Social capital dimensions in household food security interventions: implications for rural Uganda

We demonstrate that social capital is associated with positive food security outcomes, using survey data from 378 households in rural Uganda. We measured food security with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. For social capital, we measured cognitive and structural indicators, with principal components analysis used to identify key factors of the concept for logistic regression analysis. Households with bridging and linking social capital, characterized by membership in groups, access to information from external institutions, and observance of norms in groups, tended to be more food secure. Households with cognitive social capital, characterized by observance of generalized norms and mutual trust, were also more food secure than others. However, we established that social capital is, by itself, insufficient. It needs to be complemented with human capital enhancement. We recommend that development interventions which focus on strengthening community associations and networks to enhance food security should support activities which enhance cognitive social capital and human capital skills. Such activities include mutual goal setting, trust building and clear communication among actors. Education efforts for community members, both formal and non-formal, should also be supported such that they potentially strengthen social capital to improve food security in rural Uganda.     

我国食品质量安全问题与食品生产全面质量管理研究

食品工业已成为我国最重要的产业之一,对整个国民经济的发展起着重要作用.然而,我国食品质量安全状况及整体水平令人担忧,因此,对食品质量全面管理的探讨有着重要的现实意义.本研究以我国食品工业生产中全面质最管理概况为基础,结合实际情况,阐述如何全面提高我国食品生产的产品质量.     

Protein security and food security in China

Food security, the need to meet nutritional requirements, and four main problems for food protein security in China are analyzed. From the perspective of residents’ nutritional requirements and balanced dietary patterns, the conclusion is that food security in China is in essence dependent on protein production and security of supply and that fat and carbohydrates supply in China can reach self-sufficiency. Considering the situation of food protein production and consumption in China, policy suggestions are made, which could ensure a balanced supply and demand for food protein and food security in China.     

On food security and alternative food networks: understanding and performing food security in the context of urban bias

This paper offers one explanation for the institutional basis of food insecurity in Australia, and argues that while alternative food networks and the food sovereignty movement perform a valuable function in building forms of social solidarity between urban consumers and rural producers, they currently make only a minor contribution to Australia’s food and nutrition security. The paper begins by identifying two key drivers of food security: household incomes (on the demand side) and nutrition-sensitive, ‘fair food’ agriculture (on the supply side). We focus on this second driver and argue that healthy populations require an agricultural sector that delivers dietary diversity via a fair and sustainable food system. In order to understand why nutrition-sensitive, fair food agriculture is not flourishing in Australia we introduce the development economics theory of urban bias. According to this theory, governments support capital intensive rather than labour intensive agriculture in order to deliver cheap food alongside the transfer of public revenues gained from rural agriculture to urban infrastructure, where the majority of the voting public resides. We chart the unfolding of the Urban Bias across the twentieth century and its consolidation through neo-liberal orthodoxy, and argue that agricultural policies do little to sustain, let alone revitalize, rural and regional Australia. We conclude that by observing food system dynamics through a re-spatialized lens, Urban Bias Theory is valuable in highlighting rural–urban socio-economic and political economy tensions, particularly regarding food system sustainability. It also sheds light on the cultural economy tensions for alternative food networks as they move beyond niche markets to simultaneously support urban food security and sustainable rural livelihoods.     

Gendered mobilities and food security: exploring possibilities for human movement within hunger prone rural Tanzania

This paper explores the movements, meanings and potential movements of men and women as they seek to secure food resources. Using a gendered mobilities framework, we draw on 66 in-depth interviews in the Kongwa district of rural Tanzania, illustrating how people move, their motivations and understandings of these movements, the taboos, rituals, and cultural characteristics of movement that hold implications for men and women and their food security needs. Results show that male potential mobility and female relative immobility is a critical factor in understanding how mobility affects food security differentially for men and women. We identify the links between mobilities and the development of social capital, particularly amongst men. We also illustrate problems with greater integration of women into the agricultural sector when these women risk stigma and censure from the increased physical movement that this integration requires. Implications from this study are examined in light of gender transformative approaches to agricultural interventions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

