Governing large-scale farmland acquisitions in Québec: the conventional family farm model questioned

This article argues that the definition of land grabs in public debate is a politically contested process with profound normative consequences for policy recommendations regarding the future of the family farm model. To substantiate this argument, I first explore how different definitions of land grabbing bring into focus different kinds of actors and briefly survey the history of land grabbing in Canada. I then introduce the public debate about land grabbing in Québec and discuss its evolution from its beginning in 2009 up until the provincial public inquiry on land grabs in March 2015. Here, I make critical observations regarding each participant’s position, showing how different definitions of land grabbing has significant implications for policy recommendation and the promotion of different agricultural business models. More specifically, I emphasize how these discussions crucially fail to consider indigenous people’s land rights and ignore the constraints imposed by the corporate food regime on family farms. I conclude by suggesting that the adoption of a food sovereignty approach to land governance helps redirect attention to these important issues and provide insight into imagining more sustainable alternative models of agriculture.     

Investor ownership or social investment? Changing farmland ownership in Saskatchewan,Canada

There is growing recognition that land grabbing is a global phenomenon. In Canada, investors are particularly interested in Saskatchewan farmland, the province where 40 % of country’s agricultural land is situated. This article examines how the changing political, economic, and legal context under neoliberalism has shaped patterns of farmland ownership in Saskatchewan, between 2002 and 2014. Our research indicates that over this time, the amount of farmland owned by investors increased 16-fold. Also, the concentration of farmland ownership is on the rise, with the share of farmland owned by the largest four private owners increasing six-fold. Our methodology addresses some of the criticisms raised in the land grabbing literature. By using land titles data, we identified farmland investors and determined very precisely their landholdings thus allowing us to provide a fine-grained analysis of the actual patterns of farmland ownership. Although the article analyzes changes to farmland ownership in a specific historical, cultural and legislative context, it serves as the basis for a broader discussion of the values and priorities that land ownership policies reflect. Namely, we contrast an ‘open for business’ approach that prioritizes financial investment to one based on a land sovereignty approach that prioritizes social investment. The latter has greater potential if the aim is ecological sustainability and food sovereignty.     

Interpreting orchardists’ talk about their orchards: the good orchardists

In order to implement environmental policies for sustainable and resilient land use we need to better understand how people relate to their agricultural land and how this affects their practices. In this paper I use an inductive, qualitative analysis of data gathered from interviews with kiwifruit orchardists and observations of their orchards to demonstrate how their interpretation of their relationship with their orchards affects their management practices. I suggest that these orchardists experience their orchards as having agency in four different ways—as wild, challenging, needy, and passive—and that these different perspectives result in practices which produce orchards that impact differently on sensory faculties—sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell. This finding implies that land use policies that seek to change sensory aspects of the land which are in conflict with producers’, farmers’, or growers’ sense of relationship with the land—and how the land “should be”—are unlikely to succeed. That these orchardists produce fruit which is compliant with two comprehensive audit systems—one of which is organic—and also serve an international market, indicates that the constraints of such systems still allow orchardists to exercise autonomy, express their identity, and make sense of their orchard activities in different ways, indicating a potentially resilient and sustainable production system.     

太湖平原地区不同土地利用类型对水质的影响

为探讨不同土地利用类型对太湖流域水质状况的影响,以太湖腹部平原区为例,基于典型年地表河流水质监测数据,结合TM影像解译结果所反映的土地利用状况,分别从区域和水质站点周边缓冲区两个方面,计算不同土地利用类型与水质状况的灰色关联序,以反映土地利用类型对地表水质的影响,为太湖腹部平原区的土地利用与水污染防治提供参考。结果表明:河流水质整体上与土地利用类型的灰色关联度最大的是城镇用地,其次是水田和旱地,水域和林地的灰色关联度最低;丰水期、枯水期的不同水质指标与土地利用的灰色关联序有一定区别,而水质站点缓冲区土地利用为样本时,水质指标受城镇用地影响最大,其次为耕作用地,最低为水域。     

