节水灌溉技术及其对水稻产量影响的研究进展

综述了中国水稻生产中控制灌溉技术、干湿交替灌溉技术、水稻“薄、浅、湿、晒”灌溉技术、微灌技术、蓄雨型灌溉技术和覆盖旱种6种常用的节水灌溉技术及其应用发展情况,并总结了控制灌溉技术、干湿交替灌溉技术和覆盖旱种3种主要节水灌溉技术对水稻产量的影响及其机理。从加强水稻根—土互作机理、新技术应用以及根构型特性研究等方面提出了未来节水灌溉技术的研究重点,以期为中国水稻高产节水栽培提供理论与实践依据。     

水稻节水灌溉技术研究现状与发展趋势

在论述水稻生产重要意义的基础上,对国内外水稻灌溉技术的研究现状进行了归纳和分析,重点分析了我国当代水稻节水灌溉技术的发展,并对水稻灌溉技术的研究趋势进行了前瞻。     

水稻节水灌溉技术研究现状与发展趋势

在论述水稻生产重要意义的基础上，对国内外水稻灌溉技术的研究现状进行了归纳和分析，重点分析了我国当代水稻节水灌溉技术的发展，并对水稻灌溉技术的研究趋势进行了前瞻。     

国内外寒地水稻节水灌溉技术研究进展

从节水灌溉角度出发,对国内外水稻灌溉技术的研究动态和趋势进行了详细的概述,并结合我国水资源特点,有针对性地介绍了我国水稻灌溉的研究进展,同时提出了几种高产节水灌溉模式,进而为今后的寒地水稻节水灌溉研究提供帮助。     

水稻控制灌溉技术

水稻控制灌溉又称水稻调亏灌溉,是指在秧苗本田移栽后的各生育期,田面基本不再长时间建立水层,而是采用"浅、湿、干"循环交替灌溉,根据水稻不同生育期田块干燥程度确定灌水时间、灌水次数和灌水定额的一种灌溉新技术。介绍了水稻控制灌溉技术模式的基本操作要点,适用于东宁县的技术模式及其配套农业措施。     

盘锦灌区节水灌溉对水稻及稻田生态环境的影响

盘锦市水资源形势严峻,在水稻生产中发展节水灌溉是应对水资源短缺的有效措施。总结了盘锦灌区应用的水稻节水灌溉模式,综述了节水灌溉对水稻生长发育、产量的影响及对稻田生态环境的影响,并对节水灌溉技术的研究趋势进行了展望,以期为水稻生产提质增效、水稻绿色栽培提供理论和实践依据。     

移栽水稻高产高效节水灌溉技术的生理生化机理研究进展

水资源匮乏威胁水稻生产的可持续发展和粮食安全。为了应对水资源紧缺和增加粮食产量,农业科学家开发了各种节水灌溉技术和生产体系。本文综述了当前移栽水稻生产上主要应用的节水灌溉技术并从水稻生长、激素、蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性等方面阐述了其生理生化机制,提出水稻高产高效节水灌溉技术存在的问题与研究展望。     

信息选萃

2005年元旦前夕,浙江省科技厅组织专家对由中国水稻研究所主持完成的“水稻超高产生产集成技术研究、示范和推广”和“水稻好气灌溉技术研究与示范”两项成果进行鉴定。鉴定委员会在听取了项目研究报告,审阅了有关资料后,一致认为两项成果均达到国际先进水平。“水稻好气灌溉技术研究与示范”是通过对水稻不同灌溉模式下生理和稻田生态特性的研究,明确了水稻生长过程中不同时期的合理土壤水分指标和灌溉模式,改变传统灌溉引起的弊病,有利于水稻生长,减少病害感染,改善群体生态环境,并形成了一套“三水三湿一干”的核心灌溉技术,即“寸水插秧…     

寒地水稻优质高产浅湿灌溉技术

鸭绿河农场经过多年试验示范,推广应用浅湿灌溉技术,以从本田田间水分管理的角度提高水稻的产量和品质。阐述了浅湿灌溉的概念和关键点,总结了水稻各生育期浅湿灌溉技术要点,并介绍了自水稻返青期至停灌期的浅湿灌溉具体措施,其中详细说明了必须晾田的几种情况。     

水稻优化灌溉技术

<正> 一、技术特点水稻优化灌溉技术是在水稻浅湿灌溉研究基础上,运用模糊理论对经验灌溉模式优化分析取优,并根据土壤水能量理论从研究水稻吸水机制入手,得出水稻的优化灌溉模式,即土壤水分调节模式。该模式与先进的农业措施相结合,形成一套因土因苗制宜,浅、湿、干灵活调节,促、控、养结合的优化灌溉技术。     

Crisis management of water shortage in an irrigation area with a pipeline network system

Problems caused by water shortage in a paddy-field district with a pipeline network system are different from those in a district with an open channel system. Abnormally low rainfall in Japan caused a very serious water shortage in 1994. A survey was carried out in the Hokuriku region, about 300 km in the north of Tokyo, and a typical paddy cultivation area, to determine problems in irrigation practices caused by water shortage and to find countermeasures for the problems. The following results were obtained. A tank model was proposed to estimate water requirements at the field level. The results showed that the amount of rainfall during the irrigation period in 1994 was only 27.1% of an average year and the rate of water sufficiency at the field level was 70.6%. Then, a simulation method was proposed to estimate hydraulic phenomena in a pipeline network system. The result showed that the pipeline network system distributed water to each hydrant unequally during water shortage. Based on simulations, the methods to equalize water supply to each hydrant and to set up reuse system of water were proposed.     

