赣南地区土壤pH值分布的影响因素及其强度变化

[目的] 研究赣南地区土壤pH值的影响因素和强度,为该区土壤酸化防治提供科学依据。[方法] 以江西省赣州市南康区8 167组表层土壤为研究对象,利用卡方检验、相关系数等统计学方法,对土壤pH值分布特征及影响因素进行分析。[结果] 研究区83.1%的土壤为强酸性（pH<5.0）,中性及碱性土壤比例小于17%。土壤pH值主要受成土母质和地质背景等自然因素的影响,影响强度表现为：成土母质 > 地质背景 > 高程 > 用地类型 > 地貌。酸性土壤分布在古生代火成岩和地势较高的元素流失区;中生代沉积岩和地势低洼元素富集区中土壤呈现碱性化,同时人类活动对土壤酸化的贡献不容忽视。[结论] 赣南地区土壤pH值形成主要受成土母质和地质背景控制,人类活动促使土壤pH值在不同土地利用类型上出现一定程度的异化。     

扬州市耕地土壤pH值30年演变及其驱动因子

【目的】土壤pH值是衡量耕地质量的重要指标,开展江苏省扬州市30年来种植制度、耕作制度、施肥、降雨等对耕地土壤酸化影响的研究,为预测和控制土壤酸化提供科学依据。【方法】调查了1984年、1994年、2005年、2014年四个时期耕地土壤pH、成土母质、土壤类型、土壤有机质含量,以及各时期的耕作制度、种植制度、降雨量和施用化肥品种和数量。数据来源于1984年第二次土壤普查的农化样点（4107个）、1994年的土壤普查点（2862个）、2005年土壤养分调查点（4018个）、2014年土壤养分调查点（6009个）,共16996个。参照《中国土壤》对我国土壤酸碱度分级指标将扬州市耕地土壤pH分为5级,分别为Ⅰ级（ 7.5）、Ⅱ级（6.5~7.5）、Ⅲ级（5.5~6.5）、Ⅳ级（4.5~5.5）、Ⅴ级（ 4.5）。应用地统计学中克里格法（Kriging）和相关的统计学方法,用ArcGIS10.1、SPSS19等软件进行了数据统计分析。【结果】扬州市1984年、1994年、2005年、2014年土壤pH平均分别为7.51（4107个）、7.07（2862个）、6.83（4018个）、6.74（6009个）;1984~2014年四个时期土壤pH空间分布格局基本不变,即里下河地区 沿江圩区 通南高沙土区 丘陵地区。1984、1994年和2005年,土壤pH以Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级为主,1984年占总面积的90%以上,1994年和2005年占总面积的75%以上;2014年土壤pH空间分布以Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级水平为主,占总面积的65.7%。30年间,土壤pH值下降0~1个单位的面积占总面积的47.2%,下降大于1个单位的面积占总面积的39.3%。前20年土壤pH值下降严重,下降了0~2个单位的面积占80%以上。30年间不同成土母质、土壤类型的整体土壤pH值呈下降趋势,分别下降0.9、0.8个单位;土壤有机质含量的变化与土壤pH变化呈负相关关系,30年间土壤有机质含量平均上升了6.01 g/kg,是土壤pH整体呈下降趋势的原因之一;30年间扬州市降水pH值整体呈下降趋势,其中丘陵、沿江地区下降最快,与丘陵、沿江地区土壤pH下降较快是一致的;30年间化肥投入量与土壤pH变化呈高度的负相关,2005年化肥投入量约505300吨,比1984年化肥投入量增加了2.42倍;2005~2014年化肥投入量呈稳定趋势,与30年土壤pH变化趋势是一致的;种植大棚蔬菜的田块土壤pH平均值比周边种植稻麦田块下降1.5~2个单位,表明土地利用类型改变也会影响土壤pH值。【结论】扬州市耕地土壤pH值30年间持续下降,前20年下降幅度较大,后10年渐趋稳定。影响土壤pH值空间分布因子主要有成土母质、土壤类型、土壤有机质含量;影响土壤pH时间分布因子主要有酸雨、施肥及土地利用类型,其中酸雨、施肥是导致土壤酸化的主要驱动因子。     

温州市农用地土壤锗元素地球化学特征、影响因素及开发利用远景评价

基于浙江省土地质量地质调查行动计划(2016－2020年)和浙江省多目标区域地球化学调查成果,研究了温州市农用地表层土壤和深层土壤Ge地球化学特征及其分布规律,分析探讨了其主要的影响因素,并对富锗土壤开发利用远景进行了评价。结果显示,研究区表层土壤锗元素平均含量1.44mg/kg,深层土壤锗元素平均含量1.62mg/kg,两者变异系数分别为为0.14和0.10,总体分布较均匀,空间变化特征基本吻合,由南西到北东呈弱递减变化趋势。富集程度等级划分显示,研究区农用地表层土壤主要以“弱贫化”和“背景”为主,指示其受人为因素影响总体较小。成土母质是影响研究区农用地表层土壤Ge含量及其分布特征的最重要因素,成土母质为滨海相沉积物和沉积岩类风化物的土壤Ge含量均值总体要高于成土母质为河湖相沉积物和火成岩类风化物的土壤。土壤有机质、粘粒等理化指标以及不同的土地利用方式和种植结构等也是影响其含量的重要因素之一。富锗土壤等级划分显示研究区Ge丰富耕地面积125.35万亩,占总耕地面积的33.94%,较丰富耕地面积82.11万亩,占总耕地面积的22.23%,中等耕地面积76.17万亩,占总耕地面积的20.62%。在此基础上,共圈出10个富锗土壤开发利用远景较好的区块,可作为地方政府实施富锗土壤开发利用的参考和依据。     

