隔沟交替灌溉对蛇龙珠葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响研究

水是酿酒葡萄生产必需的环境因子,水分的多少直接影响单位面积产量和葡萄品质。为了探索山区蛇龙珠葡萄的灌溉方式并实现节水增效,本试验对烟台石良艾崮山山前沙壤蛇龙珠葡萄进行隔沟交替灌溉和常规漫灌两种灌溉方式处理,定期测定蛇龙珠葡萄成熟度和所酿葡萄酒的基本理化指标、单体酚以及花色苷含量等指标。结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉(AFI)处理的葡萄果实糖酸比较常规漫灌(CFI)处理提高了8.7%。小容器酿造法所酿的葡萄酒中,CFI和AFI处理均检测出7种单体酚和8种花色苷,但AFI处理较CFI处理下单体酚总含量提高了9.06%、花色苷总含量提高了23.28%。说明隔沟交替灌溉在节水的同时,能够提高葡萄原料糖酸比和葡萄酒中单体酚和花色苷的含量,从而改善葡萄酒的质量,可在酿酒葡萄生产管理中应用。     

果园节水灌溉技术考察

对水源不足、灌溉条件差地区的果园实行节水灌溉,可均匀地供给果树所需要的水分,改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤有效养分含量,促进果树生长发育,提高开花结果能力,因此具有显著的增产增值效益和节水效益.并对几种节水灌溉方式进行了考察比较.     

节水养根处理对苹果枝叶生长发育的影响

以山东潍坊地区早熟苹果品种"嘎啦"和晚熟苹果品种"富士"为试材,结合埋砖蓄水和保水剂施用有机肥,将6次/a的普通灌溉方式减少为4次/a的灌溉方式,研究了养根节水保水处理对苹果枝叶生长发育的影响。结果表明:埋砖养根节水保水技术和施用保水剂节水处理均改善了叶片质量,控制了新梢生长,提高了枝条有机物含量,且埋砖养根节水保水技术效果更明显。     

果园节水灌溉技术考察

对水源不足，灌溉条件差地区的果园实行节水灌溉，可均匀地供给果树所需的水分，改善土壤理化性状，提高土壤有效养分含量，促进果树生长发育，提高开结果能力，因此具有显著的增产增值效益的节水效率。并对几种节水灌溉方式进行了考察比较。     

生长后期节水灌溉对葡萄产量及品质的影响试验初探

本文研究了葡萄生长后期节水灌溉技术的应用效果,以常规灌水为对照,研究节水灌溉技术对土壤含水量、葡萄果树生长情况、葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明,生长后期节水灌溉处理有利于土壤保水保肥,提高葡萄果汁糖度,水分含量,增加果实硬度,对葡萄品质的改善起到较好作用。     

不同灌溉方式对设施菠菜生长及产量的影响

针对设施菠菜灌溉方式不合理导致的菠菜产量降低、长势欠佳等问题,研究漫灌和微喷对其产量、长势及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:菠菜株高在微喷灌溉方式下较漫灌提高了10%,叶茎比提高了17.67%;微喷灌溉方式较漫灌有效提高了菠菜产量和叶绿素含量,产量提高近10%,叶绿素含量提高5.5%,节水30.56%,且促进农民增收20.60%。综合考虑,微喷更适合于设施菠菜的生长。     

果树节水灌溉技术

节水灌溉可实现适时适量的"精细灌溉",对促进农业结构调整、农民增收和提升我国农业竞争力以及改善生态环境具有重要的现实意义。现将果树节水灌溉技术总结如下。1管道灌溉技术管道输水灌溉技术是世界上农业节水灌溉的一项重要技术。在美国,低压管道灌溉被认为是节水最有效     

京郊地区微喷条件下不同灌溉量对芹菜产量、品质的影响

为筛选出芹菜种植最佳灌溉量,开展芹菜不同灌溉量试验,为芹菜高产及节水灌溉提供科学依据。试验设置5个处理,分别为:T+5:每667 m2灌溉126 m^3;T+10:每667 m2灌溉132 m^3;T-5:每667 m2灌溉114 m^3;T-10:每667 m^2灌溉108 m^3;对照:每667 m2灌溉120 m^3。试验结果表明,T-5处理在株高、茎粗、叶柄数等植株长势均优于对照,干物质质量较对照增加13.7%;芹菜产量最高,为5669.50 kg,产量、产值较对照提高16.28%;T-5处理在节水5%的情况下,纯收益高于对照16.67%。综上所述,每667 m2灌溉114 m^3高产且节水,是本试验处理中经济效益较好的灌溉处理,适宜指导本地区大棚芹菜微喷灌溉栽培。     

