Characterisation of novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for melon (Cucumis melo L.) and their use for genotype identification

Summary

The objectives of this study were to provide a set of useful simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, to characterise them, and to demonstrate their ability to detect polymorphisms across diverse genotypes of melon. A total of 183 SSR markers were developed in melon from libraries enriched for (CA)_n, (CT)_n, (AAG)_n, and (ATG)_n repeats. The efficiency of marker development was highest in the CT library. The efficiencies of the CA, AAG, and ATG libraries were similar, and approx. 60% of that of the CT library. Dinucleotide motifs were observed more frequently than trinucleotide motifs. Approx. 50% of CA/TG motifs and approx. 30% of CT/AG motifs exhibited a repeat number greater than ten, while most other motifs showed a repeat number of less than ten. Fifty primer pairs were selected at random and used to evaluate polymorphisms among 19 melon accessions representing seven varieties. All 50 markers were amplified successfully in the majority of accessions, and 42 markers were polymorphic among the 19 melon accessions. All polymorphic markers could detect variation between at least two accessions belonging to the same variety, with polymorphic information content values ranging from 0.10 - 0.96. The SSR markers developed were variable and transferable and will be valuable molecular tools in melon breeding programmes.     

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Tunisian apricot germplasm using AFLP and SSR markers

Eighty-one accessions representing apricot germplasm in Tunisia were collected from different areas of cultivation and fingerprinted using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellites (SSR) markers. A total of 339 polymorphic markers were revealed using 5 AFLP primers combinations and 24 SSR loci. AFLP and SSR markers expressed a high level of polymorphism allowing the distinction of the accessions with an efficiency coefficient of discrimination of 100% for AFLP and 97% for SSR markers. Genetic diversity structure was assessed with AFLPs and SSRs markers separately then with combined matrix data by the help of hierarchical clustering elaborated using Wards method based on Nei and Li (1979) distances. Comparison of the obtained dendrograms revealed a phylogeographic structure into two major groups with significant conservation between the observed subgroups in relation with the geographic origin of the accessions. The relative efficiency of the markers in determining the genetic relationships among apricot accessions has been assessed and a combination of AFLPs and SSRs markers was the most effective. In addition, Mantel test based on genetic distances indicated highly significant correlation between AFLP-SSR data and each of the AFLP and SSR ones, with Pearson correlation values of r = 0.873 and r = 0.692, respectively, revealing the higher efficiency of the combination of both molecular techniques (AFLP and SSR) to estimate the levels of genetic variability among apricot germplasm.     

甘肃中部梨资源遗传变异和亲缘关系的SSR分析

用6对SSR特异性引物对甘肃中部46个梨品种或类型的遗传变异和亲缘关系进行了分析,结果表明,SSR位点的期望杂合度为0.446～0.738,平均为0.639,显示了良好的品种鉴定能力。采用UPGMA聚类分析法构建的系统树将供试梨品种或类型分为7个大组:木梨组、白梨组、秋子梨组、褐梨组、西洋梨组和2个可能以秋子梨为基本种而形成的复杂的种间杂种组。唯一的砂梨品种黄花梨包含在白梨组中。新疆梨的5个品种没有独立成组,而是分别包含在木梨、白梨及秋子梨组中。一些原来根据形态学无法归类的品种和类型分别和木梨、白梨和西洋梨聚合在一起,显示出和这些梨系统的亲缘关系;木梨虽然采集地相对集中,但也显示出丰富的遗传多样性。     

Genetic variation in tomato populations from four breeding programs revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers

Genetic variability in modern crops is limited due to domestication and breeding. To investigate genetic variation in different populations, 216 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars, hybrids, and elite breeding lines from four breeding programs were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers. Of 47 markers analyzed, 72.3% were polymorphic in the whole collection of 216 genotypes and 51.06–59.57% showed polymorphisms in individual populations. However, genetic variation was narrow in all four populations. Nei's genetic distance varied from 0.0422 to 0.1135 between populations and from 0.0085 to 0.3187 between lines in individual populations. Cluster and principal coordinate analysis indicated that the four populations could be grouped into three clades. Lines from Shenyang Agricultural University and China Agricultural University population formed the first clade, lines from Beijing Vegetable Research Center were in the second clade, and lines from Nunhems were in the third clade. This was further supported by population structure analysis using STRUCTURE2.2, and suggested that a lack of germplasm exchange might exist among breeding programs. It might be the reason that the progress of developing new varieties with significant improvement of horticultural traits in China is slow in recent years.     