洛阳市农产品质量安全现状与及发展对策

针对洛阳市农产品质量安全的现状与问题,对新形势下如何加快农产品质量标准的制定、提高农产品质量、以及加快农产品质量安全管理等提出了相应对策。     

农户联保贷款参与意愿及其影响因素研究——基于陕西永寿农户调查

我国于二十世纪九十年代引入联保贷款业务,但联保贷款业务的实际运行发展很不理想。为了有效开展该业务,就必须了解农户联保贷款参与意愿及其影响因素。基于理性小农理论,利用陕西永寿2 054个农户微观调查数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析农户联保贷款需求与融资渠道,探讨农户联保贷款参与意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,近5年内,在发生过借贷需求的农户中,只有35户农户实际参与过联保贷款,而愿意参与联保贷款的农户比例为14.75%,农户联保贷款参与意愿还有待提高。农户融资渠道主要有金融机构和民间借贷二种方式。农户联保贷款需求预期、收益预期和风险预期对农户联保贷款参与意愿存在显著正向影响;农户个人特征、农户家庭经济特征和农户联保贷款认知对农户联保贷款参与意愿也存在一定影响。据此,提出应提高农户联保贷款需求预期和收益预期,降低农户联保贷款风险预期;优化联保贷款模式或制度设计,提升服务质量;强化联保贷款担保权能,促进联户担保机制有效运行的政策建议。     

新农村建设中农村社会保障制度思考——基于孝道保障功能的分析

从"孝道"为特征的传统文化的非正式制度安排的角度,分析了我国在新农村建设时期的农村社会保障问题。认为"孝道"富有的保障功能,以及制度本身的"路径依赖",使得这种非正式制度不但没有弱化,而且人们沿着这种既定的路径延续,把"孝道"与保障功能有效地结合并达到一种良性循环。同时新农村建设下应建立以"孝道"与"以资产为基础的政策"和有效的法律制度结合的社会保障制度。     

Global food security: challenges and policies

Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, crop yield has fallen in many areas because of declining investments in research and infrastructure, as well as increasing water scarcity. Climate change and HIV/AIDS are also crucial factors affecting food security in many regions. Although agroecological approaches offer some promise for improving yields, food security in developing countries could be substantially improved by increased investment and policy reforms.     

Gender, rural households, and biodiversity in native Mexico

Knowledge about maize varieties is the key to rural households' survival in native Mexico. Native peoples relate to nature in particular ways and they play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity. This paper discusses the relationship between native women's accumulated knowledge on maize varieties and the laboratory analysis of the species that they manage. Fieldwork was conducted in an Otomí community, San Pablo Arriba, located in the state of Mexico. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

云南省粮食安全问题研究

文章分析了在粮食安全问题上存在的四大误区,在总结云南省粮食产业发展的成功经验,分析存在问题的基础上,根据云南社会经济发展的需要,对未来10年粮食生产发展目标作了预测,并提出两条对策和三条建议。     

The significance of enset culture and biodiversity for rural household food and livelihood security in southwestern Ethiopia

The significance of enset (Ensete ventricosum Welw. Cheesman) for thefood and livelihood security of ruralhouseholds in Southwestern Ethiopia, where thiscrop is the main staple, raises two majorquestions. The first concerns the relatedissues of household food security andlivelihood security and the contribution of theenset farming and food system in achievingthese. The second deals with the issue ofbiodiversity in enset cultivation. What roledoes biodiversity play in food and livelihoodsecurity and how is it perceived and measured?To answer the latter question, it is necessaryto look at the issue of classification of ensetvarieties, comparing indigenous and scientificclassifications. In answering the questions, aninterdisciplinary approach is used, and bothetic and emic perspectives are applied. Agender perspective is applied as well becauseof the gendered division of labor in ensetcultivation and the gendered nature ofindigenous knowledge. The analysis draws mainlyon the findings of a recent study on ensetcultivation in Ethiopia [Negash (2001) PhD thesis,Wageningen University, The Netherlands]. Thefindings show that enset farming guaranteeshousehold food security to a large extent, butthat household livelihood security depends onthe cultivation of additional crops andhousehold ownership of livestock and otherassets. It was also found that maximizingdiversity in enset is of importance to farmers,and that the farmers' classification of ensetvarieties yields a finer grid than theclassification of enset clones on the basis ofmolecular analysis.     

