阿月浑子叶片矿质营养质量分数的季节变化

对引自美国、以色列和伊朗的3个阿月浑子品种的成年树在生长过程中的叶片营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Fe)质量分数进行测定分析,结果表明,3个阿月浑子品种叶片矿质营养元素质量分数季节变化规律一致,从5月到9月,随叶龄的增加,N质量分数逐渐下降,Ca、Mg、Mn、K质量分数逐渐递增,其中Ca增加3倍,最为明显,而P、Cu、Fe质量分数变化不显著;7月中下旬营养元素质量分数相对稳定,为阿月浑子营养诊断的最佳采样时期;试验地总盐量在0～20cm和20～40cm土层分别为666.6mg·kg-1和900mg·kg-1,为强碱性土壤,导致阿月浑子P、Fe亏缺,叶片缺素症状明显,由于灌溉水含盐量高达2670mg·kg-1,到坚果成熟期部分叶片盐害症状明显,叶片中的Cu质量分数相对较高,但未发现明显的Cu害症状;阿月浑子叶片各营养元素质量分数的相关分析表明,不同元素间存在一定的相关性,其中N和Ca质量分数存在极显著的负相关关系,Mg和Cu质量分数存在极显著的正相关关系。     

Net CO2 storage in mediterranean olive and peach orchards

Agricultural practices can play an important role in atmospheric CO₂ emission and fixation. In this study, we present results on carbon fluxes in the biomass of two typical Mediterranean orchards indicating that proper canopy management coupled with other agricultural techniques could increase the absorption of atmospheric CO₂ and its storage. We also discuss the potential environmental contribution of the orchards to enhancement of both soil and air quality. Trials were carried out in southern Italy on olive (Olea europaea L.) and peach orchards (Prunus persica L.) at different age and plant densities. At the end of each vegetative season, values of fixed atmospheric CO₂ were calculated by measuring dry matter accumulation and partitioning in the different plant organs. In the early years, sequestered CO₂ was primarily distributed in the permanent structures and in the root system while in mature orchards the fixed CO₂ was distributed in leaves, pruning materials and fruit. Significant differences in amounts of fixed CO₂ were observed in peach orchards cultivated using different planting and training strategies. The results underline the importance of training system, plant density and cultivation techniques in the absorption of atmospheric CO₂ and its storage as organic matter in the soil.     

Intra-cultivar variability of three major olive cultivars grown in different areas of central-southern Italy and studied using microsatellite markers

A collection of 70 olive samples, originating from diverse areas in central-southern Italy (Abruzzo, Apulia, Calabria, and Umbria) and corresponding to 3 major cultivars denominations (‘Carolea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’), was genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. In total, 44 alleles with a mean number of 4.4 alleles per locus were detected. The molecular analysis, allowed the study to show a clear genetic diversity between the three cultivars ‘Carolea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’ and to state that ‘Carolea’ is a polyclonal cultivar, while ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’, are probably monoclonal ones. The analysis of intra-varietal polymorphism, through the SSR analysis, proved to be very useful both for varietal identification and for intra-varietal ones. Our work shows that the current designations of olive cultivars fall short of describing the genetic variability among economically important plant material. A thorough investigation of the existing variability will prove of major importance for both management and economic production of olive trees.     

Biochemical changes involved in self-incompatibility in two cultivars of olive (Olea europaea L.) during flower development

Biochemical analyses were carried out to characterise the basis of self-incompatibility in the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars ‘Amygdalolia’ and ‘Konservalia’. Multiple interactions between cells of different types, origin, and function occur in the pistil. Endogenous factors play important roles in ovary and fruit development before (Stage 1) and during pollination (Stage 2), and after fertilisation (Stage 3). Changes in carbohydrate, protein, H₂O_2, and calcium ion concentrations, and in peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities in pistil tissue before and during pollination, and after fertilisation were investigated. In both cultivars, H₂O₂ concentrations were significantly higher in pistil tissue before pollination, after which they started to decrease in Stage 2 and continued non-significantly in Stage 3. Peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities were lower at Stage 1 and Stage 2, whereas these enzyme activities increased at Stage 3 in both cultivars. The lowest concentration of calcium ions was observed at Stage 1, whereas at Stage 2, calcium ion concentrations increased and reached their highest level, then decreased at Stage 3. Calcium ion concentrations in ‘Konservalia’ were higher than in ‘Amygdalolia’. In ‘Konservalia’, the highest protein concentration was observed at Stage 2. No significant differences were found in carbohydrate concentrations between the two cultivars. The biological significance of the presence of these products may differ between Stage 1, when they have a defence function, Stage 2 when there are interactions between pollen and pistil, and Stage 3 after fertilisation. This study provides support for the hypothesis that there is a correlation between self-incompatibility, stress-related enzyme activities, and calcium ion concentrations in the pistils of olive.     

