茶籽多糖及茶皂素对肉鸡生长性能和肠道微生物的影响

试验旨在研究2种主要水溶性茶籽提取物茶籽多糖和茶皂素对良凤花肉鸡生产性能和肠道微生物菌群的影响。试验选用1日龄健康良凤花肉鸡800羽,随机分为4组,每组4个重复。抗生素组饲喂基础日粮添加5mg/kg恩拉霉素,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别在基础日粮中添加茶籽多糖300mg/kg、茶皂素500mg/kg和茶籽多糖300mg/kg+茶皂素500mg/kg。结果表明:肉鸡日粮中添加水溶性茶籽提取物,在试验第3阶段试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组平均日采食量显著高于抗生素组和试验Ⅱ组(P0.05);日粮添加茶籽多糖和茶皂素均有利于肉鸡盲肠中乳酸杆菌的增殖(P0.05),添加茶皂素能够降低盲肠大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05)。     

复合植物提取物对蛋鸡生产性能、肠道黏膜形态及盲肠菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平复合植物提取物对蛋鸡生产性能、肠道黏膜形态及盲肠菌群结构的影响。试验选取960只42周龄的健康状态良好且体重、产蛋率相近的海兰灰蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复48只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础饲粮中分别添加150、300和450 mg/kg复合植物提取物。预试期10 d,正试期56 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加300和450 mg/kg复合植物提取物显著提高了蛋鸡的产蛋率(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加300 mg/kg复合植物提取物显著降低了空肠和十二指肠隐窝深度(P0.05),显著增加了十二指肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P0.05)。3)在盲肠菌群结构方面,与对照组相比,在门水平上,饲粮中添加300和450 mg/kg复合植物提取物显著提高了拟杆菌门的相对丰度(P0.05),饲粮中添加450 mg/kg复合植物提取物显著降低了厚壁菌门的相对丰度(P0.05);在属水平上,饲粮中添加450 mg/kg复合植物提取物显著提高了拟杆菌属的相对丰度(P0.05),有提高艾克曼菌属相对丰度的趋势(P=0.063)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加300 mg/kg复合植物提取物可提高蛋鸡的产蛋率,降低空肠和十二指肠隐窝深度,提高十二指肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度,并提高盲肠菌群中拟杆菌门的相对丰度,从而改善蛋鸡的肠道黏膜形态及盲肠菌群结构,提高生产性能。     

复合益生菌制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加复合益生菌制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响.选取1日龄科宝500肉鸡360只,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只肉鸡,分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)和添加0.5％(Ⅰ组)、1.0％(Ⅱ组)和1.5％(Ⅲ组)复合益生菌制剂的饲粮,试验期42 d.结果 表明:1～21日龄时,Ⅲ组肉鸡...     

蛋白酶对22～42日龄肉鸡屠宰性能、肠道形态结构和养分消化率的影响

为了研究蛋白酶对22~42日龄肉鸡屠宰性能、肠道形态结构和养分消化率的影响,选取600羽21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20羽,公母各半。单因子试验设计,对照饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组~Ⅳ组分别在对照组饲粮中添加50、100、200和400 g/t蛋白酶,试验周期21 d。结果表明:肉鸡腹脂率试验Ⅱ组显著低于试验Ⅲ组(P0.05),其他屠宰性能指标差异不显著(P0.05)。肉鸡空肠隐窝深度对照组和试验Ⅱ组显著低于试验Ⅲ组(P0.05),空肠绒隐比(V/C)试验II组显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅳ组(P0.05);肉鸡回肠绒毛长度试验Ⅰ组显著高于试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P0.05),肉鸡回肠隐窝深度4个添加蛋白酶组显著低于对照组(P0.05),肉鸡回肠V/C试验Ⅳ组显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.05)。添加蛋白酶显著提升了谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、组氨酸(His)、赖氨酸(Lys)、精氨酸(Arg)和总氨基酸(TAA)消化利用率(P0.05)。由此可见,肉鸡生长后期在饲粮中添加蛋白酶能够一定程度上维持肠道健康、促进养分的消化吸收、提高屠宰性能,蛋白酶添加量以100 g/t效果最佳。     

谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数及小肠黏膜免疫的影响

本试验旨在研究基础日粮中添加谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数及小肠黏膜免疫的影响。将180只1日龄体重相近、健康的黄羽肉鸡随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复12只。阴性对照组饲喂基础日粮,阳性对照组在基础日粮中添加0.3 g/kg那西肽和0.25 g/kg硫酸黏杆菌素,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加1、2、3 g/kg谷氨酰胺。结果显示,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组黄羽肉鸡免疫器官重量及免疫器官指数与阳性、阴性对照组相比差异均不显著(P＞0.05),且各试验组之间差异也不显著(P＞0.05)。45 d 时,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组黄羽肉鸡十二指肠、空肠肠黏膜蛋白质中溶菌酶的含量低于阳性对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);与阳性对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和阴性对照组的十二指肠内容物中细菌数量均显著提高(P＜0.05)。77 d时,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠黏膜蛋白质中溶菌酶的含量均与阳性对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);十二指肠黏膜蛋白质中分泌型免疫球蛋白A的含量均低于阳性、阴性对照组;回肠内容物中乙酸、丙酸及总酸的浓度均低于阳性对照组,高于阴性对照组。因此,在基础日粮中添加谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素可能会提高黄羽肉鸡的细胞免疫水平,改善小肠黏膜免疫功能。     

2种中药成分对肉鸡生产性能、营养物质消化利用率、肠道消化酶活性和肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮中分别添加山楂叶总黄酮、何首乌二苯乙烯苷及二者同时添加对肉鸡生产性能、营养物质消化利用率、肠道消化酶活性和肠道菌群的影响,为二者在肉鸡体内的应用提供理论依据。选用1日龄AA肉鸡128只(公),随机分为4组,即空白对照组(饲喂玉米－豆粕型基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg山楂叶总黄酮)、试验Ⅱ组(在基础日粮中添加150 mg/kg何首乌二苯乙烯苷)和试验Ⅲ组(在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg山楂叶总黄酮和150 mg/kg何首乌二苯乙烯苷),每组4个重复,每个重复8只。结果表明:①在整个试验期,试验Ⅲ组的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);②试验Ⅲ组的粗蛋白质、钙、总磷的消化利用率显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05),粗脂肪的消化利用率极显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.01);③试验Ⅲ组的胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P＜0.01),脂肪酶活性极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),淀粉酶活性极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P＜0.01);④试验Ⅲ组的回肠和盲肠大肠杆菌数显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);回肠乳酸杆菌数显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);盲肠乳酸杆菌数显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。因此,日粮中单独或同时添加山楂叶总黄酮和何首乌二苯乙烯苷具有提高肉仔鸡生产性能和营养物质的消化利用率,增强肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性,降低脂肪酶活性,刺激肠道有益菌生长,降低有害菌增殖等作用,但以二者同时添加效果最好。     

饲粮添加壳寡糖对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加壳寡糖(COS)对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响。选用300只1日龄健康的爱拔益加(AA)雄性肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。空白对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮,正对照组饲喂添加100 mg/kg金霉素的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加50、100和150 mg/kg COS的基础饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明,与空白对照组相比:1)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的红度(a*)值(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和T-SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加50 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄和22~42日龄空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05)。4)饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著降低了回肠大肠杆菌数量(P0.05)。5)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了肉鸡的平均日增重(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加COS可提高肉鸡抗氧化性能,改善肉鸡肉品质和肠黏膜组织结构,并在一定程度上改善肠道菌群结构。COS在肉鸡饲粮中的适宜添加量为100 mg/kg。     