Phylogenetic study and molecular identification of 31 Dendrobium species using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

The genetic diversity of the genus Dendrobium is not well known and the phylogenetic relationship of Dendrobium species are mainly determined by studies of the comparative vegetative anatomy and plant systematics. In the present study, we used the technique of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) to evaluate genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among 31 Dendrobium species from Yunnan region of China. In total, 2368 bands were amplified by 17 ISSR primers, resulting from 278 ISSR loci with 100% polymorphism at genus level. Thirty-one species were unequivocally distinguished based on ISSR fingerprinting. Species-specific ISSR markers were identified in nine of 31 tested Dendrobium species. Unweighted pair-group mean analysis (UPGMA) showed that 31 Dendrobium species were grouped into six clusters, indicating the genus was polyphyletic with several well-supported lineages. The high polymorphism and reliable amplification across species demonstrated the utility of ISSR marker for species diagnosis and genetic diversity study of the genus Dendrobium.     

我国杏种质资源及遗传育种研究新进展

简要介绍了杏的起源、分布及种质资源收集、保存情况,着重对杏种质资源的细胞学、孢粉学、授粉生物学、分子生物学、解剖学和抗寒机理方面进行了综述。揭示了国内外杏的最新研究动态、杏起源、演化、分类及抗寒、抗旱机理等,同时论述了国内外杏的育种目标、遗传规律及先进的育种技术,并提出了我国杏今后的发展方向。     

Effectiveness of SSR molecular markers in evaluating the phylogenetic relationships among eight Actinidia species

The aim of the present study is to evaluate a set of microsatellites and their effectiveness in determining the phylogenetic relationships among Actinidia species. A set of 14 genotypes belonging to eight Actinidia species were subjected to PCR using SSRs as molecular markers. The PCR products were analyzed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The discriminating ability of SSRs was based on the number of alleles and the indices DI, I and PIC. All SSR primer pairs were polymorphic and identified a total number of 61 alleles corresponding to an average of 7.8 alleles per locus. Data showed that the di-nucleotide microsatellites were more polymorphic, than the tri-nucleotide and penta-nucleotide, and were more efficient in establishing genetic similarities. The genetic similarity of the genotypes calculated with Jaccard and/or Dice similarity coefficients varied from 0.100 to 0.579, indicating a broad genetic base for the genetic material tested. Both similarity matrices clustered either with UPGMA or NJ, produced similar topology with minor clustering differences among genotypes. Thus, the eight species were clustered in two main groups and each main group in two subgroups. Data showed a close genetic relationship among Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa species. The same conclusions were, also, drawn using the principal coordinate analysis.     

Interspecific relationships of Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from inter-simple sequence repeat data

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate interspecific relationships of Lycoris. Twenty-four samples were included in the study representing a total of 20 among species and varieties. Thirteen primers produced 228 discernible DNA fragments, 205, or 89.91%, of which were polymorphic, indicating a high level of interspecific genetic variation in Lycoris. Our UPGMA cluster analysis recognized four major groups of species, which were consistent with morphological and karyotype observations. The first group included species with telocentric and metacentric chromosomes, while the second consisted of species with a haploid genome of 11 subtelocentric chromosomes. The third group contained species with a mixture of subtelocentric, telocentric and metacentric chromosomes. The last group included the Japanese and Korean species. Lycoris anhuiensis was clustered within accessions of Lycoris longituba, suggesting that it could be recognized as a variety of L. longituba. Our ISSR data also suggested that L. straminea may be a hybrid between Lycoris chinensis and Lycoris radiata var. pumila, and that L. caldwellii, an allotriploid, may be of a hybrid origin of L. chinensis and L. sprengeri.     

Characterization of citrus germplasm including unknown variants by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study phylogenetic relationships among 33 citrus genotypes including several undefined local or native varieties as well as some known varieties in the Fars Province of Iran.     

三倍体葡萄柚实生后代多倍体的发掘与SSR遗传鉴定

【目的】从三倍体葡萄柚自然授粉的实生后代中发掘多倍体,希望获得一批多倍体新种质,并为探索三倍体遗传规律奠定基础。【方法】秋季采摘三倍体葡萄柚成熟果实,剥取种子,MT+1 mg·L-1GA3培养基播种,待种子萌发后,用流式细胞仪快速检测其倍性,并采用SSR(simple sequence repeat)分子标记鉴定其不同倍性后代植株的来源。【结果】获得了二倍体、三倍体、四倍体、五倍体、六倍体和疑似非整倍体等不同倍性的再生植株各172、52、7、1、1、18株。用13对多态性SSR引物鉴定其来源,结果表明,由二倍体可能三倍体母本所产生的1X配子与周边其他二倍体品种的花粉授粉而来,也可能由三倍体母本产生的重组型2X配子的无融合生殖而来;三倍体大部分由珠心细胞发育而来;四倍体为杂交起源的四倍体;五倍体和六倍体与母本(三倍体葡萄柚)的带型完全相同。【结论】上述活体材料的发掘为柑橘多倍体育种奠定了种质基础。     