新疆5个枣品种叶片碳同位素组成、瞬时水分利用效率的季节变化及与气象因子的关系

利用稳定碳同位素技术,对新疆环塔里木盆地主栽的5个枣品种叶片δ13C值进行了比较测定,同时测定各品种的瞬时光合速率、蒸腾速率、光合有效辐射及空气温湿度等因子。结果表明,(1)新疆栽培枣品种叶片δ13C值分布在-25.559‰～-27.861‰,平均值为-26.463‰;(2)5个枣品种叶片δ13C值季节变化差异显著(P<0.05),表现为春季(-26.088‰)>夏季(-26.395‰)>秋季(-26.904‰),且品种间差异极显著,最大的为-25.559‰(骏枣春季),最小的为-27.861‰(冬枣秋季),变幅2.302‰;(3)空气相对湿度是引起δ13C值季节变化的主要因素;(4)5个枣品种长期水分利用效率(WUEsl)大小顺序为:冬枣<梨枣<灰枣<赞皇大枣<骏枣,顺时水分利用效率(WUEi)大小顺序为:冬枣<骏枣<赞皇大枣<梨枣<灰枣,2种方法测定的结果均反映出鲜食品种中冬枣对当地干旱的适应能力最弱。     

Assessment of tolerance to NaCl salinity of five olive cultivars,based on growth characteristics and Na and Cl exclusion mechanisms

Changes caused by NaCl-induced salinity on several growth parameters and ions accumulation have been measured in five olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (‘Chemlali’, ‘Chetoui’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Arbequina I18’, and ‘Arbosana I43’) growing in a greenhouse in nutrient solution pot experiment. One-year-old plants were transplanted to sand–perlite (1:1) culture, and were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing NaCl at various levels (0.5, 50, 100 and 200 mM). Salinity induced significant decrease in growth parameters, but to a different extent in each cultivar. Leaf growth and total leaf area per plant were significantly affected by all salinity treatments in all studied cultivars, being ‘Arbequina I18’ the most sensitive cultivar. Leaf drop phenomenon was observed from 60 days after salt application at high salinity treatments, mainly in Arbequina I18. Contrary to leaf area, leaf thickness increased progressively during the experiment. ‘Chemlali’ developed thicker leaves at the two highest salinity treatments when compared to the other cultivars. Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations were higher in roots than in shoots and leaves in most of the cultivars investigated. The effectiveness of Na⁺ exclusion mechanism in the roots differed significantly among studied cultivars, working effectively in ‘Chemlali’ (by inhibiting translocation of Na⁺ to the aerial part) and being much less efficient in ‘Arbequina I18’. Furthermore, leaf abscission can be considered as an additional tolerance mechanism of olive cultivars allowing the elimination of leaves that had accumulated Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. Tolerance to salinity stress was as follows: ‘Chemlali’ > ‘Chetoui’ > ‘Arbosana I43’ > ‘Koroneiki’ > ‘Arbequina I18’. This order of salt tolerance was indicated by lower reduction in plant growth parameters (shoot elongation, trunk diameter, total plant dry weight, internodes length, and total leaf area), the increase of leaf thickness, and by the effectiveness of the exclusion mechanism of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the root system.     