葡萄园生草对葡萄与葡萄酒质量的影响

大多数研究认为,葡萄园生草可有效控制植株的生长势,减少夏季和冬季修剪量,促进根系向土壤深层发展,生草能降低葡萄叶片营养元素含量和葡萄果实产量,可调节葡萄园温度和湿度,改善葡萄园微气候,减少病虫害,提高果实品质,使果实含酸量降低,含糖量和糖酸比升高,同时提高了红葡萄酒中花色素苷、多酚含量及pH,使酒体颜色加深,结构感增强,从而提高葡萄酒的质量。今后应进一步加强葡萄园生草对葡萄与葡萄酒质量影响机理的研究。     

毛管带供水技术在设施园艺栽培中的应用初探

<正>我国水资源短缺的形势十分严峻,大力发展节水农业,推广节水灌溉,形成节水型社会是我国一项长期的基本国策。国内不少地区对设施节水灌溉技术开展了试验研究,在节水灌溉技术的应用推广方面也取得了长足的进步。目前,常用的节水灌溉方法主要有喷灌、微喷灌、渗灌和滴灌等,但均为人为控制灌溉时机和灌水量,都属于"被动式"灌溉模式,主动"吸水"的节水灌溉模式还较少。毛管带供水技术属于底面供水中的新兴技术,是无土栽培与工程节水相结合的新栽培模式,为日本田正治等人的研究成果。该栽培模式省力、省     

Water relations and yield of lysimeter-grown strawberries under limited irrigation

The effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD), as compared to deficit irrigation (DI) and full irrigation (FI), on strawberry (cv. Honeoye) berry yield, yield components and irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_I) were investigated in a field lysimeter under an automatic rain-out shelter. The irrigation treatments were imposed from the beginning of flowering to the end of fruit maturity. In FI the whole root zone was irrigated every second day to field capacity viz. volumetric soil water content (θ) of 20%; while in DI and PRD 60% water of FI was irrigated to either the whole or one-half of the root system, respectively, at each irrigation event. In PRD, irrigation was shifted from one side to the other side of the plants when θ of the drying side had decreased to 8–11%. Compared to FI plants, leaf water potential was significantly lower in DI and PRD plants in 3 out of 10 measurement occasions, while stomatal conductance was similar among the three treatments. Leaf area, fresh berry yield (FY), individual berry fresh weight, berry water content, and berry dry weight (DW) were significantly lower in DI and PRD plants than those of FI plants; whereas the total number of berry per plant was similar among treatments. Compared with FI, the DI and PRD treatments saved 40% of irrigation water, and this led to a 28 and 50% increase of WUE_I based on berry FY and DW, respectively, for both DI and PRD. Conclusively, under the conditions of this study PRD had no advantage compared to DI in terms of berry yield and WUE_I. DI and PRD similarly decreased berry yield and yield components and thus cannot be recommended under similar conditions.     

无核葡萄新品种‘瑞都无核怡’

 ‘瑞都无核怡’葡萄是从‘香妃’与‘红宝石无核’的杂交后代中选出的优良大粒无核新品种。果穗中等,平均单穗质量459.0 g,平均果粒质量6.2 g,最大11.4 g。果皮紫红—紫色。果肉较脆,可溶性固形物16.2%。无种籽。早果,丰产,盛果期产量22 t · hm^-2以上。栽培容易。在北京9月中下旬成熟。     

不同灌量下脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤盐分运移的影响

以燃煤电厂脱硫石膏为试材,采用土柱模拟试验方法,研究不同灌水量下脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤盐分运移的影响,以期探究脱硫石膏最佳淋洗灌水量。结果表明:不同灌水量下0～20cm土层Na^+含量均呈降低的趋势,灌水量为田间持水量85%(T85%)在各层土壤pH、碱化度、电导率、Na^+含量均最低。施加脱硫石膏后0～20cm土层Ca²⁺增加,不同灌水量下Ca²⁺含量整体表现为T85%相似文献   

土壤有效硅对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长代谢的影响

 利用盆栽试验研究土壤有效硅对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长代谢的影响。结果表明: 土壤有效硅含量在55. 1 ～202. 8 mg·kg^-1范围内, 随含量的增高, 种子萌发过程中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性升高, 呼吸速率加快, 种子活力升高, 萌发速度加快; 幼苗生长过程中光合强度增强, 根系活力、硝酸还原酶活力升高, 蒸腾强度减弱, 蒸腾比率和叶片含水量升高, 说明土壤中的硅被黄瓜有效利用; 土壤有效硅含量超过202. 8 mg·kg^-1时, 其对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的促进作用不再显著增加。     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

干旱对葡萄果实发育过程中黄烷醇类多酚积累及LAR 表达的影响

 以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’（Vitis vinifera L.‘Cabernet Sauvignon’）为试材,采用避雨棚和断根沟措施,模拟土壤干旱,探讨了葡萄果实发育过程中干旱对果实中黄烷醇类多酚积累及其合成关键酶隐色花色素还原酶（leucoanthocyanidin reductase,LAR）基因表达的影响。结果表明：土壤干旱导致葡萄单粒质量降低,纵、横径减小,促进黄烷醇类多酚积累,特别是在幼果期,土壤干旱明显促进黄烷醇类多酚的积累。Real-time PCR、Western blot结果证实,土壤干旱促进VvLAR1和VvLAR2转录,诱导果实中LAR1、LAR2新蛋白合成,进而导致LAR酶活性增强,黄烷醇类多酚积累。     

The Response of Malling Jewel And Malling Exploit Raspberries to Different Soil Moisture Conditions and Straw Mulching

The raspberry varieties Mailing Jewel and Mailing Exploit were used to study growth and crop responses to mulching and irrigation from 1957 to 1962 inclusive.