基于地理探测器的宝鸡市农田土壤养分影响因子分析

为分析陕西省宝鸡市农田土壤养分空间变异情况及其影响因素,选取土地利用类型、成土母质、土壤类型、高程、坡度、坡向、年均降水量、年均气温8种影响因子,借助地理探测器分析各因子对土壤有机质(SOM)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、全氮(TN)养分空间变异的影响。结果表明:造成SOM空间变异主要三因子分别为土地利用方式、土壤类型、年均气温;AP与AK的主要影响因子为成土母质、高程、土地利用方式;对TN解释力较大的三因子为土地利用方式、土壤类型、成土母质。即各因子对土壤养分空间变异原因的解释力存在一定的差异,气温变化对TN和SOM影响较大,高程是对4种土壤养分解释力较强的地形因子。交互探测器探测结果表明:两因子间的交互作用对养分的解释力均强于单因子,地形因子与其他因子交互之后解释力显著增强。影响因子与养分之间主要作用方式为双协同作用和非线性协同作用。随着高程的变化,4种养分含量呈现不同的变化趋势。此外,通过与Pearson相关系数法分析结果进行对比,发现地理探测器可以得到与之一致的因子重要性排序,适用于该区域土壤养分的研究。     

西北黑河流域土壤pH与CaCO_3相当物含量关系研究

干旱-半干旱地区的石灰性土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间有一定关系,但目前黑河流域土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的关系及其影响因素尚不明确。从区域、海拔、土壤母质、土壤类型、土地利用方式五个方面分析了我国西北黑河流域土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的关系。结果表明,黑河流域土壤pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间存在显著的非线性相关,pH随着CaCO_3相当物含量的增加而逐渐升高,当CaCO_3相当物含量升高到某一阈值后,pH增幅迅速降低,最终趋于稳定;不同区域、海拔、土纲、成土母质和土地利用方式下,pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的相关程度不同,表现为上游土壤pH与CaCO_3含量呈显著正相关,不同的海拔高度区间pH与CaCO_3含量之间具显著正相关,人为土、盐成土、均腐土、雏形土的pH与CaCO_3含量显著正相关,冰碛物、残积-坡积物、湖积物发育的土壤pH与CaCO_3含量具有极显著正相关,土地利用方式对pH与CaCO_3含量的关系影响较小;不同区域、海拔、土纲、成土母质和土地利用方式下,pH与CaCO_3相当物含量的最佳回归模型不同,有幂函数模型、一元二次模型、一元三次模型和线性模型。     

南宁市土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素探讨

以南宁市土壤为对象,系统采集了2 767个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和711个母质样(150～200 cm)。用AFS原子荧光光谱法进行了样品全硒含量质量分数分析;研究了南宁市土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,南宁市土壤全硒含量变幅为0.09～1.34 mg kg-1,算术平均值为0.57 mg kg-1。土壤类型中,新积土全硒含量最高,平均为0.89 mg kg-1;紫色土全硒含量最低,平均为0.37 mg kg-1。成土母质中,全硒含量以二叠系碳酸盐岩母质发育土壤为最高,平均为0.79 mg kg-1;以下白垩系紫红色碎屑岩母质发育土壤为最低,平均为0.39 mg kg-1。影响南宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤pH、有机碳及铁和铝的含量对土壤全硒含量的富集与分布也有一定影响。     

吉林省农田耕层土壤pH的时空变化特征

本研究通过分析2005~2013年测土配方施肥项目在吉林省采集的大量土壤样品,明确了不同地区农田耕层土壤pH的空间变异特征,并与第二次土壤普查数据对比探讨了土壤pH的变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤pH分布在3.8~9.1之间,平均值为6.5。不同类型农田土壤pH的高低顺序为:黑钙土风沙土草甸土黑土白浆土≈暗棕壤水稻土。空间上,吉林省农田耕层土壤呈现自西向东逐渐降低的分布特征,以西部白城市的通榆县最高而东部延边朝鲜族自治州的汪清县最低。时间上,与第二次土壤普相比,吉林省各种土类的pH存在共性的土壤酸化趋势。不同土类间pH的降幅存在较大差异,代表性的黑土下降约0.5个单位,酸化程度较大的草甸土和水稻分别下降了1.4和1.6个单位,而酸化程度较小的白浆土下降了0.1个单位。吉林省农业生产中应控制化肥用量,调整肥料品种,合理增施有机肥,大力推广秸秆还田,从而缓解土壤酸化趋势,改善土壤肥力。     