桃叶片再生不定芽的研究

以桃栽培品种曙光、金童5号和甜桃王试管苗叶片为外植体,研究了基本培养基、植物生长调节剂种类及质量浓度组合、基因型和试管苗继代次数等因素对叶片再生的影响。结果表明,适宜暗培养的培养基为LP+1.5mg·L-1TDZ+0.15mg·L-1NAA;光培养基为LP+0.5mg·L-1TDZ+0.3mg·L-1KT+0.3mg·L-1NAA和LP+0.6mg·L-1TDZ+0.3mg·L-1KT+0.4mg·L-12,4-D;金童5号和曙光具有较强的再生能力,再生率分别为21.8%和14.5%;曙光和金童5号试管苗继代第1～11次叶片的再生能力与继代前3次愈伤组织相比形成率较高;曙光再生苗在培养基1/2MS+0.5mg·L-1NAA上生根率为100%,平均生根条数为7.9。     

Compositional quality of virgin olive oils from cultivars introduced in Tunisian arid zones in comparison to Chemlali cultivars

This work is an evaluation of the quality of three introduced European olive cultivars Arbequina, Coratina, and Koroneiki grown under a biological agricultural system in the arid zone of Sfax in Tunisia compared to Chemlali cultivars. Various olive parameters were analyzed, such as ripening index, pulp/stone (P/S) ratio and oil content. We have considered the regulated physicochemical analytical parameters, fatty acids and minor compounds for olive oil. The most of the quality indices and fatty acid composition showed significant variations among olive cultivars. The Koroneiki, Coratina and Chemlali Zarzis cultivars had highest values of oleic acid (62.7%) (76.8%, 75.8% and 73.9%, respectively), Arbequina, had lowest value of oleic acid and similar to Chemlali Sfax. Coratina was noteworthy for its higher content of phenolic compounds (287.8 mg kg⁻¹), oil content (42.4%) and P/S ratio (4.7%). Although their low phenol contents, autochthonous cultivars presented high contents of α-tocopherol (577.8 and 434.6 mg kg⁻¹ for Chemlali Boughrara and Chemlali Zarzis, respectively) except for Chemlali Sfax. In conclusion, European cultivars seem to have adapted to the area studied according to their oil biochemical composition while the increase observed in their α-tocopherol levels. The cultivar Arbequina showed a similar composition of Chemlali Sfax.     

5个荔枝品种的品质及挥发性风味比较分析

【目的】对5个荔枝品种的品质和风味进行鉴定,为品质评价及栽培育种提供理论依据。【方法】理化和液相色谱技术测定糖、酸、维生素含量等品质指标,气相离子迁移谱检测挥发性风味化合物组分。【结果】4个优质品种仙进奉(Xianjinfeng,XJF)、水晶球(Shuijingqiu,SJQ)、佛绿(Folü,FL)和冰荔(Bingli,BL)的平均总可溶性固形物含量差异不大,均比传统品种怀枝(Huaizhi, HZ)略高,而XJF的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量比较均等,HZ和其他3个优质品种以葡萄糖和果糖为主。可滴定总酸与苹果酸含量的高低依次为XJF>HZ>SJQ>BL>FL。XJF和FL的维生素C含量高于HZ,而SJQ和BL低于HZ。与HZ相比,XJF、SJQ和BL的挥发性风味物质具有明显独立的特征峰区域,聚类分析显示,BL和HZ的总挥发性风味差异最小,XJF次之,而FL和SJQ与HZ差异最大。【结论】4个优质荔枝的品质指标与HZ相比有不同的差异,而具有品种特异性的挥发性风味组分和含量差异最为显著。糖、酸及挥发性风味物质的组分和含量可作为荔枝优质品种的品质评价指标。     

5个草莓品种在吉林公主岭引种试验

为筛选出适宜吉林省推广的草莓品种,丰富吉林省设施草莓品种结构,促进吉林省草莓产业的发展,以‘红颜’‘艳丽’为对照,观察‘妙香7号’‘妙香3号’‘圣诞红’‘隋珠’‘天仙醉’5个草莓品种在吉林省公主岭地区的引种表现,对其物候期、生长习性、开花结果习性、果实品质、产量、抗病虫能力及畸形果率等进行观测。结果表明,‘妙香7号’和‘圣诞红’2个品种综合表现良好,适合在吉林省推广栽培。     

Post-harvest micro-flora on major cultivars of Indian mangoes

This study examined the surface micro-flora on nine major mango varieties collected from nine states of India in three different harvesting stages (early, mid and late). Mango surface supported substantial microbial component, including various species of bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. Total microbial population was in the range of 10⁵–10⁸ and was significantly different in different cultivars as well as harvesting stages. However, all the mango varieties invariably showed highest microbial population in third harvesting stage. Comparative microbial population of yeast, mold and bacteria showed significant variation in different mango varieties at the third harvesting stage except for Alphonso from Maharashtra and Karnataka. Microbial population on mango fruit surface was strongly influenced by climatic factor, stages of fruit development and varietal specificity.     

