Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North

Food security is becoming an increasingly relevant topic in the Global North, especially in urban areas. Because such areas do not always have good access to nutritionally adequate food, the question of how to supply them is an urgent priority in order to maintain a healthy population. Urban and peri-urban agriculture, as sources of local fresh food, could play an important role. Whereas some scholars do not differentiate between peri-urban and urban agriculture, seeing them as a single entity, our hypothesis is that they are distinct, and that this has important consequences for food security and other issues. This has knock-on effects for food system planning and has not yet been appropriately analysed. The objectives of this study are to provide a systematic understanding of urban and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North, showing their similarities and differences, and to analyse their impact on urban food security. To this end, an extensive literature review was conducted, resulting in the identification and comparison of their spatial, ecological and socio-economic characteristics. The findings are discussed in terms of their impact on food security in relation to the four levels of the food system: food production, processing, distribution and consumption. The results show that urban and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North indeed differ in most of their characteristics and consequently also in their ability to meet the food needs of urban inhabitants. While urban agriculture still meets food needs mainly at the household level, peri-urban agriculture can provide larger quantities and has broader distribution pathways, giving it a separate status in terms of food security. Nevertheless, both possess (unused) potential, making them valuable for urban food planning, and both face similar threats regarding urbanisation pressures, necessitating adequate planning measures.     

中国都市型农业发展研究

都市型农业是现代农业在大城市的表现方式。它是大城市郊区农村经济新的增长点,是未来城市可持续发展的润滑剂,是传承农业文化的有效载体。当前,中国各地都市型农业竞相发展、各具千秋。从时间发展序列看,中国都市型农业的发展分为三个时期、五个阶段。从未来发展趋势看,都市农业辐射能力逐步增强,将在全国形成多个都市农业区域经济圈;都市农产品个性日益突出,市场消费高端化;都市农业地域特色明显,文化内涵逐渐丰富。     

农村空心化对我国未来粮食安全的影响研究

为了解复杂的世界粮食安全环境下中国面临的粮食安全形势,必须对中国粮食安全的影响因素进行分析。而从农村发展现状来看,劳动力大量外出带来了农村“空心化”的现象,农业生产主体呈现女性化、高龄化,对粮食安全产生一定负面影响。通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查等方法,对江西、辽宁、贵州、河北4省的9个村庄进行实地调查,发现“空心化”的农村正面临着耕地被抛荒、土地流转不畅、农业科技难以发挥作用等问题,对粮食产量的提高和粮食安全无疑是一种威胁。为解决农村“空心化”对粮食安全的不利影响,应大力发展乡镇企业,加强农业科技投入,推动农业产业化发展。     

中央财政支持农业可持续发展政策演变研究

文章探讨了自新中国成立以来我国中央财政支持农业可持续发展政策演变的4个阶段:改革开放前、改革开放初期、改革开放深化期和城乡统筹背景下。当前我国财政支持农业可持续发展存在问题主要表现在:财政投入总量不足、投入结构不够合理、投入产出效率较低、财政投入未达到预期效果和投入机制与当前我国全面深化改革和财政收支新形势不适应等方面。因此,政府应该加强财政支持农业可持续发展的政策协调、完善财政支持农业可持续发展的决策机制、创新财政支持农业可持续发展的投融资方式、健全财政支持农业可持续发展的监管体系。总之,政府以较高效率增加和使用财政支农资金,这不仅是由农业可持续发展的生态和环境作用及我国农村土地兼具生产资料和社会保障资料属性的公共产品性质决定的,也是解决我国长期并存的二元城乡结构、统筹城乡发展、促进经济社会和谐发展的必然要求。     

河南省“空心村”现状、形态及成因分析

河南省“空心村”分布广,数量大,占地多,并呈现出同心圆、多核心、扇形、带（条）状等多种形态。造成这种现象的原因主要有经济、制度、观念、环境等诸多方面。这种现象的存在和发展,不仅蚕食大量农田直接危及农业发展的物质基础,而且诱发许多矛盾严重妨碍农村经济社会的协调发展。因此,深入分析这种现象的成因,对科学制定村镇建设规划,节约集约利用土地资源,改善农村居住环境,保障农业可持续发展与粮食安全,都是至关重要的。     

都市农业区发展特征与实现乡村振兴的对策措施研究

区域间不平衡不充分发展的问题是我国现阶段社会主要矛盾的表现形式之一,其中都市农业区与城区的差异表现更为突出,为此乡村振兴的需求也较为迫切。基于都市农业区农业和农村的特征分析,本文探讨都市农业区乡村振兴的对策措施。研究表明,都市农业区发展生产型农业劣势明显、乡村社会治理复杂性强、可选农业类型少、农民增收压力大。同时,这一区域也有土地流转率高、农业多功能化发展环境好、农业专业化和商品化程度高等优势。为此,从突破都市型农业发展劣势、缩小城乡居民收入差距、缩小城市与乡村建设差距这些目标出发,应进一步从科学规划设计、体制机制建设、农业发展方向、社会保障制度和基础设施建设等方面提出都市农业区乡村振兴实现的对策措施。落实乡村振兴战略,需要顶层部署,从社会、经济、政策制度、技术方法等层面综合统一落实,发挥政府、村民、农业从业者、社会等各类主体的作用,通过实践破解关键难题,才能突破性的实现乡村振兴目标。     

