Chemical characterization of red wine grape (Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against Streptococcus mutans

Grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols. However, the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety, and may be modified during vinification. In this study, we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking (pomace) on some of the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans a well-known dental pathogen. Grape phenolic extracts were obtained from Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir and Vitis interspecific hybrid varieties Baco Noir and Noiret. The anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols content were highly variable depending on grape variety and type of extract (whole fruit vs fermented pomace). Nevertheless, all grape phenolic extracts remarkably inhibited glucosyltransferases B and C (70-85% inhibition) at concentrations as low as 62.5 microg/mL (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the glycolytic pH-drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts without affecting the bacterial viability; an effect that can be attributed to partial inhibition of F-ATPase activity (30-65% inhibition at 125 microg/mL; P < 0.01). The biological activity of fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better than whole fruit grape extracts. The results showed that grape phenolic extracts, especially from pomace, are highly effective against specific virulence traits of S. mutans despite major differences in their phenolic content.     

Separation and HPLC-MS identification of phenolic antioxidants from agricultural residues: almond hulls and grape pomace

Almond hulls and grape pomace are residues abundantly generated by agricultural industries, which could be processed to obtain bioactive products. To this purpose, crude ethanol extracts from both agricultural byproducts were attained and subsequently fractionated in order to obtain an organic/water fraction (FOW). Extracts and fractions were analyzed for antioxidant power and their phenolic components tentatively identified by HPLC-MS. Chromatographic peaks of almond hull extracts showed the occurrence of hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, with minor presence of flavan-3-ols (ECG, EGCG), whereas the FOW fraction offered the additional presence of epicatechin (EC) and glycosylated flavonols. In the composition for extracts of white and red grape pomace several of these compounds were also detected but basically consisted of glycosylated flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol). As a difference between both grape pomaces, myricetin glycosyde was found in that from the red variety, whereas flavan-3-ols (EC, afzelechin) were only identified in white pomace. When their FOW fractions were analyzed, gallic acid and some hydroxybenzoic acids were additionally detected. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and TBARS assays. Almond hulls showed inhibition percentages lower than 50% in both assays, while the inhibition percentage ranged from 80% to 90% in pomace extracts. Red grape pomace extract was the most efficient antioxidant, with an EC50 value of 0.91 g/L for TBARS and 0.20 g/L for DPPH. Even appearing as two quite different vegetal matrixes, the composition of phenolics in grape pomace and almond hulls is quite similar, the main difference being the major occurrence of flavonols in grape pomace. This fact could presumably explain the lower antiradical activity of hull extracts.     

Effects of solvent and temperature on pressurized liquid extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolics from dried red grape skin

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was used to extract anthocyanins from the freeze-dried skin of a highly pigmented red wine grape with six solvents at 50 degrees C, 10.1 MPa, and 3 x 5 min extraction cycles. Temperature (from 20 to 140 degrees C in 20 degrees C increments) effects on anthocyanin recovery by acidified water and acidified 60% methanol were also studied. Acidified methanol extracted the highest levels of total monoglucosides and total anthocyanins, whereas the solvent mixture (40:40:20:0.1 methanol/acetone/water HCl) extracted the highest levels of total phenolics and total acylated anthocyanins. Acidified water extracts obtained by PLE at 80-100 degrees C had the highest levels of total monoglucosides, total acylated anthocyanins, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and ORAC values. Acidified methanol extracts obtained by PLE at 60 degrees C had the highest levels of total monoglucosides and total anthocyanins, whereas extracts obtained at 120 degrees C had the highest levels of total phenolics. High-temperature PLE (80-100 degrees C) using acidified water, an environmentally friendly solvent, was as effective as acidified 60% methanol in extracting anthocyanins from grape skins.     

Effect of gamma-irradiation on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, total phenolic content, and respiration of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Ionizing treatments were applied at 0.5 kGy, 1.5 kGy, and 2.5 kGy to edible mature mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, albidus) in order to assess the effect of the gamma-irradiation on some biochemical parameters. Irradiation at doses of 1.5 kGy and 2.5 kGy reduced significantly (p < or = 0.05) the rate of respiration of the mushrooms, compared to that of samples irradiated at 0.5 kGy and nonirradiated control samples (C). Ionizing treatments increased significantly (p < or = 0.05) the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and total phenols concentration between days 1 and 4. From days 3-4, to the end of the storage period (day 12), both PAL activity and total phenols in the irradiated samples (I) collapsed to lower values. In contrast, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased until days 7, 9, and 12 for samples treated at 0.5, 1, and 2 kGy, respectively. Color measurements showed a loss of whiteness (L value) during storage. After day 4, however, the effectiveness of gamma-irradiation became apparent, and highest L values were obtained for I only.     

Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves

Water, aqueous methanol, and aqueous ethanol extracts of freeze-dried leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. from different agroclimatic regions were examined for radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. All leaf extracts were capable of scavenging peroxyl and superoxyl radicals. Similar scavenging activities for different solvent extracts of each collection were found for the stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(*)) radical. Among the three different moringa samples, both methanol and ethanol extracts of Indian origins showed the highest antioxidant activities, 65.1 and 66.8%, respectively, in the beta-carotene-linoleic acid system. Nonetheless, increasing concentration of all the extracts had significantly (P < 0.05) increased reducing power, which may in part be responsible for their antioxidant activity. The major bioactive compounds of phenolics were found to be flavonoid groups such as quercetin and kaempferol. On the basis of the results obtained, moringa leaves are found to be a potential source of natural antioxidants due to their marked antioxidant activity. This is the first report on the antioxidant properties of the extracts from freeze-dried moringa leaves. Overall, both methanol (80%) and ethanol (70%) were found to be the best solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from moringa leaves.     

Organic compounds of different extractability in total solvent extracts from soils of contrasting water repellency

Previous studies examining organic compounds that may cause water‐repellent behaviour of soils have typically focussed on analysing only the lipophilic fraction of extracted material. This study aimed to provide a more comprehensive examination by applying single‐ and sequential‐accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), separation and analysis by GC/MS of the total solvent extracts of three soils taken from under eucalypt vegetation with different degrees of water repellency. Water repellency increased in all the soils after extraction with DCM/MeOH (95:5), but was eliminated with iso‐propanol/ammonia (95:5). Quantities of major lipid compound classes varied between solvents and soils. Iso‐propanol/ammonia (95:5) solvent released saccharides, glycerol, aromatic acids and other polar organic compounds, which were more abundant in fractionated extracts from the single extraction and the third step sequential ASE extraction, than in the extracts from the DCM/MeOH ASE solvent. Dominant compounds extracted from all soils were long‐chain alkanols (>C₂₂), palmitic acid, C₂₉ alkane, β‐sitosterol, terpenes, terpenoids and other polar compounds. The soil with the lowest repellency lacked >C₁₈ fatty acids and had the lowest concentrations of alkanols (C_26,C₂₈ and C₃₀) and alkanes (C₂₉, C₃₁), but a greater abundance of more complex polar compounds than the more repellent soils. We therefore speculate that the above compounds play an important role in determining the water repellency of the soils tested. The results suggest that one‐stage and sequential ASE extractions with iso‐propanol/ammonia and subsequent fractionation of extracts are a useful approach in providing a comprehensive assessment of the potential compounds involved in causing soil water repellency.     

Obtention and characterization of phenolic extracts from different cocoa sources

The aim of this study was to evaluate several cocoa sources to obtain a rich phenol extract for use as an ingredient in the food industry. Two types of phenolic extracts, complete and purified, from different cocoa sources (beans, nibs, liquor, and cocoa powder) were investigated. UPLC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify the phenolic composition of the extracts, and the Folin-Ciocalteu and vanillin assays were used to determine the total phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents, respectively. The DPPH and ORAC assays were used to measure their antioxidant activity. The results of the analysis of the composition of the extracts revealed that the major fraction was procyanidins, followed by flavones and phenolic acids. From the obtained results, the nib could be considered the most interesting source for obtaining a rich phenolic cocoa extract because of its rich phenolic profile content and high antioxidant activity in comparison with the other cocoa sources.     

氮营养对青花菜花球酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响

采用无机基质盆栽,研究不同氮营养水平（5、10、15和20 mmol/L）对两品种青花菜花球生长、总酚、类黄酮含量及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,提高氮浓度水平,有利于青花菜株高、花球直径、花球鲜重和干重的增加;两品种花球的总酚含量随着氮浓度的增加呈降低的变化趋势,当供氮浓度高于10 mmol/L,总酚含量显著降低。花球中主要含有槲皮素和山萘黄素两种黄酮醇物质,而且山萘黄素含量是槲皮素的1.48倍;在低氮 （5 mmol/L）处理下,两品种花球的槲皮素含量和绿优2号的山萘黄素含量显著高于其他处理。增加供氮浓度,花球的二苯代苦味酰基（DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）自由基清除率和铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP, Ferric reducing /antioxidant power assay) 值呈下降趋势,限制了其抗氧化能力。相关性分析表明,两品种花球的FRAP值与酚类物质的正相关性显著高于DPPH自由基清除率。两品种相比较,中晚熟品种马拉松的花球直径、鲜重和干重显著高于中早熟品种绿优2号,而其总酚含量和抗氧化能力明显低于绿优2号。以上结果说明,通过氮营养水平能够调控青花菜酚类物质合成和抗氧化能力,从而为生产高营养品质的青花菜产品提供了可能的途径。     