近37年扬州市耕地土壤有效锌含量时空变化特征

基于扬州市1984—2020年表层土壤数据,运用地统计分析和相关性分析方法,系统分析了扬州市耕地土壤有效锌含量时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:近37年扬州市耕地土壤有效锌平均含量上升1.15 mg/kg,增幅达188.5%;扬州市耕地土壤有效锌分布存在明显的空间异质性,总体上呈现南高北低、西高东低的分布特征。成土母质、土壤质地及土地利用方式不同,耕地土壤有效锌含量存在显著差异。不同成土母质中,长江冲积物发育土壤有效锌含量较高;不同土壤质地中,砂壤土中有效锌含量较高;不同土地利用方式中,旱地土壤中有效锌含量最高。土壤pH及有机质含量与土壤有效锌含量存在不同程度的响应关系。     

近35年来华北典型农业区土壤pH时空变化及其驱动因子分析

土壤pH时空变化对评估区域土壤质量及其生态功能演变具有重要意义。较多研究报导了我国耕地土壤自1980s以来的酸化特征,但鲜见报道自2005年大规模推行秸秆还田和配方施肥等措施后土壤pH变化。本文基于3个时期的1287个土壤样本（0 ~ 20 cm）,采用序贯高斯模拟方法研究华北典型农区土壤pH在1984—2007年和2007—2017年两个时期的变化,以评估秸秆还田和配方施肥措施对区域土壤pH变化的影响。结果表明,1984—2007年潮土、非黄土母质发育褐土、砂姜黑土均明显酸化。2007—2017年,潮土土壤pH有所回升,非黄土母质发育褐土酸化明显减缓,但砂姜黑土持续酸化;与其他区域不同,黄土母质发育的褐土区土壤pH在1984—2007年和2007—2017年两个时间阶段均有升高。不同类型土壤pH降低和恢复幅度的不同,部分归因于它们的质地和初始pH值差异;黄土母质区土壤pH的升高与该区亚表层土壤pH高于表层、而表层土壤易遭受侵蚀的特征契合。为更好调节华北土壤pH,除坚持秸秆还田和配方施肥外,还应结合土壤类型、土壤性质、母质和地形进行分类施治。     

河南省成土母质与土壤空间分布多样性的特征

成土母质作为土壤发育的主要形成因素,二者间的关系密切。选取河南省作为研究区,从多样性的角度运用经典的仙农熵测度方法分析成土母质和土壤要素的构成组分多样性、不同母质基础上各土壤分类级别的多样性特征,并运用改进的仙农熵公式研究5 km×5 km网格尺度下不同成土母质对土类空间分布离散程度的影响及不同成土母质和土壤的空间分布多样性特征和相关性。结果表明:(1)成土母质类型虽少,但其构成组分多样性高于土类,这与二者分类系统的分支率有关;(2)6类母质类型中,残积、坡积物母质面积最大且发育土壤类型最为复杂;15种土壤类型与6类母质之间的关系有一对多、一对一和多对一3种类型;(3)不同母质上发育的土类的空间分布离散性程度不同,残积、坡积物母质上分布的优势土类为粗骨土,河流冲积物和河湖相沉积物母质上的优势土类分别是潮土和砂姜黑土,洪积物和黄土与红土母质上发育较好的两种土类为黄褐土和褐土,风积物母质上仅发育了风砂土一种土类;(4)潮土和河流冲积物母质分别是是河南省面积最大、空间分布多样性值最高的土类类型和成土母质类型,且成土母质与土类空间分布多样性间存在不同程度的相关性。综上,河南省的6大类成土母质与15种土类的构成组分多样性和空间分布离散性程度存在差异,且二者的空间分布多样性间存在一定的相关性。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Metals in sediment of lakes in Northern Sweden

The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Fe were measured in sediment from 54 soft water lakes in the inland part of central and northern Sweden in order to study the regional impact of metals to lakes. An evident regional distribution due to environmental pollution was found concerning Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu. In the southern part of the studied region, the enrichment factors in the top sediment layers were about 50, 7, 4, and 2, respectively. Further to the north, the contamination of the top sediments gradually decreased. In a large part of the northern region, the sediment analyses showed no general vertical gradients of Zn and Cu, indicating non-polluted conditions. Lead was the most widespread and pronounced pollutant with marked enhancements in most parts of the region. In the northernmost areas, the top sediment showed increased concentrations of Pb and Cd of about a factor of 2, suggesting that strictly non-polluted conditions concerning these two metals can not be found anywhere in the studied region. The regional distribution of Fe differed from the other metals and gave no evidence of a large-scale anthropogenic contribution. The natural enrichment of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the surface sediment is probably of minor importance in these kinds of lakes. The regional distribution of metals in sediments indicate that there is a large scale impact of Ph, Cd, Zn, and Cu on Swedish forest lakes, caused by anthropogenic factors.