河南省“空心村”形态特征及成因分析

河南省“空心村”分布广,数量大,占地多,并呈现出同心圆、多核心、扇形、带（条）状等多种形态.造成这种现象的原因主要有经济、制度、观念、环境等诸多方面.这种现象的存在和发展,不仅蚕食大量农田直接危及农业发展的物质基础,而且诱发许多矛盾严重妨碍农村经济社会的协调发展.因此,深入分析这种现象的成因,对科学制定村镇建设规划,节约集约利用土地资源,改善农村居住环境,保障农业可持续发展与粮食安全,都是至关重要的.     

Air pollution,food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system

Air pollution negatively impacts food security. This paper reviews the current literature on the relationship between air pollution and food security from the perspective of food system. It highlights that agricultural emissions which substantially contribute to air pollution could happen at every stage along the food supply chain. Meanwhile, air pollution can not only affect plant growth and animal health but also shift market equilibrium of both agro-inputs and outputs in the food supply chain and thereby affect food security indirectly. Furthermore, this study evaluates the effects of agricultural policy and energy policy on food security and air pollution, respectively, and provides an overview of potential policy instruments to reduce air pollution while ensuring food security. Finally, we identify the remaining research and policy issues for further studies, mainly focusing on the study of household's bounded rational behaviors and the issue of rural aging population.     

城市化进程中我国都市型农业的发展研究

伴随着我国快速的城市化进程,都市型农业获得了前所未有的发展机遇。都市型农业在发展中应把农产品供给保障作为首要功能,并与城市化进程相协调,从而真正走上可持续发展之路。     

论统筹城乡发展与我国农业补贴政策调整

本文以统筹城乡发展为背景，分析实施农业补贴政策的意义，并在粮食安全、农产品出口和经济发展水平等因素分析的基础上，提出了加大财政支农力度、完善农业补贴政策、构建农村公共品补贴政策体系等政策建议。     

Increasing food sovereignty with urban agriculture in Cuba

Urban agriculture in Cuba has played an important role for citizens’ food supply since the collapse of the Eastern Block. Through the land reform of 2008 and the Lineamientos of 2011, the Cuban government has aimed to support agriculture in order to increase national food production and reduce imports. However, the implementation of the designed measures faced obstacles. Therefore, the research objective was to display how the government’s measures aiming to support domestic food production influenced urban agriculture. The qualitative research comprised semi-structured interviews with 15 urban farmers in Havana and revealed the respondents’ experiences with the land reform and the Lineamientos and the potential of the reforms to implement food sovereignty. Findings show that the land reform has facilitated access to land for newcomer and existing farmers. However, availability of agricultural inputs has been limited and they were often expensive. Thus, urban farmers frequently produced farm inputs at their plots and applied sustainable farming practices to minimize their dependence on external inputs. The reforms have generated private marketing opportunities and have stimulated urban farmers to increase production. At the same time, subsidies have been reduced and consumers have faced increasing food prices. In conclusion, the land reform and the Lineamientos have created framework conditions for food sovereignty. However, the challenge is to increase the coherence of the theoretic aim and the practical implementation of the reforms.     

对我国农业生态环境安全的认识与思考

阐述了我国农业生态环境和现状,分析了保护农业生态环境、实现农业可持续发展的必要性,并提出了实现农业生态安全与可持续发展的对策。     

Urban agriculture, social capital, and food security in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya

Much of the developing world, including Kenya, is rapidly urbanizing. Rising food and fuel prices in recent years have put the food security of the urban poor in a precarious position. In cities worldwide, urban agriculture helps some poor people gain access to food, but urban agriculture is less common in densely populated slums that lack space. In the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya, households have recently begun a new form of urban agriculture called sack gardening in which vegetables such as kale and Swiss chard are planted into large sacks filled with topsoil. This paper examines relationships among sack gardening, social capital, and food security in Kibera. We used a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with a household survey, as well as focus group discussions with both farmers and non-farmers. We present evidence that sack gardening increases social capital, especially for those households that undertake sack gardening in groups. We also find that sack gardening in the Kibera slums has a positive impact on household food security by improving household dietary diversity and by reducing the need to resort to painful coping mechanisms that are used during food shortages.     

Reweaving the food security safety net: Mediating entitlement and entrepreneurship

The American food system has produced both abundance and food insecurity, with production and consumption dealt with as separate issues. The new approach of community food security (CFS) seeks to re-link production and consumption, with the goal of ensuring both an adequate and accessible food supply in the present and the future. In its focus on consumption, CFS has prioritized the needs of low-income people; in its focus on production, it emphasizes local and regional food systems. These objectives are not necessarily compatible and may even be contradictory. This article describes the approach of community food security and raises some questions about how the movement can meet its goals of simultaneously meeting the food needs of low-income people and developing local food systems. It explores the conceptual and political promise and pitfalls of local, community-based approaches to food security and examines alternative economic strategies such as urban agriculture and community-supported agriculture. It concludes that community food security efforts are important additions to, but not subsitutes for, a nonretractable governmental safety net that protects against food insecurity.     

