重金属污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

我国发展过程中粗放的土地利用方式使越来越多的土壤受到了重金属污染,土壤重金属污染严重制约了农业的可持续发展,因此土壤重金属治理势在必行。本文阐述了生物修复的原理、特点、分类与现状,并在此基础上对各分类的不足进行了分析,对生物修复技术的发展方向提出了建议。     

黑臭水体生物治理与生态修复的实践探讨

生物修复是指通过特定的生物清除、吸收、降解或转化污染物,使受污染的环境可以完全恢复到原始状态.当前在对受到污染的水体进行修复时主要采用化学修复技术、生物修复技术和物理修复技术,其中生物修复技术具有生态节能、环境友好等优点,是一种应用前景广阔的生态修复技术.本文以江苏省无锡市滨湖区为例对黑臭水体形成的原因进行了分析,然后提出了生态修复设计理念,并重点从水质净化、水体生态系统构建两个方面对生态修复措施进行了讨论,希望能为接近条件的城市河道治理提供参考.     

土壤污染主要因素和修复方法的建设路径研究

目前我国土壤环境形势不容乐观,部分地区土壤污染问题较为严重,耕地土壤质量堪忧,工业废弃地土壤环境问题日渐凸显。加之土壤污染成因复杂,危害性高,致使土壤污染的治理和土壤修复成为当前研究热点。为此,课题组系统梳理了土壤污染的现状和主要因素,以开展土壤污染修复示范点建设、强化土壤修复科技支撑能力、构建土壤修复投入机制为宏观层面,以重金属污染的治理、生物污染的治理、放射性物质的治理、土壤污染的综合治理为微观层面,构建了土壤污染修复的建设路径,旨在为相关研究提供参考依据。     

植物修复技术与农业生物环境工程探究

在我国发展过程中,由于各种不当的开发,不仅对于环境造成了一定的影响,而且还影响了人们的正常生活。在环境治理工作开展过程中对于重金属的治理难度较大,只有积极的对环境治理技术进行创新,才能保证环境治理工作的有效性。植物修复技术是一种全新的环境治理技术,具有良好的治理效果。文章主要针对植物修复技术进行研究分析,同时以此为基础对植物修复技术与农业生物环境工程进行研究。     

湖南省衡东县稻田土壤、稻米镉污染及治理修复技术

通过对湖南省衡东县稻田土壤和稻米Cd的污染普查,分析了造成Cd污染的原因,提出了切断污染源、建立监测体系、推行物理修复方法、调整种植制度和采用综合农艺技术等修复治理措施。      

土壤污染成因及防治策略研究

土壤是人类赖以生存的重要资源,也是农业发展的基础,近年来受农业生产残留物、工业废料、生活垃圾等污染源的影响,我国土壤污染的现象日益严重。在土壤污染防治过程中,从加强工业“三废”排放的治理和监管,科学进行农业生产等角度着手,结合区域土壤情况和防治情况,科学选用土壤修复方法,可有效提升防治效率,降低防治成本,保证防治效果。     

浅析耕地土壤污染现状及修复措施

耕地土壤污染是导致我国耕地质量下降、土地利用率降低、威胁国家粮食安全的一大主要因素。为了修复污染土壤,提高耕地质量,笔者从我国土壤污染的现实状况出发,分析了耕地土壤污染的主要来源,并重点分析了工业领域和农业领域产生土壤污染的主要诱因。在此基础上,提出了耕地土壤污染的修复方式,主要有物理修复方法、化学修复方法、生物修复方法、联合修复方法四种,并简要介绍了不同修复技术的应用原理、优缺点和适用方向。除此之外,还应当继续加大科技在土壤污染修复工作中的投入力度,以政府为主导,整合企业、高校以及群众等各方资源优势,协调工业和农业等范围内的污染物排放,以期从根本上缓解耕地土壤污染问题,为我国耕地保护和耕地质量提升提供一定思路。     

挺水植物修复技术在处理受污染开放水体中的实验研究

对水体生态治理和修复技术的原理进行了概述,并对开放水体受污染生态技术处理方法进行了分析和探讨,提出应用挺水植物修复技术来处理受污染开放水体的方法,并对该方法进行了试验研究,实验结果表明该方法处理效果较好,从而提出了适合受污染开放水体治理方法。     

土壤重金属污染大生物量植物修复技术研究进展

分析了土壤重金属污染修复技术的研究现状及存在的问题,研究了大生物量非超富集植物修复技术进展。对当前大生物量非超富集植物的研究进展进行了综合分析,其中包括粮食作物、油料作物、蔬菜、杂草和树木、花卉、经济作物等大生物量植物受重金属污染情况下的非超富集修复技术,提出了土壤重金属污染植物修复的研究方向。研究成果对土壤重金属污染修复技术的发展具有重要参考价值。     

生物及生态修复技术在河道整治工程中的应用

随着人们对生态环境问题的日益关注,水利工程中的水生态环境元素也成为工程技术中不可忽视的层面,各地在河道整治中注重实施河道的生物修复和生态恢复也就成为大势所趋.河道生物修复是一类低耗、高效和环境安全的生物技术, 是国外流行的最新治污技术之一,特点是能对污染环境进行原位处理,勿需基建投资,效果理想且无副作用.将生物修复技术与水工工程技术相结合应用于城市河流的生态恢复工程实践在国内尚属探索起步阶段,结合石井河流域均和涌整治工程实践,介绍水体生物修复技术在城市污染河流综合整治工程设计中应用的一个实例.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。