饲粮中添加不同组合的酸化剂对肉鸡肠道微生物菌群、肠道形态以及胃蛋白酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同组合的酸化剂对肉鸡肠道微生物菌群、肠道形态以及胃蛋白酶活性的影响,为酸化剂在肉鸡饲粮中的合理使用提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选取体况良好的7日龄爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡1 080只,随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。各组分别饲喂基础饲粮（Ⅰ组,对照组）、基础饲粮+0.1%甲酸甲酸铵复合酸化剂（Ⅱ组）、基础饲粮+0.2%甲酸甲酸铵复合酸化剂（Ⅲ组）、基础饲粮+0.1%（甲酸甲酸铵+精油）复合酸化剂（Ⅳ组）、基础饲粮+0.2%（甲酸甲酸铵+精油）复合酸化剂（Ⅴ组）、基础饲粮+0.1%缓释甲酸（Ⅵ组）、基础饲粮+0.2%缓释甲酸（Ⅶ组）、基础饲粮+0.1%（缓释甲酸+精油）复合酸化剂（Ⅷ组）、基础饲粮+0.2%（缓释甲酸+精油）复合酸化剂（Ⅸ组）。试验期42 d。结果表明：1）Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组的回肠大肠杆菌数显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组的回肠乳酸杆菌数量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。Ⅴ组的回肠微生物总数显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ组（P<0.05）。Ⅴ组的盲肠微生物总数显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ组（P<0.05）。...     

棉籽低聚糖对水貂生长性能、营养物质消化代谢、肠道菌群和免疫性能的影响

本试验旨在研究棉籽低聚糖对水貂生长性能、营养物质消化代谢、肠道菌群和免疫的影响。试验选择50只健康的雄性水貂,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只水貂。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 g/kg棉籽低聚糖的试验饲粮。试验期为45 d。结果表明:饲粮添加棉籽低聚糖对水貂的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对平均日采食量和平均日增重有提高的趋势。饲粮添加棉籽低聚糖对水貂各营养物质消化代谢指标以及器官(肝脏、脾脏和肾脏)指数无显著影响(P>0.05)。各试验组肠道中大肠杆菌数量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲粮添加棉籽低聚糖对肠道中乳酸杆菌数量无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮添加0.5 g/kg棉籽低聚糖可显著提高水貂肠道中双歧杆菌数量(P<0.05)。各组水貂血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、补体3、补体4、免疫球蛋白M、总甲状腺素和总三碘甲状腺原氨酸的含量均差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,饲粮添加0.5 g/kg棉籽低聚糖组血清中免疫球蛋白A含量极显著升高(P<0.01),饲粮添加2.0 g/kg棉籽低聚糖组血清中免疫球蛋白G含量显著降低(P<0.05)。综合各项试验指标,水貂饲粮中棉籽低聚糖适宜的添加量为0.5 g/kg。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对麻羽肉鸡肠道组织结构及盲肠微生物区系的影响

本文旨在研究地衣芽孢杆菌对麻羽肉鸡的肠道组织结构及其盲肠微生物区系的影响.试验选用300只1日龄肉鸡,随机分为5组.每组设4个重复,每个重复15只.I组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,不添加任何抗生素;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加50、100和200 mg/kg的地衣芽孢杆菌;V组为抗生素组,在基础日粮中添加30 mg/kg的杆菌肽锌和6 mg/kg的硫酸抗敌素.试验期为70 d.结果表明,在28日龄时,Ⅱ组绒毛高度较I组增高了11.35%,较V组提高了5.81%,Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠中大肠杆菌数量较I组显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著高于V组(P<0.05);70日龄时,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肉鸡肠道隐窝深较I组分别变浅了25.67%和24.72%,差异显著(P<0.05),试组组肉鸡盲肠中大肠杆菌数较I组显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ组乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著高于V组(P<0.05).由此可见,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌有益于肉鸡的肠道发育和盲肠微生物区系平衡,饲养前期50 mg/kg添加水平,饲养后期200 mg/kg添加水平显著优化了肉鸡的肠道组织结构,抑制了盲肠中有害菌的生长.     