SSR标记在果树遗传育种中的应用

每个SSR序列的基本重复单元次数在不同基因型间的差异,从而形成其座位的多态性.SSR技术在果树育种中,主要应用在构建遗传图谱、DNA指纹图谱的建立种质资源的遗传多样性等.本文主要简述了SSR标志的原理和特点,并从亲缘关系和遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱构建及基因定位、DNA指纹和品种鉴定、分子标记辅助育种等方面介绍了近年来SSR技术作为一种新的DNA分子标记技术在果树上的应用现状及前景.     

Assessment of genetic relationships among 29 introduced and 49 local sweet cherry accessions in Turkey using AFLP and SSR markers

Summary

The characterisation of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genetic resources in Turkey may help to increase their use in breeding programmes worldwide, as Turkey is the centre of origin of sweet cherry. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were therefore used to analyse genetic diversity among a total of 78 local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars. Four AFLP primer combinations, and six SSR primer pairs for sweet cherry were used for genetic diversity analysis. A genetic similarity matrix was calculated using the combined data from AFLP and SSR analyses with simple matching coefficient. Genetic similarities among the sweet cherry genotypes studied were higher than 42%. No two accessions had an identical AFLP and SSR marker profile, indicating that all 78 genotypes were unique. An UPGMA dendrogram, based on the similarity matrix, revealed 18 separate Groups at or above the 70% similarity level. While some Groups consisted of both introduced and local genotypes, other Groups had only local genotypes. This result suggests that there was broad genetic diversity among the local Turkish sweet cherry genotypes, which was not present in the introduced sweet cherry accessions. The genetic variation present in local Turkish sweet cherry genotypes may be useful for future breeding programmes. We found that the use of both SSR and AFLP marker systems was effective for distinguishing between genetically-close sweet cherry genotypes. These marker systems can be used to complement pomological and morphological markers during the characterisation and identification of sweet cherry genotypes.     

SSR fingerprinting Chinese peach cultivars and landraces (Prunus persica) and analysis of their genetic relationships

Thirty-two Chinese peach landraces/cultivars, a major subset of the core Chinese peach collection, were fingerprinted using seven pairs of SSR primers to assess their genetic diversity and relatedness. The seven primer pairs detected eight loci and revealed an allele richness of 3.125 (average alleles per locus), an expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.450, and a Shannon index of 0.728 among the landraces/cultivars. This level of genetic diversity is lower compared to other fruit trees and Prunus congenus species (cherry and apricot), but it is comparable to previous reports in peaches. A greater level of genetic diversity was observed in landraces than in cultivars, indicating that peach landraces are valuable for germplasm collection. All cultivars and landraces, except two, were unambiguously identified based on multi-locus genotypes. Eight unique alleles were detected among this group of Chinese peaches. UPGMA clustering analysis separated the 32 cultivars/landraces into two distinct groups, which is generally in accordance with the known pedigree information. The results provide accurate genetic information for defined acquisition policy in the repositories, improving the integrity and efficiency of germplasm management and giving evidences for protection of breeder's intellectual rights.     

Exploitation of SSR,SRAP and CAPS-SNP markers for genetic diversity of Citrus germplasm collection

The present study was to assess informativeness and efficiency of three different molecular markers for genetic diversity among 24 Citrus and its relative species. Sixty one SSR, 33 SRAP and 24 CAPS-SNP markers were used to evaluate the level of polymorphism and discriminating capacity. A total of 596, 656 and 135 polymorphic amplicons were observed in SSR, SRAP and CAPS-SNP markers with average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.97, 0.98 and 0.89, respectively. High levels of polymorphism were recorded for SSR and SRAP compared with CAPS-SNP markers. The highest correlations (r = 0.930) were obtained between SSR and SRAP markers, whereas SSR and CAPS-SNP were poorly correlated (r = 0.833). Cluster analysis was performed to construct dendrograms using UPGMA. And the dendrogram from SSR data was most congruent with the general dendrogram. These findings provide basis for future efficient use of these molecular markers in the genetic analysis of Citrus and its relatives.     