Treatment A consisted of a wheat straw mulch applied deeply enough to form a complete surface cover; treatments B and C of water applications on unmulched cultivated soil at soil moisture tensions of 20 cm. and 50 cm. of mercury respectively, measured at 1 ft. depth. Treatment B was changed after i960 to a single 2-in. water application given when the raspberry fruits began to ripen. Plots under treatment D were cultivated, unwatered and unmulched.

Irrigation greatly increased the rate of cane growth but this was found to be a disadvantage in raspberries grown as continuous rows because the new cane tended to chafe and obscure ripe berries. Restricting irrigation to the pre-picking period reduced height growth but did not appear to reduce cane numbers or crop yield. Crop yield was increased by irrigation to about 30% more than was produced on the unwatered and unmulched plots, mainly as a result of increased berry size, but the full effect of irrigation on yield was not realized because cane numbers and height were restricted. Under the conditions of this experiment, in which the canes were thinned to a given density and tipped to a given height, a single 2-in. application of water at the commencement of ripening, i.e. when the berries showed the first tinge of pink, was a very economic irrigation treatment. Irrigation slightly delayed ripening, probably because of the harder tipping required by the irrigated canes.

The mulch conserved the equivalent of 2 in. of moisture and was intermediate in effect between the irrigation treatments B and C and treatment D in height growth, crop yield and berry size, but had a depressing effect on the production of new canes by the weaker-growing variety Mailing Jewel.     

Gewurztraminer Grapevines Respond to Length of Water Stress Duration

Abstract

Gewurztraminer grapevines planted in 1989 were subjected to one of three durations of water stress (deficits imposed at postbloom, lag phase, veraison) in combination with three vineyard floor management strategies (clean cultivated, total herbicide, permanent sod). Data were gathered on vine performance, fruit composition, and water relations from 1991-96. Yield per vine, cluster weight, and berry weight were reduced linearly with duration of water deficit. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential were likewise reduced with increased duration of water stress. Titratable acidity decreased and pH increased with duration of water stress, but °Brix was unaffected. Decreasing duration of water stress increased free volatile terpenes (FVT) at harvest, as well as increased potentially volatile terpenes (PVT) at both veraison and harvest. Maintaining a permanent sod tended to reduce all yield components, especially berry weight, but basic fruit composition was unaffected. FVT were highest at both veraison and harvest in berries from clean cultivated plots; however, PVT concentration was highest in berries from permanently sodded plots. Permanent sod treatments displayed lowest transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Monitoring physiological response (particularly stomatal conductance) of the plant to reduced soil moisture provides a reliable indication of when to relieve irrigation deficits, as opposed to relying on soil moisture monitoring and/or visual assessment of water stress.     

日光温室番茄长季节栽培条件下植株的肥水管理

在日光温室内以卡鲁索 (Caruso)和辽粉杂 3号为试验品种 ,进行长季节栽培 ,在整个生育期中 ,灌水次数为 18～ 2 1次 ,每 667m2 每次灌水量为 15～ 17m3,总灌水量为 2 92 .3 2～ 3 2 4 .4 6m3,2 0cm土层土壤含水量始终保持在田间持水量的 70 %～ 10 0 %。试验过程中除了施基肥外 ,分别在番茄的坐果期、果实膨大期、采收初期和采收中期进行追肥 ,每次追肥量相同 ,即 667m2 追施尿素 10kg,磷酸二铵 15kg ,硫酸钾 15kg     

高产条件下日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量研究

为了明确京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜高产栽培所需的适宜滴灌量,以黄瓜"津优35"为试材,研究了不同滴灌量对黄瓜灌溉水分配、产量、品质、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明:85%农户常规灌溉量处理较对照节水50.8 mm,深层渗漏量减少42.6%,黄瓜产量提高3.6 t/hm~2,可溶性糖含量提高17.3%,硝酸盐含量降低5.0 mg/kg,果实品质提高;水分利用效率提高3.61 kg/m~3,增收1.42万元/hm~2。综合来看,85%农户常规灌溉量处理是京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量,全生育期灌溉总量为327.9 mm,其中苗期41.7 mm,初瓜期43.1 mm,结果期243.1 mm,当埋深20 cm的土壤张力计读数为-21.6 kPa时需进行灌溉。