机理、基因工程杂交棉、组织培养诱导棉花雄性不育新类型等作了探讨和综述；并对生物技术和棉花杂种优势利用的前景作了展望。     

园林植物高新技术育种研究综述和展望

随着我国园林绿化市场的持续升温,园林植物育种领域的研究不断得到重视,在传统育种技术的基础上,以现代生物技术、航天和离子注入诱变育种为核心的高新技术育种得到较大程度的发展。本文阐述了基因工程和细胞工程技术在园林植物株型和花型、花色和香味、生长发育、延缓衰老、抗病虫、抗逆境等方面的研究现状;综述了航天育种和离子注入育种等高新技术的研究基础,及其在园林植物种质创新领域的研究进展;并介绍了国内有关研究单位的一些相关研究情况。分析了园林植物育种技术的发展趋势,并重点对园林植物现代生物技术、航天和离子注入育种作了展望。     

高新技术在棉花育种上的应用及进展

棉花生物技术在基因工程方面取得了较大进展。基因工程中,随着农杆菌介导法、花粉管通道法、基因枪轰击法等技术的突破,在棉花抗病虫害、抗除草剂等方面的育种获得成功,相应的新品种已开始了商业化生产。我国棉花生物技术在抗棉铃虫等方面达到世界领先水平。本文结合本实验室的研究工作,综述了生物技术在我国棉花育种中的应用进展,分析了我国棉花生物技术存在的主要问题,提出了相应的发展对策。     

SH-110菌海藻糖合成酶基因克隆、表达及酶学性质研究

为找到理想的工业化生产海藻糖合成酶基因工程菌,以长白山温泉SH-110基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增编码Tres基因片段,克隆至pET-30a(+)原核表达载体,转化E.coli BL21(DE3),实验中采用IPTG和乳糖同时进行对比诱导,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和酶学性质研究。成功克隆了2912 bp的Tres基因,实验中发现加入IPTG和乳糖后,融合蛋白在胞内都得到了表达,而且添加乳糖诱导的蛋白表达量偏高。表达重组酶Tres相对分子量约为110 kDa,最适作用温度60℃,最适pH7.0。金属离子Ca2+、K+、Zn2+对重组酶有明显激活作用,Ba2+、Cu2+、Mn2+有明显抑制酶活作用。重组酶的动力学常数Km为8.823 mmol/L和Vmax为235.29 mmol/L。已成功在大肠杆菌表达重组Tres,为进一步研究利用基因工程菌生产大量海藻糖合成酶,进行大规模生产海藻糖提供理论依据。     

Strategies for variety-independent genetic transformation of important cereals, legumes and woody species utilizing particle bombardment

Summary The limiting component in the creation of transgenic crops has been the lack of effective means to introduce foreign genes into elite germplasm. However, the development of novel direct DNA transfer methodology, by-passing limitations imposed by Agrobacterium-host specificity and cell culture constraints, has allowed the engineering of almost all major crops, including formerly recalcitrant cereals, legumes and woody species. The creation of transgenic rice, wheat, maize, barley, oat, soybean, phaseolus, peanut, poplar, spruce, cotton and others, in an efficient and in some cases, variety-independent fashion, is a significant step towards the routine application of recombinant DNA methodology to the improvement of most important agronomic crops. In this review we will focus on key elements and advantages of particle bombardment technology in order to evaluate its impact on the accelerated commercialization of products based on agricultural biotechnology and its utility in studying basic plant developmental processes and function through transgenesis. Fundamental differences between conventional gene transfer methods, utilizing Agrobacterium vectors or protoplast/suspension cultures, and particle bombardment will be discussed in depth.     

Effect of Low Energy Ultrasonic on the Microorganism Fermentation

Effect of ultrasonic on fermentation of microorganism makes cell membrane damage and has an increase of cell membrane permeability, and the membrane allows matter within to leave and that outside to enter the cell. When the power of ultrasonic is appropriately low, the cell can be retreated by themselves. Owning to this effect on fermentation, it can promote the cell growth, at the same time, can accelerate the secondary metabolite biosynthesize. As a result, the fermentation time is shortened and the production cost is reduced. This paper summarizes application of low ultrasonic in fermentation of microorganism and discusses its potential mechanism.     

Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding in integrated crop–livestock systems: Effects of grazing management and crop rotation strategies

We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean–maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season.     

Focus on the application of crop science and biotechnology to climate change impact assessment and adaptation

Climate change is an apparent phenomenon affecting life in many aspects including crop production, so the assessment of its impact on crop production is urgently required to establish strategies and technologies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Numerous efforts have been made to investigate the effects of climate change with emphases on elevated temperature and CO₂ on crops, to assess climate change impact on crop production, and to develop application technologies for coping with climate change in a sustainable manner. This special issue of JCSB contains a collection of peer-reviewed research articles covering the impact of microclimate conditions on crop production (4 papers), modeling approaches for impact assessment (3 papers), and applications of crop science and biotechnology for climate change adaptation (3 papers). It is believed that this special issue will help crop scientists broaden their knowledge and understanding on climate change issues in crop production and facilitate research in crop science and biotechnology in battling against climate change to sustain current crop production and increase future crop production to feed ever continuously increasing human population.     

Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding in integrated crop-livestock systems: Effects of grazing management and crop rotation strategies

We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean-maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season.     

马铃薯干腐病病原镰孢菌体内产细胞壁降解酶特性研究

干腐病是马铃薯窖储期的主要病害,病原菌往往通过薯块表面的机械擦伤入侵块茎并破坏块茎的薄壁细胞而进行侵染,其中病菌的进一步扩展需要降解寄主细胞壁,因此,针对干腐病病原镰孢菌产酶特性的研究具有重要意义。以接骨木镰孢菌（Fusarium sambucinum）、燕麦镰孢菌（Fusarium avenaceum）、拟丝孢镰孢菌（Fusarium trichothecioides）、黄色镰孢菌（Fusarium culmorum）、拟枝孢镰孢菌（Fusarium sporotriodides）为试验菌种,以克新1号为寄主材料,对5种镰孢菌体内产细胞壁降解酶特性及温度对这些致病菌的产酶特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,当5种镰孢菌接种在马铃薯薯块上后,均可以产生羧甲基纤维素酶（Cx）、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）,其中Cx的活性在侵染后期最高,PMG在侵染前期较高,且Cx活性低于PMG。在温度对镰孢菌活体内产细胞壁降解酶的影响试验中发现,相对于不接菌对照,Cx、PMG的活性在25℃时较高,β-葡萄糖苷酶在20℃下活性较高,PG在20℃和25℃的活性都较高。以上结果说明：镰孢菌侵染马铃薯时会产生大量的细胞壁降解酶,Cx活性在侵染后期较高,PMG活性在侵染前期较高,且低温不利于真菌细胞壁降解酶的产生。     

国内大丽花品种资源保存现状及发展对策研究

甘肃省的临洮县在大丽花的育种、推广和产业发展方面处于全国领先地位,不但栽培面积广、从业人员多、品种自成体系、产品销往国内外,而且已成为中国国家地理保护产品,是名副其实的中国大丽花生产与销售中心。但近年来,临洮大丽花种植面积锐减、品种丢失严重、产业发展陷入低谷,同时国内其他地方的大丽花产业也面临着同样的问题。笔者通过查阅资料和实地调研,发现导致大丽花产业严重萎缩的原因有：（1）可耕土地与从业人员减少;（2）落后的设施条件跟不上产业发展的需求;（3）产品形态单一导致附加值低下;（4）缺乏理论指导限制了品种更新;（5）保护意识不强致使新品种流失严重等。并在此基础上提出了走出大丽花困境的对策：（1）加强大丽花育种与品种保护力度;（2）改变以农户为单元的落后经营模式;（3）构建现代化农业设施和物流平台;（4）开发大丽花新型产品;（5）通过花展活动带动地方经济与产业发展等。     

环境控制与丛枝菌根在组培苗生产中的作用

生理状态和品质差是限制组培生产的关键因素。在此,综述了植物组培不同发展阶段组培苗生长发育中存在的生理和品质问题,分析了其形成原因,介绍了解决上述问题的工程和生物学方法,详细论述其作用机制。最后,作者认为深入研究丛枝菌根、环境因子控制和组培苗生理状态和品质间的互作关系是非常必要的,并指出两项技术的结合将是解决组培苗生理状态和品质差问题的有效途径。