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Citrus germplasm collection using AFLP,SSAP, SAMPL and SSR markers

In this study we evaluate the informativeness and efficiency of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP), Selectively Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci (SAMPL) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers for genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship among the Citrus species and mapping ability of the marker system. The SSR exhibited relatively higher level of polymorphism information content in terms of the expected heterozygosity, than that of the AFLPs, SSAPs and SAMPLs. For each marker system, average level of the discriminating potential was very close to the actual discriminating potential. Similarity matrices showed weak, yet significant correlations when Mantel's test was applied. The highest positive (0.72) correlation was found between the AFLP and SSAP markers. The SSR and SAMPL markers were poorly correlated. The dendrogram topology among the four marker systems had high similarity. Taken together, the SSAP and SAMPL were highly efficient in detecting genetic similarity in Citrus, while the SSR may be more useful for segregation studies and genome mapping in Citrus. The SSAP and SAMPL markers could be useful for Citrus genome mapping in combination with AFLP and SSR markers. To our knowledge, this was the first detail report of a comparison of performances among AFLP, SSR and retrotrasposon based molecular marker technique on a set of samples of Citrus. Our result provides guidance for future efficient use of these molecular methods in genetic analysis of Citrus sp. and its relatives.     

新疆甜瓜地方品种（Cucumis melo L.）的SSR遗传多样性

<正>目的与意义:适应于原产地的地方品种是甜瓜种质保存和遗传改良的重要资源,详细了解这些地方品种的遗传变异对于新疆甜瓜种质资源的多样性保护和重要农艺性状的遗传改良具有重要的意义。本文利用SSR标记方法对新疆甜瓜地方品种进行遗传多样性分析,并比较新疆3个主要生态地区东疆、南疆和北疆地方品种的遗传关系,为更好     

榧树转录组SSR信息分析及其分子标记开发

【目的】基于‘细榧’(Torreya grandis‘Xifei’)和‘圆榧’(T.grandis‘Dielsii’)种子转录组数据,开发SSR分子标记,为榧属植物遗传多样性研究奠定基础。【方法】利用MISA软件对筛选得到的1 kb以上的Unigene做SSR分析,利用Primer 3.0设计引物,随机选择49对引物进行多态性扩增。【结果】在22 976条评估数目中,包含SSR位点5 458个,共鉴定出6种类型的SSR。单核苷酸重复、三核苷酸重复和二核苷酸重复分别占SSR总数的64.9%、18.56%和14.77%。对5 458个SSR位点设计出4 633对SSR引物,随机选择49对在10份榧属植物中进行多态性扩增,其中16对引物表现出多态性,各个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,平均等位基因数3个,多态信息含量PIC、观测杂合度Ho、期望杂合度He的平均值分别是0.464 4、0.283 7和0.500 6。【结论】榧树转录组测序数据能够提供丰富的SSR位点,用于快速高效地开发SSR引物。所开发的引物能为榧树遗传多样性研究、品种指纹图谱构建和分子标记辅助选择育种提供标记选择。     

Assessment of genetic diversity of Latvian and Swedish sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genetic resources collections by using SSR (microsatellite) markers

Three previously described highly polymorphic SSR (microsatellite) primer pairs were tested on 126 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) accessions to adapt a fast, reliable method for preliminary screening of sweet cherry germplasm collections and to compare two sweet cherry germplasm collections: at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Dobele (LIFG-Dobele) and at the Division of Horticultural Genetics and Plant Breeding at Balsgård, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU-Balsgård). The SSR loci were highly polymorphic with 4–10 different alleles and 5–18 genotypes. Heterozygosity values ranged from 0.431 to 0.809, gene diversity (PIC) values ranged from 0.400 to 0.753, and the discriminating power of each locus varied from 0.631 to 0.894. The combined discriminating power of all loci was highly effective (0.996). Sixteen identical accession groups with the same allele profile were discovered in both collections. This study demonstrated that SSR fingerprinting with the three primer pairs tested, can be used for preliminary characterization of sweet cherry germplasm collections.     

浙江部分柿属植物鉴定及亲缘关系的SSR分析

应用SSR对浙江省分布的部分柿属植物(包括柿、浙江柿和金枣柿在内的3种46个基因型)进行了种质鉴定和亲缘关系分析。从已公开序列的20对柿属植物SSR引物中筛选出扩增谱带清晰和多态性丰富的引物11对;应用建立的技术体系,可将同物异名和同名异物的试材得以系统整理,一般认为是同一品种的兰溪大红柿与永康方柿,玉环长柿与永嘉长柿指纹图谱各有不同,应为不同种质。聚类分析结果表明,金枣柿(Diospyros sp.)与其他供试试材间的亲缘关系较远,支持其可能为一新种的观点;浙江柿(D.glaucifolia Metc.)与金枣柿的亲缘关系较远但与柿(D.kaki Thunb.)较近;部分供试日本柿种质与浙江省柿种质的亲缘关系较近。研究结果可为浙江省柿属植物种质资源保护和利用提供一定的科学依据。