水资源约束下土地利用变化情景模拟研究——以河北省张北县为例

利用系统动力学的原理和方法,构建了水资源约束下的土地利用变化情景模型,系统模拟了张北县2010—2025年不同情景模式下的土地利用结构,并对模拟结果的社会、经济、生态效应进行对比分析。水资源约束条件下人口和GDP增长减缓,且水资源约束越强,人口及经济发展速度越缓慢。同时水资源约束条件在一定程度上影响着土地利用结构变化:1)水资源约束越强,耕地面积减少越快,未来耕地面积越小,林地和建设用地面积增加越慢,未来林地和建设用地面积越小。2)对比无水资源约束和有水资源约束条件下的土地利用结构:水资源约束条件下的耕地、林地和建设用地面积均较小,耕地年减少速度较大,林地和建设用地年增加速度均较小。综合考虑土地利用的社会效应、经济效应及生态效应,情景B即水资源中度约束下的土地利用结构为最佳土地利用模式。     

丘陵山区土地利用冲突评价及调控优化

开展丘陵山区土地利用冲突评价可为土地利用调控优化与空间管控提供理论依据与实践支撑.以重庆市江津区2009年和2016年两期土地利用数据为例,运用景观生态学风险评价方法测算土地利用冲突综合指数,对冲突指数进行空间自相关分析,最后提出相应的土地利用调控优化策略.结果表明:1)土地利用冲突等级数量从多到少依次为稳定可控、一般冲突、中度冲突、重度冲突,冲突等级空间格局呈现"一江一河三区"集中连片的分布规律. 2)江津区不同海拔下的土地利用冲突呈现出规律变化特征,海拔越高,冲突程度越小,冲突地类随冲突程度发生相应变化. 3)江津区土地利用冲突指数全局的正相关性有统计学意义, 2016年热点区与冷点区较2009年都有所增加,集聚态势随着时间推移进一步加强. 4)基于江津区不同海拔下的土地利用冲突等级,提出3种土地调控优化策略,引导土地利用空间协调发展,提高区域可持续发展水平.     

Gendered mobilities and food security: exploring possibilities for human movement within hunger prone rural Tanzania

This paper explores the movements, meanings and potential movements of men and women as they seek to secure food resources. Using a gendered mobilities framework, we draw on 66 in-depth interviews in the Kongwa district of rural Tanzania, illustrating how people move, their motivations and understandings of these movements, the taboos, rituals, and cultural characteristics of movement that hold implications for men and women and their food security needs. Results show that male potential mobility and female relative immobility is a critical factor in understanding how mobility affects food security differentially for men and women. We identify the links between mobilities and the development of social capital, particularly amongst men. We also illustrate problems with greater integration of women into the agricultural sector when these women risk stigma and censure from the increased physical movement that this integration requires. Implications from this study are examined in light of gender transformative approaches to agricultural interventions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

Depoliticizing land and water “grabs” in Colombia: the limits of Bonsucro certification for enhancing sustainable biofuel practices

As concerns heighten over links between biomass production and land grabs in the global south, attention is turning to understanding the role of governance of biofuels systems, whereby decision-making and conduct are not solely determined through government regulations but increasingly shaped by non-state actors, including multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI). Launched in 2005, Bonsucro is the principal MSI that focuses on sustainability standards for sugar and sugarcane ethanol production. Bonsucro claims that because it is free from government interference and draws on scientific metrics, their standards transcend localized, political–economic contexts. In this paper, we illustrate how the local context shapes the prospects for Bonsucro sustainably certified biofuel production in relation to land and water grabs. To accomplish this, our case focuses on Colombia, which has used a range of national policy mandates to establish itself as one of the larger producers of agrofuels in Latin America. We draw on interviews with stakeholders in the sugar and ethanol industries, paired with an examination of Bonsucro principles on land rights and water use, to illustrate how the sugar industry is framing their participation in Bonsucro, and the effects of the increasing intensification of sugarcane for ethanol production on land and water access for communities. We find that within the context of Colombia, efforts such as Bonsucro provide a veil of legitimacy and authority to a system that is premised on deeply entrenched historical patterns of inequitable land ownership patterns and access to natural resources.     