Characterization of virgin olive oil from Super Intensive Spanish and Greek varieties grown in northern Tunisia

The aim of this study was to evaluate minor components (phenolic compounds, α-tocopherols and pigments), fatty acid contents and oxidative stability of virgin olive oil of Spanish cultivars: Arbequina, Arbequina I-18 and Arbosana and Greek cultivar: Koroneiki grown in Northern Tunisia under irrigated high-density plantation system. Thus, in order to have better knowledge about the quali-quantitative profiles of these components in samples obtained from the same collecting seasons and the same processing techniques. Fourteen phenolic compounds were detected and quantified by SPE RP-HPLC. Dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones were the main components in all samples. Pinoresinol was the most abundant component in lignan fraction. These phenolic compounds, α-tocopherols, total phenols and o-diphenols showed significant correlations with oxidative stability. Furthermore, the majority of the studied analytical parameters were greatly influenced by the cultivar–environment interaction. In fact, significant differences between the studied oils were detected.     

黑龙江省5个主栽葡萄品种抗寒性鉴定

鉴定分析了黑龙江省5个葡萄品种1年生枝条解剖结构、电解质渗出率、可溶性糖含量等与葡萄抗寒性的关系。结果表明,供试葡萄品种抗寒性从强到弱为:贝达>京秀>京亚>U-尼昆>无核白;枝条电解质渗出率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、脂肪酸含量与抗寒性均呈正相关。     

西北地区枣树主栽品种抗寒性研究

通过研究西北地区枣树主栽品种抗寒性,对枣树适地适栽提供依据,以该地区9个枣树主栽品种的1 a生休眠枝条为试材,测定了不同低温处理相对电导率（REC）,配合logistic方程计算各品种的半致死温度（LT50）,确定品种的抗寒性。结果表明：9个主栽品种抗寒性差异较大,LT50在-20.16~-32℃,抗寒性由强到弱依次为...     

影响油桃叶片产生胚性愈伤组织的因素

以早熟油桃华光和曙光为试材,对影响早熟油桃叶片产生胚性愈伤的基本培养基、外源激素、碳源、环境(光照强度,温度,暗培养时间)等因素进行研究,结果表明:碳源对两种油桃叶片胚性愈伤的诱导影响不显著,其他影响因子对油桃叶片胚性愈伤的诱导均显著。其中华光和曙光在暗培养21d时,产生的有效愈伤较其他处理有极显著差异,有利于有效愈伤的产生;外源激素对诱导桃叶片产生胚性愈伤组织影响显著,NAA不是影响胚性愈伤产生的主效因子;基本培养基中,QL,1/2MS培养基有利于华光胚性愈伤的发育,QL,LP培养基有利于曙光胚性愈伤的发育;当温度在24￣27.5℃时,光照强度为2000lx,有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导及生长;接种方式上,叶背横切,叶面贴于培养基表面的接种方法易产生胚性愈伤。实验中发现:叶背横切,叶面接于G+2.5mg/LBA+0.5mg/LIBA培养基上,暗培养21d,转入1/2MS+2.0mg/lTDZ+2.0mg/LBA+0.5mg/LNAA的培养基中,温度控制在24￣27.5℃,光照强度为2000lx时,愈伤组织发育良好,获得高频胚性愈伤,进一步分化产生8%的不定芽。     

SSR markers reveal the uniqueness of olive cultivars from the Italian region of Liguria

