双季稻区长期不同施肥管理对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响

为探明双季稻区不同施肥制度对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响, 以 ‘通 0306’ 和 ‘蒙啤麦 1号’ 为材料, 采用田间小区试验方法, 系统比较研究了 30%有机肥+70%化肥、 60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥 3种施肥制度对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明, 大麦主要生育期, 单株根系、 茎干物质和地上部分干重均表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥; 分蘖期至成熟期, 各处理间大麦单株根系和茎干重差异均达显著水平。叶、 穗均表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥, 60%有机肥和 30%有机肥处理均显著高于对照。分蘖期到成熟期, 根系干重占总干物质量的比例为无肥＞30%有机肥＞60%有机肥, 穗干重比例为 30%有机肥＞60%有机肥＞无肥; 拔节期到成熟期, 茎的比例均以 60%有机肥处理最高; 叶干物质比例在成熟期为无肥＞60%有机肥＞30%有机肥。大麦主要生育期, 30%有机肥和 60%有机肥处理大麦叶片 SPAD值均显著高于无肥处理; 成熟期, 各处理间差异达显著水平。大麦各生育期, 各处理大麦单株叶面积表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥。各施肥处理大麦产量表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥, 分别比无肥增产 717.45~721.15 kg/hm²和 756.45~782.05 kg/hm²。说明不同施肥制度大麦干物质积累和产量有各自特征, 有机肥与化肥配施处理植株干物质总量大而且分配合理, 有利于改善产量构成因素, 增加大麦产量。     

Connect Technique of Laminated Object Manufacturing Using Metallic Materials as Modeling Materials

To solve some key problems existed in the manufacturing of metallic functional part via Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), a new technique using vacuum solid-state pressure diffusion weld technique to connect the metallic slice sheets is presented in this paper. The following conclusions can be draw from the experiments introduced specially: the size in the stack direction shrink at the rate of less than 1% and the shrinking is owed to regularly error, the atom-diffusion between two combined interface occurred clearly and new crystallites shaped meanwhile, shearing intension of well connected diffusion section is more than 100 MPa and micro hardness of well-knit portion is the same to matrix's. It can be proved from the result above that the vacuum solid-state pressure diffusion technique weld is a perfect technique for connecting metallic slice sheets used in the manufacturing of metallic functional part via LOM.     

Assessment of drought tolerance among Algerian maize populations from oases of the Saharan

Maize (Zea mays L.) is severely affected by drought and this challenge is expected to worsen with climate change. One of the most promising solutions is breeding for drought tolerance that requires the identification of sources of drought tolerance. Eighteen maize populations from the Algerian Sahara were evaluated along with three European and two American checks in two Algerian locations under drought and control conditions. Under drought conditions, Algerian populations had large variability for most traits and the populations BTM and LOM out yielded most checks. The ratio yield under drought/yield under control conditions was 65.90, 65.33, and 53.23% for BTM, TAO and LOM, respectively. These populations maintained also yield components such as grain weight, ear length, number of kernel rows, ears per plant, and leaf area under stress conditions; furthermore, they have reduced leaf rolling. TAO and BTM presented the highest relative water content, and LOM had the highest proline content. Algerian populations can be considered as a novel source of favorable alleles for drought tolerance and show a wide variety of mechanisms of response to drought.     

不同施肥处理对黑土碳素及活性有机质的影响

以东北黑土区所处的特殊自然条件为背景,以黑土为研究对象,研究了长期不同施肥处理对黑土碳素及活性有机质的影响。结果表明：各施肥处理对黑土总碳、黑土有机碳和黑土活性有机质的积累均起到积极作用;有机肥与化肥配施处理较NPK处理培肥效果更佳;有机肥与化肥配施处理中,有机肥施用量对黑土总碳、黑土有机碳和黑土活性有机质的影响不明显。     

Breeding parthenocarpic pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.): Necessity,genetical possibilities,environmental influences and selection criteria

Summary Parthenocarpic pickling cucumbers have been selected after crossing pickling and slicing cucumbers. On the best lines 90% of the female flowers set fruit (up to 75 fruits per plant within six weeks). At declining daylength productivity decreased, mainly because of a reduced flower initiation and partly by a reduced parthenocarpic potential.The correlation between several selection criteria and the possibilities of preselection of young plants is discussed.     