统筹城乡发展背景下我国农村劳动力转移路径

论述了我国农村劳动力转移的战略意义：有利于解决＂三农＂问题,统筹城乡发展;有利于促进人力资源合理配置,实现国民经济增长;有利于促进产业结构调整,提高我国市场竞争力。分析了我国农村劳动力转移存在的问题：农村劳动力整体文化水平不高;组织发育不健全;管理机制弱化;保障措施不完善。指出了我国农村劳动力转移的合理路径：打破城乡二元结构,实现农村劳动力自由流动;加强组织建设,为农村劳动力转移提供优质的社会化服务;完善保障体系,为农村劳动力转移构建良好的社会环境;建立科学的管理机制,实现农村劳动力持续有效的转移。     

Place,Taste, or Face-to-Face? Understanding Producer–Consumer Networks in “Local” Food Systems in Washington State

In an increasingly globalized food economy, local agri-food initiatives are promoted as more sustainable alternatives, both for small-scale producers and ecologically conscious consumers. However, revitalizing local agri-food communities in rural agro-industrial regions is particularly challenging. This case study examines Grant and Chelan Counties, two industrial farming regions in rural Central Washington State, distant from the urban fringe. Farmers in these counties have tried diversifying large-scale processing into organics and marketing niche and organic produce at popular farmers markets in Seattle about 200 miles away. Such strategies invoke the question, “How are ‘local’ agri-food networks socially and geographically defined?” The meaning of what constitutes “local” and/or “sustainable” systems merits consideration in the linking of these rural counties with distant urban farmers markets. Employing historical, in-depth interview and survey research, we analyze production and consumption networks and the non-market systems that residents in these counties access for self-provisioning and food security.     

西部地区发展生态农业的内在驱动与对策分析

西部地区发展生态农业的内在驱动表现为：通过生态农业建设抑制生态环境的恶化,解决群众生存问题;控制环境污染,保证食品卫生安全;提升农业产业国际竞争力;促进农民增收以实现西部农业的可持续发展．针对当前生态农业发展的现状与问题,提出西部地区应强化农民生态环境保护意识,加快生态技术的开发与成果转化,建立健全生态服务体系,推进生态农业产业集群化发展,增加生态农业建设投入,建立生态补偿机制并利用农业循环经济促进生态农业的发展．     

我国城市发展中新区的城乡一体化功能与模式探索

以经济增长为首位目标的新区的兴起,对推动区域经济发展产生了巨大作用。然而,随着新区的整合、经济体量的不断扩张,以及我国经济从粗放式增长向集约型发展的历史性转变,新区的发展越来越从单一的经济增长功能向经济、社会以至文化等综合发展的复合型功能迈进。城乡一体化功能是当前新区功能的新体现,以农村工业、郊区农业和新农村社区三要素为核心的城乡一体化发展模式,实质就是推动农村工业园区化、农业产业园区化和农村居住现代化。"三区"联动发展是新区城乡一体化的重要内容和有力保证。推动新区城乡一体化需要格外关注规划、核心创新优势、经济社会支撑体系和生态环境保护等重要问题。     

基于全域土地综合整治演变历程与发展趋势的问题与建议

随着我国工业化、城市化进程的不断加快,城乡长期二元发展,城镇扩张占用农用地、乡村地区土地利用粗放、生态环境问题等日益显现,为推进经济社会的可持续发展,从国家层面推行的土地综合整治,已成为保障粮食生产安全、推进土地集约利用、改善农村人居环境的重要手段。2019年,从国家层面安排部署全域土地综合整治试点工作,探索新形势下该项工作的实施路径,推进乡村振兴实施。本文在对土地整治发展历程、变革与发展趋势分析的基础上,总结了该项工作在规划引领、实施效益、资金投入等方面面临的问题,并提出相应的建议,以期为全域土地综合整治工作的实施、监管提供帮助。     

河池市农业资源及粮食综合生产能力评价

进入21世纪,人口与耕地、粮食的矛盾是农业资源优化配置的最大障碍,加强粮食综合生产能力建设,确保粮食安全已成为经济社会发展的重大战略目标。笔者通过综合分析评价河池市现实的农业资源和影响粮食生产能力的要素,进行了潜在的粮食综合生产能力分析。同时提出保护和提高河池市粮食综合生产能力,除国家在政策和财政上继续支持粮食生产外,应优化粮食生产的区域布局,保护好基本资源,优化耕地利用结构;要加强农田基本建设,大力改造中低产田;要实行科技兴农,推广应用粮食生产新技术,以实现农业可持续发展,促进农民增收,确保粮食安全。