Effect of addition of commercial grape seed tannins on phenolic composition, chromatic characteristics, and antioxidant activity of red wine

The effect of addition of grape seed tannins on the phenolic composition, chromatic characteristics, and antioxidant activity of red wine was studied. Two highly pure commercial grape seed tannins (GSE100 and GSE300) were selected, and their phenolic compositions were determined. Two types of red wines were made with Castela?o/Tinta Miu?da (3/2, w/w) grapevine varieties by fermentation on skin using two different maceration times, which correspond to the wines rich and poor in polyphenols, respectively. Each of these wines was used for experimentation with the addition of GSE100 and GSE300 before and immediately after alcoholic fermentation. Phenolic composition, chromatic characteristics, and antioxidant activity of the finished red wines were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, CIElab 76 convention, and DPPH radical test, respectively. The results showed that the addition of grape seed tannins had obvious effects of increasing color intensity and antioxidant activity only in the wines poor in polyphenols. Although GSE300 contained much higher amounts of di- and trimer procyanidins and a lower amount of polymeric proanthocyanidins, it provided effects of increasing the color intensity and antioxidant activity of the wines poor in polyphenols similar to those of GSE100. Furthermore, GSE100 released more gallic acid to wines than GSE300, although no gallic acid was detected in GSE100. Tannins added after alcoholic fermentation had a better effect on phenolic composition of red wine than tannins added before alcoholic fermentation.     

Antioxidant activities of phenolic,proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid components in extracts of Cassia fistula

Cassia fistula L., a semi-wild Indian Labernum, is widely cultivated in Mauritius as an ornamental tree for its beautiful bunches of yellow flowers and also used in traditional medicine for several indications. The total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant activities, of fresh vegetative and reproductive organs of Cassia fistula harvested at different stages of growth were determined using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antioxidant activities were strongly correlated with total phenols (TEAC r = 0.989; FRAP r = 0.951) in all organs studied, and with proanthocyanidins (TEAC r = 0.980; FRAP r = 0.899) in reproductive organs including fruits. The antioxidant activities of reproductive parts were higher than those of the vegetative organs, with the pods having highest total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant potentials (TEAC = 992 +/- 0.4 micromol/g dry weight; FRAP = 811 +/- 23 micromol/g dry weight).     

Improving grape phenolic content and wine chromatic characteristics through the use of two different elicitors: methyl jasmonate versus benzothiadiazole

Benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJ) have been described as exogenous elicitors of some plant defense compounds, polyphenols among them. The objective of this study was to determine whether the application of BTH or MeJ to grape clusters at the beginning of the ripening process had any effect on the accumulation of the main flavonoid compounds in grapes (anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavanols) and the technological significance of these treatments in the resulting wines. The results obtained after a 2 year experiment indicated that both treatments increased the anthocyanin, flavonol, and proanthocyanidin content of grapes. The wines obtained from the treated grapes showed higher color intensity and total phenolic content than the wines made from control grapes. The exogenous application of these elicitors, as a complement to fungicide treatments, could be an interesting strategy for vine protection, increasing, at the same time, the phenolic content of the grapes and the resulting wines.     

Determination of total content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in vegetables--evaluation of spectrophotometric methods

This research studies in detail the contents of phenolic compounds determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the antioxidant activities determined by the TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), DPPH (using diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl radical), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods, and their correlations for used standards with these methods (catechine, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, Trolox, ascorbic acid, and ferrous sulfate) and extracts from several species of commonly consumed vegetables were studied in detail. The comparison of absolute values of absorption coefficients for used standards and for individual methods allows one to choose optimal common standards for methods to be compared. The procedures applied for the same sets of the extracts using identical calibration procedures and common standards allowed better comparison of the results obtained by the TEAC, DPPH, and FRAP methods. The values of content of phenolic substances and total antioxidant activity of the sets of samples correlate very well for all used methods. The very high values of antioxidant activity were found in intensely colored vegetables (red cabbage, red onion, etc.), and the values were very low in watery vegetables such as potato, marrow, and cucumber.     

Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and cross-cultural consumer rejection threshold in white and red wines functionally enhanced with catechin-rich extracts

White and red wines spiked with catechin-rich green tea extract and grape seed extract were assessed for phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and cross-cultural consumer rejection thresholds in relation to wine as a functional food. Health functionality is an important factor in functional foods, and spiking pure compounds or plant extracts is an effective method to increase or control functionality. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were measured in wines spiked to different extract concentrations, namely, control and 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/L, to confirm the dose-response curves in both white and red wines. Consumer rejection thresholds (CRTs) were established for spiked wines in a Korean and in an Australian population. Our results showed that the green tea extract and grape seed extract increased the antioxidant activity dose dependently, and the CRTs varied considerably between the Korean and the Australian groups, with Koreans preferring wines spiked with green tea extract and Australians showing a preference for wines spiked with grape seed extract. These results have implications for producing wine products that are enhanced in phenolic compounds and targeted to different cultural groups.     

不同耕作方式对土壤水热变化的影响

为了研究各免耕处理下土壤的水热变化,2005～2008年在黄河流域清水河县对玉米进行了5种不同耕作方式的试验研究。结果表明,土壤含水量、温度在5种不同耕作方式下均达到了显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)差异。①三年间在0～10 cm土层,整个生育期内留高茬覆盖、留低茬覆盖、留高茬、留低茬处理的平均土壤含水量分别较常规耕作增加了29.92%、26.23%、17.30%、13.95%。在0～40 cm土层,留茬覆盖处理能有效地抑制土壤水分蒸发,提高作物的水分利用率。在80～100 cm土层,土壤含水量达到最大值。土壤水分变化主要受季节影响,随秸秆覆盖和降雨量的变化而变化。②土壤温度在5 cm土层变化幅度最大,留茬覆盖能有效地调节土壤温度,使土壤温度日变化平缓,且随土层深度的增加土壤温度的变化幅度减小。③不同耕作方式形成的土壤微环境为玉米的生长发育提供了更好的基础,其中留茬覆盖处理效果最佳,由于水热状况良好,留茬覆盖下作物产量较高。     

Genotype and environmental variation in phenolic content, phenolic acid composition, and antioxidant activity of hard spring wheat

The health-promoting effects of whole-grain wheat likely derive from phenolic compounds and other antioxidants that also make wheat a potential source of functional food ingredients. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of genotype and growing environment on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of alcohol-soluble extracts from commercial wheat cultivars. Total phenolic contents (TPCs), antioxidant activities (AOAs), and concentrations of six phenolic acids were measured in six red- and white-grained hard spring wheat genotypes grown at four diverse locations in Western Canada during the 2003 crop year. There were significant differences among genotypes and environments for TPC, AOA, and concentrations of all the phenolic acids measured. The predominant indicators of antioxidant potential, i.e., TPC, AOA, and ferulic acid (FA) concentration were highly intercorrelated (r > 0.72). For these indices, the Canada Western (CW) Red Spring wheat cultivars Neepawa and AC Elsa had the highest levels, whereas an analogous CW hard white spring wheat cultivar, AC Snowbird, had the lowest levels. Grain color did not appear to be a factor in the expression of antioxidant-related parameters. For both TPC and AOA, as well as for vanillic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid, environmental effects were considerably larger than genotype effects. Neither growing temperature nor rainfall from anthesis to maturity appeared to be related to the environmental variation that was observed. Genotype x environment interaction was small for all parameters compared with genotype and location effects and was significant only for TPC. Genotype variation for antioxidant properties indicates that it would be possible to select for these quantitative traits in a breeding program. However, the significant environmental variation observed would delay and/or complicate this process.     