活化水灌溉在农业生产中的应用研究进展

活化水技术可使水的理化性质发生显著改变,提升水分子活性,其中磁化、去电子、增氧等灌溉水活化技术能够改良土壤理化性质,提高水肥利用效率,促进农田作物生长及增产,并且因其具有低耗能、无毒无害且高效快速的特点已受到广泛关注。本文介绍了磁化、去电子、增氧三种较常见的灌溉水活化技术对普通水理化性质的改善效果,及其应用于农业生产过程中对土壤理化性质的改良作用;同时着重介绍了磁化水灌溉对作物生长的影响以及对土壤盐渍化的改良效果,并指出其中存在问题,以促进活化水灌溉技术在农业中的推广应用,这对正处于淡水资源短缺、土地质量下降的我国干旱半干旱区实现农业节水增效、可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

山西吉县2010年水土资源承载力预测

以山西省吉县为研究对象 ,以衡量区域可持续发展的重要指标———区域承载力为研究目标 ,从研究区农业生产的关键性限制因子 (水分、土壤 )入手 ,通过对研究区土地利用现状和水资源现状分析及土地适宜性评价 ,进而采用线性规划法对全县 2 0 10年土地利用进行了规划 .采用常规生产潜力计算方法对研究区主要农作物的不同级别生产潜力分别进行了计算 .在此基础上 ,结合人均消费水平对 2 0 10年吉县水土资源承载力做出了预测 .结果表明 ,到 2 0 10年 ,吉县水土资源承载力可达 1314 71人 .     

基于指数耦合技术的土地整理项目绩效评价

采用区域环境指数和土地利用程度指数耦合技术,采取定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法,对项目区整理前后的土地利用变化及对区域生态环境的影响进行分析。研究发现:项目区整理以后,土地利用程度上升,与整理前相比增长了0.65%;同时对区域整体生态环境产生负向影响,区域环境指数下降,与整理前相比下降了2.32%。研究表明,指数耦合技术简便易行,适于在土地整理项目绩效评价中推广应用。     

土地利用/覆被变化对太湖贡湖湾水质影响的研究

土地利用/覆被变化对湖泊水质的定量化影响研究是湖泊生态学的研究热点之一。运用贡湖湾遥感影像数据,四季的总氮、总磷、叶绿素a、透明度水质参数,从5个不同缓冲区和贡湖湾尺度,深入分析了土地利用/覆被变化对湖区水质的影响。研究结果发现贡湖湾水体污染物浓度与农业用地、建设用地呈显著正相关,与林地呈显著负相关,与草地、未利用地相关性不明显;农业用地、建设用地和林地对贡湖湾水质的影响存在尺度效应,贡湖湾近域地带的土地利用/覆被对湖泊水质的影响比远离湖泊地带更为显著。研究表明,贡湖湾林地具有较强的减水减沙效应,对水质改善有着积极作用。在贡湖湾沿岸0~2 km内开展植树造林、退耕还林工作,实施湿地恢复工程,有利于防治水土流失,保护生态环境。     

文登市土地利用/覆被变化研究

主要利用1986年土地利用类型矢量数据和2000年TM影像,研究文登市城市快速发展所发生的土地利用/覆被变化,研究结果表明：文登市土地利用以旱田、建设用地及林地为主,14a来,随着经济建设的发展,水田、旱田、林地、草地面积增加,其中草地及林地面积增加最多,分别为7.61km2和6.20km2,建设用地及水域面积减少。土地利用转移过程中,旱田7.95 km2转为林地,8.40 km2转为草地,水域向旱田、草地和建设用地分别转化5.66 km2、0.69 km2和0.45 km2。最后提出了土地利用可持续发展建议。     

基塘农业研究概述

农业发展不可避免要同时考虑资源和环境的约束,基塘农业作为一种环境友好型农业具有较大发展前 景。分别从生态系统尧水陆空间格局和物质能量流动3 个角度介绍基塘农业,同时指出了由于经济快速发展给基塘 农业带来的各种问题,并认为GIS 和。感技术作为更先进的计算机手段会在基塘农业的研究中发挥更大的作用。从 用地综合评价和用地技术评价两个方面强调了发展基塘农业必须重视其土地利用的研究。     

低山丘陵区县域生态用地演变及生态服务价值响应

为研究低山丘陵区域生态用地变化与生态服务价值转移,以泗水县为研究对象,采用土地利用变化动态度模型和生态系统服务价值评估方法,分析泗水县的生态用地变化特征及生态服务价值损益,利用Logistic回归模型,探讨生态用地变化的驱动因素。结果表明：1997-2017年,泗水县生态用地面积变化明显,呈不断减少趋势,共减少3.60×10³ hm²,2007-2017年生态用地的总体转移速率远大于1997-2007年间的转移速率,草地的转移面积占比最大,且转出部分大于转入部分,属于减少型生态用地,而林地、水域和耕地属于增加型生态用地。1997-2017,研究区生态系统服务价值总量呈先减少后增加的趋势,总体共增加1.42×10⁸元,耕地和草地的生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势,林地和水域的生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,其中林地对生态系统服务价值的贡献最大。回归分析结果表明到河流的距离、人口密度和到乡镇中心的距离是影响生态用地演变的主要驱动因素。研究结果可为泗水县生态补偿和资源开发提供技术方法,也可为山区生态规划和生态可持续发展提供重要依据。     