Twenty-three important Ligurian olive accessions corresponding to 16 cultivars were studied using 12 SSR markers and 40 Mediterranean cultivars were included in the study in order to investigate the relationships between Ligurian and Mediterranean germplasm. All SSRs produced polymorphic amplifications. One hundred and forty-nine alleles were found in the 63 accessions analysed. Twenty-two alleles were specific to germplasm from Liguria and of these 12 were unique to single cultivars. Heterozygosity and discriminating power calculated in this regional germplasm were high on average (0.70 and 0.74) and not so much lower than the values in the total sample that includes cultivars from different Mediterranean countries (0.77 and 0.88 respectively). No cases of genetic identities were found between Ligurian and Mediterranean accessions. Several cases of homonyms and synonyms within the Ligurian germplasm were explained. Cluster analysis generally revealed a clear discrimination of the profiles from Liguria and Italy with respect to the cultivars from other Mediterranean countries. Only one Ligurian cultivar, “Negrea”, appeared to have a different origin, grouping with the Mediterranean cultivars.     

不同品种美国山核桃叶绿素荧光特性的比较

研究了不同品种美国山核桃的叶绿素荧光特性和光合效率,旨在为其优良品种选择和高效栽培提供科学依据。以8个美国山核桃品种为试材,田间测定了其叶绿素荧光参数及叶片基本性状。结果表明,不同品种间的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(primarily photochemical efficiency ofphotosystem Ⅱ,Fv/Fm)、PSII潜在活性(potential activity of photo-systemII,Fv/F0)、非光化学猝灭系数(non-photochemical quenchingcoefficient,qN)均存在显著或极显著差异,其中金华1号、UM9-82个品种的Fv/Fm值分别为0.809、0.796,Fv/F0值分别为4.266、3.910,均显著高于其它品种,表现出良好的光合性能;光合量子产额(effective quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ,Yield)和光化学猝灭系数(photochemical quenching coefficient,qP)未达显著差异。不同品种叶片比叶重和叶绿素含量及各组分均存在显著差异。相关分析表明,叶绿素及各组分含量与Yield均呈显著或极显著负相关。据此,湖南地区要引种外地具有优良光合性能的美国山核桃作为栽培品种时,在供试8个品种中,金华1号、UM9-82个品种可为首选品种。     

Response to drought of two olive tree cultivars (cv Koroneki and Meski)

The effect of water deprivation on plant water status, photosynthetic gas exchange and fluorescence parameters in two different olive tree varieties (Olea europaea L. var. ‘koroneiki’, ‘Meski’) was studied. Two-year-old olive trees, grown in pots in greenhouse, were subjected to one of three drought treatments (i.e., mild, moderate and severe drought stress) and compared to control trees. Both the leaf water potential (Ψ_w) and the relative water content (RWC) of the two varieties decreased with increasing levels of drought stress. Koroneiki showed higher (less negative) values of Ψ_w and lower values of RWC than the Meski, particularly during severe drought stress.

Net photosynthetic assimilation and stomatal conductance declined with drought. This inactivation of photosynthetic activity was accompanied by changes in the fluorescence characteristics. The PSII maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), the intrinsic efficiency of open PSII reaction centres (F_v′/F_m′), the photochemical efficiency of PSII (Φ_PSII) and the total electron flow (J_t) decreased during the development of drought stress.

The non-quenching photochimique (q_N) showed an increase in the response to water deficit. These observations are discussed in relation to the strategies developed to grow drought-resistant olive trees in arid areas.     

Effect of fruit size and yield on the fruit-removal-force within and between olive cultivars

The fruit-removal-force (FRF) of green mature fruit on trees of 21 olive cultivars (Olea europaea) was determined. A high positive correlation was found between fruit size and FRF, and between fruit size and the thickness of the fruit stalks. The natural FRF was not cultivar-dependent, but was determined by the mechanics of the stalk. All cultivars tested responded to ethephon. The degree of FRF reduction due to ethephon treatments was cultivar-dependent and was generally independent of fruit stalk diameter. The amount of yield per tree had no direct effect on the FRF of the fruits except via fruit size.     

砂梨叶片再生不定梢的研究

研究了3个砂梨栽培品种翠冠、)青、西子绿离体叶片不定梢再生能力。翠冠再生能力最强,)青其次,而西子绿未能再生。一定时期的暗培养是翠冠叶片再生的必要条件。对翠冠再生过程不同时期的叶片样品进行扫描电子显微镜观察表明,在试验开始的10d后就出现了类分生组织结构,在2个月后观察到充分发育的梢,且最终形成的梢的数量远少于所形成的分生组织数量。