Effects of processing steps on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of beer

A new analytical method (liquid chromatography-antioxidant, LC-AOx) was used that is intended to separate beer polyphenols and to determine the potential antioxidant activity of these constituents after they were allowed to react online with a buffered solution of the radical cation 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(?+)). Using the LC-AOx method, it was possible to demonstrate that the extent of the antioxidant activity was very much dependent on the phenolic compound considered. The method was also applied to the analysis of beer extracts and allowed the evaluation of their antioxidant activity at different steps of beer processing: brewing, boiling, and fermentation. This study showed that the total antioxidant activity remained unchanged throughout beer processing, as opposed to the polyphenolic content, which showed a 3-fold increase. Hopping and fermentation steps were the main causes of this increase. However, the increase measured after fermentation was attributed to a better extraction of polyphenols due to the presence of ethanol, rather than to a real increase in their content. Moreover, this method allowed the detection of three unknown antioxidant compounds, which accounted for 64 ± 4% of the total antioxidant activity of beer and were individually more efficient than caffeic acid and epicatechin.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countries

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a typical aromatic plant of the Mediterranean area, long used as a medicinal and spice herb. Fennel is also well-known for its essential oil, which has been extensively studied for many years owing to its commercial importance. In this work, the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the quantitative determination of individual flavonoids and phenolic acids of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countries, have been determined. The antioxidant activity was measured as the free radical (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activities. Wild fennel was found to exhibit a radical scavenging activity, as well as a total phenolic and total flavonoid content, higher than those of both medicinal and edible fennels.     

Comparative study on phenolic content and antioxidant activity during maturation of the olive cultivar Chemlali from Tunisia

For the first time the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of the Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali olive were carried out to examine their profile during maturation. The phenolic composition was studied by using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography during all steps of fruit development. Oleuropein is the abundant phenolic compound in Chemlali olive, and its concentration increases during maturation. An indirect relationship between oleuropein content in olive fruit and hydroxytyrosol was observed. Weak changes in the amounts of the other phenolic monomers and flavonoids were also observed. The total phenolic content varied from 6 to 16 g/kg expressed as pyrogallol equivalents. Its highest level was found at the last maturation period. The antioxidant capacity of olive extracts was evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. The IC(50) values of the olive extract ranged from 3.2 to 1.5 microg/mL. There was a correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of samples. The antioxidant activity increased with maturation. This could be attributed to the increase of the tolal phenol level with fruit development.     

油菜秸秆和鸡粪比例及含固率对其发酵产甲烷特性的影响

基于低含固率粪秸厌氧发酵工艺存在的缺点和多原料共发酵的优势,以碳素和氮素含量互补的油菜秸秆和鸡粪为原料,采用批次中温((37±1)℃)发酵工艺,研究了不同含固率和挥发性物质质量混合比对2种原料产甲烷效率的影响,并分析了产甲烷过程稳定性及动力学特性,以期为粪秸高效产甲烷提供优化工艺参数。结果表明,当油菜秸秆和鸡粪的混合比为90∶10、85∶15和80∶20时,物料产甲烷效率均具有显著的协同效应,其中混合比为90∶10的物料产甲烷效率最高(288.7 mL/g),分别比纯鸡粪和纯油菜秸秆高16.1%和30.4%;当TS≥15%时,不同混合比粪秸的物料甲烷产率和容积甲烷产率较TS≤10%时均显著降低;在TS=10%条件下,二者混合比例为90∶10的物料甲烷产率和容积甲烷产率均较高,分别为224.4 mL/g和0.50 mL/(mL·d);挥发性脂肪酸的大量积累和高浓度铵态氮分别是破坏高C/N和低C/N物料产甲烷稳定性的原因,VFA/TA和氨氮浓度是评价不同C/N物料产甲烷过程稳定性的重要指标。根据动力学特性结果,建议在粪秸高含固率连续产甲烷启动阶段,适宜的固体滞留时间设为14 d。上述结果为油菜秸秆和鸡粪混合发酵高效产甲烷及其发酵过程稳定性的控制具有指导意义。     

镁肥对缺镁葡萄叶片活性氧含量和保护酶活性的影响

探讨大田条件下,补镁对缺镁葡萄叶片活性氧含量、保护酶活性和产量的影响,为葡萄科学施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,分别为0、112. 5、150、187. 5 kg/hm~2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0. 2%、0. 4%。结果发现:葡萄缺镁时,叶片超氧阴离子产生速率加快,过氧化氢含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著降低,叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量升高,生物膜受到伤害。通过土施和叶面喷施的方式适量补镁,葡萄叶片活性氧产生速率降低,同时保护酶过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量降低,生物膜的受伤程度得到缓解,叶片衰老速率降低,葡萄产量提高,但当施入量过大对生物膜受伤程度的缓解效果降低,葡萄产量降低。土施150 kg/hm~2同时叶面喷施0. 4%硫酸镁肥时,叶片超氧阴离子产生速率低,过氧化氢含量少,膜质过氧化产物丙二醛含量低,葡萄产量高,是该土壤环境下的最佳补镁措施。