新疆农业产业结构变化与农用地需求的响应分析

农业生产活动离不开土地,农业产业结构与农业用地结构密切相关,两者是内容和形式的关系.然而怎样把两者一一对应起来进行分析研究,一直是一个难点.研究创新地从空间的角度把新疆农业产业部门及产值与用地类型相挂钩,分析了新疆农业产业结构和土地资源利用状况,运用数理统计方法分析了影响新疆产业对土地需求变化的驱动力,并采用定量与定性相结合的方法描述了农林牧渔各产业产值比重和用地比重的变化趋势,对调整新疆农业结构和优化农用地结构具有一定参考价值和指导意义.     

北京市郊城市化过程土地利用变化研究

本研究在利用多种数据源获取快速城市化过程中不同阶段的土地利用变化信息的基础上,重点研究城市化过程中土地利用结构变化。结果表明:研究区城市化发展在不同的阶段显示不同的特征:1990—1995年,建设用地面积大幅度增加;1995—2000年,建设用地内部结构调整,建设用地盲目扩张的现象得到有效的控制。建设用地面积变化不大,耕地面积也有所恢复;2000—2006年,建设用地发展重点由建成区转移到远郊区县,建设用地又有所增长。同时从空间角度分析建成区空间分布变化、高速公路周边5 km范围内城市扩张强度变化,揭示了城市化过程土地利用的空间演变规律。     

沿河流域生态环境动态变化分析

通过对舞水河流域的土地利用和土地覆盖的变化、土壤侵蚀的遥感分析以及生态环境污染状况的研究．探讨社会经济发展对舞水河流域生态环境的影响．结果表明：舞水河流域生态环境有恶化的趋势，土壤侵蚀也不断加剧；舞水河水质因受工业和生活污水的影响，污染程度加深；从土地利用变化来看．舞水河流域耕地面积不断扩大．所以，有必要加强管理．改善舞水河流域的生态环境。     

赣东山地丘陵区土地利用多功能与乡村发展的时空耦合关系

为准确把握土地利用多功能与乡村发展的耦合协调关系,明确二者之间耦合交互作用类型.以江西省万年县为例、村域为研究单元,测度2010-2018年土地利用多功能与乡村发展水平,借助耦合协调模型分析二者关系,并依据耦合作用关系划分乡村类型.结果表明:1)2010-2018年土地利用多功能与乡村发展水平均呈增长趋势,但乡村发展水...     

不同空间尺度河流水质与土地利用关系分析——以泰国蒙河流域为例

为分析不同空间尺度河流水质与土地利用的响应关系,认识水环境变化成因和趋势,以泰国蒙河流域为研究对象,采用GIS、莫兰指数(Moran′s I)和Spearman相关分析等方法,探究蒙河水质的空间分异及不同空间尺度下水质对土地利用格局的响应特征。结果显示,近20 a(1997—2017年)流域内溶解氧(DO)、生化需氧量(BOD)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、氨氮(NH3-N)、固体悬浮物(SS)的Moran′s I值分别为0.86、0.38、0.35、0.40、0.45、0.50,表现出空间聚集性,而总大肠菌群(TCB)、粪大肠菌群(FCB)的Moran′s I值分别为-0.15、-0.10,具有空间离散特征。不同空间尺度下河流水质与土地利用的相关性大体一致,但相关程度存在差异,缓冲区尺度的土地利用格局能够更好地解释蒙河水质变化,其中水质指标与5 km缓冲区空间尺度下土地利用的关系最为显著。相关分析结果表明,蒙河流域农业用地、城镇建设用地对水质负荷起到"源"的作用,林地起到截留、吸附的作用。因此,蒙河流域水环境保护应以非点源污染控制为主,重点加强农业生产过程中化肥等管控,控制生活污水等污染物直排入河。