Chronic intestinal inflammation and intestinal disease in dogs

Normal individuals maintain tolerance to the endogenous bacterial flora residing within their alimentary tract, a phenomenon mediated by the gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue. Loss of this tolerance is a key factor in the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Manifestations of such uncontrolled inflammation in humans include inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Dogs may similarly be affected, and although the etiopathogenesis is likely similar, the lesions differ. This review includes discussion of the factors involved in breakdown of mucosal tolerance, the immunologic basis of canine enteropathies, and the use of novel immunotherapies for these diseases.     

动物消化道上皮屏障在控制肠内环境稳定中的作用

动物肠道内部与外界环境之间相互作用,而单层上皮细胞将肠道微生物与下层肠组织隔离形成肠道上皮屏障。目前研究发现肠道上皮不仅起屏障作用,对收集体内外信号和协调免疫应答亦至关重要。本文对肠道上皮屏障如何与共生菌、病原微生物及免疫细胞间的相互作用以及调节内环境稳定进行概述,旨在为动物肠道黏膜免疫机制的揭示提供参考。     

Determination of intestinal viability

Operations for intestinal ischemia are frequently done by veterinarians. In equine surgery those conditions commonly producing ischemia are intussusception, volvulus, bowel obstructions, and incarcerated hernias. In an attempt to predict intraoperative bowel viability after the restoration of circulation, a variety of adjuvant methods have been investigated. There is little question that of the techniques currently available, sodium fluorescein injected intravenously approaches the ideal in predicting nonviability in humans and in most animal models. Furthermore, it is safe, takes little operating time, is inexpensive, and is ubiquitously available; in addition, the only special equipment needed is a long-wave ultraviolet lamp. Reliance on this method would seldom result in nonviable bowel being left in situ. Furthermore, the use of fluorescein would minimize the unnecessary resection of viable intestine and, thereby, minimize the postoperative nutritional problems that may occur, especially in equines. The report of Sullins et al questions the accuracy of the fluorescein technique in predicting viability and nonviability in horses and also raises the question as to whether the prediction of viability, after the restoration of intestinal blood flow, also predicts normal intestinal function. Further investigations will be needed to confirm or refute these observations.     

Small intestinal morphology and activity of intestinal peptidases in piglets around weaning

The effect of weaning on small intestinal morphology and the activities of three intestinal peptidases was investigated from 3 days prior to weaning to 9 days post-weaning in 64 piglets. Villous height, crypt depth and mitotic counts were determined at three positions along the small intestine. The activities of aminopeptidase N, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were measured at five positions along the small intestine. The villous height was maximal on the day of weaning. Post-weaning, the villi shortened at the proximal positions of the small intestine and the minimal length was observed on day 3 after weaning. Villous height did not decrease distally in the small intestine. Increased crypt depth was observed from 3-7 days post-weaning at all positions examined. Mitotic counts showed increased proliferative activity in the crypts from the third day post-weaning. Weaning influenced the activity of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV. The activities declined until day 3 post-weaning. After that, the activities increased and they had reached pre-weaning values by day 9 post-weaning. Weaning had only minor effect on the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. In summary, weaning induced changes in small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The changes were maximal on day 3 post-weaning and during the following days, a gradual recovery of the small intestine was observed.     

Normal intestinal motility

Perhaps because of the inherent difficulty in using horses as experimental animals, only a relatively small amount of data is as yet available regarding normal equine gut motility. However, it is clear that the horse is fundamentally similar to other mammalian species studied. The neural and humoral control of gut activity requires much exploration; it is likely that, in the horse, some of this information will be derived during the investigation of the effects of various substances that might have clinical relevance. This is alluded to in the chapter that follows (The Effects of Pharmacological Agents on Gastrointestinal Motility). The clinical applications are likely to remain limited, though some light may be shed upon the derivation of certain disorders.     

Canine intestinal carcinoids

Intestinal carcinoids were diagnosed in three aged dogs. Two of the neoplasms occurred in the rectum and one at the cecocolic junction. Judged by histologic criteria, all three carcinoids were considered to be malignant. Amyloid was present in both rectal tumors. In each tumor the diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of electron-dense intracytoplasmic secretory granules in the neoplastic cells.