农村居民收入不均等分解:基于辽宁农户数据的实证分析

为深入研究农村居民的收入不均等状况及其影响因素，本文利用基尼系数和泰尔指数2个指标值测度了辽宁省农村居民收入不均等总体状况，并对农村居民收入不均等进行了要素分解（收入来源分解）和地区分组分解，通过这2种分解以揭示收入不均等的微观状况，和收入不均等问题的实质，在以上分析的基础上阐述本研究的政策涵义。     

农业院校食品质量与安全专业人才培养模式及课程体系设置

分析了食品质量与安全专业的发展概况,根据食品质量与安全专业人才培养目标与要求,探讨课程体系的设置,分析课程体系的特点,为更好地建设食品质量与安全专业提供思路。     

广西渔业产品质量现状与安全体系构建对策

根据抽样检测结果及水产品质量安全例行监测情况,对广西渔业产品质量安全和检验检测体系的现状与存在问题进行总结和分析。指出我区渔业产品质量总体上是安全的,但在质量安全认识、产品监测项目、苗种生产过程、渔业执法体系、养殖户质量安全意识、运输和销售环节等方面还存在一些问题;提出了构建我区渔业产品质量安全体系的7个方面建议。     

非农就业质量如何影响山区农户土地转出稳定性——基于浙江省4县480户农户的观察

为厘清非农就业质量对山区农户土地转出稳定性的影响机制,基于2021年浙江省山区4县480户农户调查数据,采取OLS、Heckman两阶段以及2SLS等模型开展实证研究,同时采取Probit模型检验作用机制并结合案例加以佐证。结果表明：1）非农就业质量的改善激励山区农户提高土地转出的稳定性。2）非农就业质量显著影响老一代农户和“体制外”农户土地转出的稳定性,但是对新生代农户和“体制内”农户的影响不显著,同时,非农就业质量对土地转出稳定性的影响并不因为就业距离的远近而产生差异;3）非农就业质量影响土地转出稳定性的作用机制在于强化农户的城市融入意愿、弱化农户对地租的偏好以及弱化土地的社会保障功能。相关政策需要致力于提升山区农户的非农就业质量,提升和完善非农就业的稳定性、收入和保障制度。     

Deconstructing homegardens: food security and sovereignty in northern Nicaragua

Development scholars and practitioners are promoting food security, food sovereignty, and the localization of food systems to prepare for the projected negative impacts of climate change. The implementation of biodiverse homegardens is often seen as a way not only to localize food production but also as a strategy in alignment with a food sovereignty agenda. While much scholarship has characterized and critiqued food security and sovereignty conceptualizations, relatively little research has examined people’s lived experiences in order to test how such theoretical visions play out on the ground in farming communities. Based on a case study of four coffee cooperatives in northern Nicaragua, we examine a non-governmental organization (NGO)-supported project promoting food security and sovereignty through development of homegardens. We ask: To what extent are homegardens an effective strategy to reach food sovereignty? And, why may farmers be resistant to changing their food production and consumption strategies to embrace biodiverse homegardens when they improve food security? We discuss characteristics of agroecological homegardens, the distinctions between food security, food sovereignty and dominant discourses of development, the history of food sovereignty in Nicaragua, and farmer perspectives on homegarden implementation. Despite historic critiques, NGOs are poised to facilitate the transformation of food and agricultural development by employing counter development strategies, a necessary step if homegardens are to be successful in the long term. To conclude, we propose some strategies NGOs and communities might pursue to move forward with homegardens as a food sovereignty strategy. This research suggests that a food sovereignty approach still rooted in mainstream development models faces significant obstacles to moving beyond food security and into a farmer-led food sovereignty agenda.     

中国粮食安全评价研究概述

中国粮食安全问题一直受到国内外学术界的关注,相关研究成果对保障中国乃至世界粮食安全提供了有效支持.在查阅国内外大量文献的基础上,从中国粮食供需关系、粮食安全评价体系、粮食安全判定标准3个方面入手,对现有关于中国粮食安全评价方面的研究成果进行梳理,指出现有研究成果的不足,并展望了后续的研究重点方向,以期为中国粮食安全评价研究工作的深化开展提供参考.