Gummy stem blight resistance of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)

Summary A start was made with breeding for resistance to gummy stem blight in cucumber. A method has been development for screening plants in a young stage. Using this method a distinct level of resistance was found in plants of Leningradsky, Wjarnikovsky,a P.I. entry from Birma, Rheinische Vorgebirge and a P.I.entry from Turkey. Lines developed from this material show a higher level of resistance than Dutch slicing and pickling cucumber varieties.     

基于HJ-1数据的冬小麦种植面积、长势与收割进度遥感监测

及时、准确地获取冬小麦种植面积、长势、收割进度等信息对冬小麦产量预报和农田精细管理具有重要意义。本研究采用HJ-1A/B CCD1/CCD2影像,结合S-G滤波算法、波段最大化的光谱角目标探测器、阈值分割等方法进行新乡市冬小麦种植面积、小麦长势和收割进度等遥感监测。结果表明：（1）利用HJ卫星NDVI时间序列数据结合波段最大化的光谱角度目标探测器方法,可以进行冬小麦种植面积提取,各县市冬小麦种植面积提取相对误差在10%以内;（2）单景影像NDVI值阈值分割可以反映冬小麦长势在时空差异;（3）冬小麦达到抽穗期的时间不一致,NDVI值在4月15日和21日附近达到最大值;（4）利用成熟期和收割期不同时间的NDVI影像,可监测各县市冬小麦收割进度的时空差异。各县市冬小麦在6月4日前开始收割与6月15日左右完成收割工作。HJ卫星时间序列遥感数据可以进行冬小麦种植面积、长势、收割进度等遥感监测。     

全橙果渣面包工艺优化及受欢迎度评价

橙子切块加水打浆后,将橙子渣添加到高筋小麦粉中制得全橙果渣面包,在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面分析优化全橙果渣面包工艺。结果表明,全橙果渣面包的最佳工艺为:高筋小麦粉500 g,全橙果渣140 g,牛奶200 g,白砂糖72 g,酵母10 g,食盐7 g,黄油31 g,焙烤温度为上火210℃、下火180℃,焙烤时间12 min,得到具有鲜橙特殊色泽、香气、滋味的营养面包。此工艺条件下烘烤出的全橙果渣面包纤维素含量增加了60%,经过模糊数学计算,受欢迎度值80.68,为非常喜欢。     

Interspecific hybridization in Cucumis (L.). I. Need for genetic variation,biosystematic relations and possibilities to overcome crossability barriers

Summary The genetic variation in pickling and slicing cucumbers (C. sativus L.) seems insufficient to enable the breeder to solve serious cultivation problems. Wild allies of C. sativus possess a wide range of interesting characters which could be incorporated by means of species crosses. In the past, attempts to achieve such crosses have failed. Important characters of Cucumis species are mentioned and biosystematic problems discussed. Results of previous research on species crosses prompted an examination of the prospects of further research.     

粮食作物空间诱变育种技术工作研究进展

1987年以来,先后成功的利用返回式卫星（15次）和飞船（6次）进行生物搭载试验,选育出一批优良新品种、新品系,其中通过省级以上审定的30多个,并在各地推广应用,取得明显的经济效益和社会效益,同时,在空间诱变育种机理研究上也取得重要进展。各地实践证明,空间诱变育种是集太空育种技术与农业育种技术相结合的高技术育种新途径,具有明显加快育种进程,缩短育种周期,提高育种效益的作用     

Purification of Curcuma Oil With the Ginger Residue

A new adsorption purification process of curcuma oil are obtained with the ginger residue. Effective factors on the produce ratio of curcuma have been studied. Antioxidant potential and reduction property of curcuma oil have been researched. The results show that the production ratio and properties of the curcuma oil is similar to that with CO_(2) exceeded critical extraction method. The process is simple in operation, and its cost is low. There is reductive carbonyl group in curcuma oil. Curcuma oil has a function of antioxidation.     

Postharvest damage and darkening in fresh fruit of Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.)