蔬菜节水灌溉技术

概述了目前推广应用的6种蔬菜节水技术：即水肥一体化技术、膜下沟灌技术、膜下滴灌技术、膜下微灌技术、喷灌技术和高垄栽培技术，为蔬菜的节水、节肥、省工、省力、高产高效栽培提供参考。     

水分胁迫对水稻生长的影响

通过不同时期、不同程度水分胁迫对水稻生态、生理、生化指标及生育状况影响进行试验研究,针对辽河中下游平原水稻生产,提出了不同湿润年的水分生产函数及相应的敏感指数;提出了非充分灌溉条件下的调优灌溉栽培技术。     

谈甜菜的节水灌溉与技术

论述了甜菜的耐旱性与需水规律及节水灌溉的必要性;总结了我国甜菜节水灌溉的试验研究;介绍了节水灌溉的多项技术.     

Numerical simulation on effect of irrigation conditions on water temperature distribution in a paddy field

Water management methods regulate water temperature in paddy fields, which affects rice growth and the environment. To understand the effect of irrigation conditions on water temperature in a paddy field, water temperature distribution under 42 different irrigation models including the use of ICT water management, which enables remote and automatic irrigation, was simulated using a physical model of heat balance. The following results were obtained: (1) Irrigation water temperature had a more significant effect on paddy water temperature close to the inlet. As the distance from the inlet increased, the water temperature converged to an equilibrium, which was determined by meteorological conditions and changes in water depth. (2) Increasing the irrigation rate with higher irrigation water amount increased the extent and magnitude of the effects of the irrigation water temperature. (3) When total irrigation water amount was the same, increasing the irrigation rate decreased the time-averaged temperature gradient effect over time across the paddy field. (4) Irrigation during the lowest and highest paddy water temperatures effectively decreased and increased the equilibrium water temperature, respectively. The results indicate that irrigation management can be used to alter and control water temperature in paddy fields, and showed the potential of ICT water management in enhancing the effect of water management in paddy fields. Our results demonstrated that a numerical simulation using a physical model for water temperature distribution is useful for revealing effective water management techniques under various irrigation methods and meteorological conditions.

     

水稻节水栽培研究进展

总结了国内外水稻耐旱品种选育、水稻节水灌溉技术、覆盖旱作技术以及稻田土壤耕作技术等主要水稻节水栽培技术,并对水稻节水栽培技术的研究方向进行了展望。     

Water Use by the Olive Tree

Summary

This is a review of water use by the olive tree, in which the most-relevant knowledge from the literature is combined with key results from experiments just finished or currently in progress. We describe the plant characteristics and mechanisms conferring drought tolerance on the olive tree. The root system functionality, hydraulic characteristics of the conductive system, leaf water relations, and transpiration behavior are considered. We explain the most-advanced techniques for optimizing irrigation, based on a more accurate calculation of the crop water needs. The crop responses to deficit irrigation strategies and to the use of wastewater for irrigation are also included.     

冷灌繁殖水稻低温敏核不育系技术研究

 通过盆栽和大田试验，研究了籼型低温敏核不育系GD-2S的冷灌繁种技术。结果表明，1)冷灌开始时期以幼穗分化Ⅲ期(二次枝梗和颖花原基分化)为好。但是，GD-2S的温度诱导育性转换的敏感期在抽穗前的第11天至19天，即雌雄蕊形成期(Ⅳ期)至花粉母细胞减数分裂期(Ⅵ期)。冷灌处理开始至植株产生反应之间存在一个启动过程。2)冷灌天数以13 d左右为宜。冷灌处理会导致颖花退化，延缓生育进程，推迟抽穗时间。冷灌开始时期越早或冷灌时间越长，颖花退化越严重(如冷灌20 d的达25.5%)，结实率也降低。3)冷灌深度以12 cm左右(刚浸至生长点)深的结实率最高。     

Assessment and water saving issues for Ningxia paddies,upper Yellow River Basin

In the Hetao Irrigation Districts of the Ningxia autonomous region, Upper Yellow River Basin, the continuous deep flooding irrigation method is used for the rice paddies. The field irrigation water use during the rice-growing season is two to three times higher than in other regions of North China where water-saving practices have been introduced. This paper, based on the data measured in experimental rice fields and sub-branch canal systems, presents main results concerning crop evapotranspiration, percolation and irrigation requirements for deep and shallow water irrigation. Causes for water waste relate to both the lack of regulation in supply and distribution canals and to the poor management of paddy fields. The potential for water saving is discussed using water balance data. Improved irrigation techniques and water management strategies, including the shallow water irrigation method, are suggested considering the expected impacts and benefits. Replacing the current continuous deep flooding with the shallow-ponded water irrigation method may reduce the growing season irrigation water use from 1,405 to 820 mm in average, with a likely increase in yields of 450 kg/ha. Water productivity would then increase from 0.49 to 1.03 kg/m³. Adopting improved canal management and modernization of regulation and control structures may lead to decreasing the gross irrigation demand from the present 3,100 mm to about 1,280 mm, which would highly benefit the environmental conditions in the area.