Uapaca kirkiana is an important indigenous fruit crop in southern Africa that loses quality partly due to skin darkening. To determine whether the darkening is related to fruit injury during harvest and postharvest handling, the effects of damage caused by cutting, peeling or slicing on darkening of skin and flesh over time of unripe green and brown skinned fruit has been investigated. Also, unwashed and washed ripe fruit were exposed to direct sunlight to mimic the conditions at roadside markets where the fruit are commonly sold, and then compared with fruit kept under shade. Incising green fruit accelerated skin darkening and loss of yellowness and greenness as indicated by decreases in chroma L^* and b^* values, and increasing a^* values, respectively. Decreases in skin brightness and yellowness also occurred in the incised brown skinned fruit, but their greenness did not change significantly over time. Severity of darkening increased with increasing level of damage on the skin. Peeling and slicing of both green and brown skinned fruit resulted in loss of flesh brightness, and yellowness and greenness over time. Exposing ripe fruit to direct sunlight after harvest resulted in more skin darkening compared with keeping the fruit under shade. No significant differences in skin darkening were found between unwashed and washed fruit. The study has demonstrated the important contribution of fruit damage and exposure to direct sunlight towards postharvest fruit darkening.     

The breeding of scab-resistant frame cucumbers in the Netherlands

Summary Scab caused by the fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum, may cause serious damage to frame cucumbers. Bulbosan (trichlorotrinitrobenzene) is an effective chemical means of control. Between 1945 and 1954 this German fungicide could not be supplied, and, as a result, the need for resistant varieties became very great.Before 1920 scab-resistance in pickling cucumbers was already known to Dutch growers. Selection started around 1920 on the initiative of W. G. v. d. Kroft and resulted in scab-resistant pickling cucumbers of which Baarlose Nietplekker VI is still widely grown. In 1948 G. W. v. d. Helm (Exp. Garden at Sloten) started breeding a scab-resistant yellow slicing cucumber destined for gardeners in the neigh-bourhood of Amsterdam. The resistant variety Highmoor was used as one parent. In 1954 the yellow variety Vios and the white variety Mabro were introduced. In 1952 G. W. v. d. Helm at the Exp. Garden Sloten, and J. M. Andeweg at the Institute of Horticultural Plant Breeding, Wageningen, simultaneously started breeding green scab-resistant frame cucumbers, using Highmoor as the resistant parent. In 1955 the experimental garden at Sloten introduced the scab-resistant green slicing cucumbers Amato and Proso, while in 1956 the Institute of Horticultural Plant Breeding introduced the scab-resistant green slicing cucumber Esvier. In 1953 seed of 2 first-backcross populations was supplied by the Institute to seed growers. At present intensive breeding for scab-resistance is also being carried out by a number of Dutch seed growers.Scab-resistance depends on one dominant gene; and young plants can readily be tested for resistance. Consequently a backcross scheme can easily be carried out. Rapid breeding is possible because at least 2 cultures can be carried out yearly. If necessary, cuttings of promising plants can be taken. Before and after artificial pollination the flowers can be tied up with raffia. It is simpler, however, to pinch the flowers with a special stainless clip as originally used for grafting cucumbers.The uniform fruit colour of the Dutch green frame slicing cucumbers is a recessive character; the fruit length of the Dutch varieties is dominant.     

Potato germplasm enhancement for resistance to biotic stresses at CIP. Conventional and biotechnology-assisted approaches using a wide range of Solanum species

Summary Potato genetic improvement has been facilitated using new knowledge of potato reproductive biology and new techniques. Many wild diploid species as well as landrace cultivars have been used in breeding at the diploid level, a strategy which is supported by 1) 2n gametes and 2) haploids from tetraploid cultivars. Different categories of wild species which have been under-utilized are now being exploited further in more systematic enhancement programmes using semi-conventional and biotechnological methods. Molecular maps of the potato genome are used actively to achieve marker-assisted introgression and improved selection among the germplasm collections to facilitate the use of valuable wild genetic resources. As an alternative method to incorporate a high level of fesistance, genetic engineering has been employed to facilitate the initial breeding process using various gene constructs for controlling major biotic stresses in the world.     

Advance in Research on Interfacial Reaction in SiCp/Al Composites

Researchers aronnd the world conducted experiments according to the aspects of interfacial reaction principle, contributing factors, control approaches, etc. In the aspect of interfacial reaction principle, possibly existing interfacial chemical reaction between Al alloy liquid and SiC particles, interfacial reaction process and model, phases in the interface, etc. , have been researched. In the aspect of contributing factors to interfacial reaction, the relationship among interfacial reaction and process, parameters of fabrication such as effect of Mg, Si content, SiC pretreatment, temperature, cooling speed to interfacial reaction has been investigated. In the aspect of efficient control approaches to interfacial reaction, matrix alloying, surface treatment to SiC particles, process selection and process parameters control have been studied. Research direction of interfacial reaction for the future can be generalized as the following aspects; interfacial fine structure, chemical thermodynamics and kinetics of interfacial reaction, establishment and optimization of heat and mass transfer model to interfacial reaction and new efficient control approaches to interfacial reaction.     

广佛手保健含片的研制

研究了佛手保健含片的研制工艺,结果表明,新鲜广佛手切片后,经过70℃热水热烫3min,榨汁后静置过滤,加入1%的β-环状糊精,1%甘草,75%甜味剂,17%麦芽糊精和2.5%润湿剂,搅拌均匀并制成软材,然后在温度40℃下干燥20min,再添加0.5%硬脂酸镁,在压片机上压片,包装即得到成品。     

国家棉花区域试验工作十年回顾与展望

简要回顾前50年国家棉花区域试验的发展过程,总结近10年国家棉花区域试验主要进展及推荐审定的品种,分析区试组别的变迁以及分子技术在区域试验中的应用情况。展望未来棉花区域试验的发展方向,提出一些新思路。     

保水剂对土壤和棉花根系生长发育的影响

【研究目的】基于棉田可持续发展的思想,通过盆栽和田间试验主要研究保水剂对土壤和棉花根系生长发育的影响。【方法】利用茚三酮法、钼蓝法及土壤双向切片法。【结果】试验表明：土壤中的保水剂含量在0.030%~0.100%范围内,土壤表面蒸发明显降低,pH值趋于酸化;棉花前期根系生长发育加快,表现为根系活力增强,根系干重较大,且在土壤内分布较为合理,土壤深层根系衰减较慢,更有利于棉株均衡生长发育,防止棉花旱衰。【结论】在30~45 kg/hm2用量内能够明显提高棉花的产量,增产幅度达10%以上,铃数增加5.7~9.4万个/hm2,铃重增加0.1~0.19g。     

Diphenylamine and pre-slicing storage effects on the responses of apple slices to elevated CO2 atmospheres

The effect of treatment with diphenylamine (DPA) and duration of postharvest storage of whole apple fruit on the responses of fresh-cut apple slices to elevated CO₂ storage atmospheres has been investigated. On the day of harvest, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Empire’ and ‘Delicious’ apples were untreated or dipped in DPA, and were held at 0.5 °C overnight or for 6 weeks before slicing. Slices were then stored at 0, 15, 30, 45 or 60% CO₂ in 1% O₂ (balance N₂), atmospheres. Color, firmness and accumulation of acetaldehyde, ethanol and ethyl acetate of the slices were measured. Generally slices were lighter (higher L^* values) when stored in elevated CO₂ atmospheres, but atmosphere and DPA effects varied by cultivar and were affected by pre-slice storage time. Slices prepared from stored fruit were softer compared with slices prepared at harvest. Slice firmness was not affected consistently by CO₂ or DPA concentration, whether they were prepared at harvest or after storage. The effects of increasing CO₂ concentration on acetaldehyde and ethanol accumulations were variable, being affected by cultivar and storage period. DPA treatment did not affect acetaldehyde accumulation of any cultivar, or ethanol accumulation of slices prepared from fruit at harvest. However, DPA-treated ‘Empire’ and ‘Delicious’ apples stored before slicing accumulated less ethanol compared with untreated fruit. Storage of apples before processing increased the accumulation of fermentation volatile compounds by cut apples under storage atmosphere conditions.     

高摩尔比脲醛化肥的研究

（武汉理工大学材料学院,武汉 430070）