采后热处理对枇杷果实冷藏期间品质的影响

以解放钟枇杷为材料,研究热水和热空气处理对枇杷冷藏(4℃)期间品质的影响。结果表明,38℃36h和48h热空气处理均能够延缓枇杷果实可溶性固形物和出汁率的下降,阻止木质素、硬度、细胞膜透性以及果心褐变指数的上升,显著抑制枇杷果实腐烂的发生,冷藏后枇杷保持较好的食用品质。2组处理相比38℃热空气处理48h的效果较好一点,但是该处理出现了轻微的热伤害。50℃10min、20min热水处理导致严重的热伤害,加剧了枇杷果实的腐烂,在冷藏14d后失去了商品价值,该热水处理不适合枇杷果实的采后保鲜。     

Improvement of flower color by means of leaf treatments in lily

Flower color, an important feature biologically and commercially, is based on four natural pigments – flavonoids, carotenoids, betalains and chlorophylls. Temperature, light, nutrition – as well as additions of sugar, salt, or metals to the conservation water – have an effect on pigmentation. We investigated the effects of K-sulphate and/or sucrose on flower color in leaf treatments applied 30–10 days before harvest to four Asiatic lily (Lilium × elegans Thunb.) cultivars during the winter and summer. Colors of tepals were evaluated by a portable spectrocolorimeter that calculates the standard CIE L*a*b* coordinates and the color differences (E). After leaf treatments during both seasons, cultivars with flowers with high red components (e.g. the purple ‘Fangio’ and the pink ‘Brindisi’) showed significant improvements in color quality. The orange-flowered ‘Tresor’ showed improvement only if K-sulphate and Mix (K-sulphate and sucrose) solution treatments were applied during the summer. The yellow-flowered ‘Menorca’ was not affected by treatments during either summer or winter forcing season. Especially in the winter, a significant reduction in flower abortion was observed for cut flowers of all cultivars. In summer only ‘Fangio’ and ‘Tresor’ showed a reduction in flower abortion. Also, flower size and longevity were improved by the leaf treatment. The results, obtained from a commercial nursery operation, demonstrate that lily growers can adopt a very simple and inexpensive treatment to improve important qualitative traits of their product.     

拉枝对黔核7号泡核桃叶片营养、成花及坚果品质的影响

【目的】探究拉枝对泡核桃(Juglans sigillata Dode)生理生长、成花坐果和坚果品质的影响。【方法】以黔核7号为试材,以自然生长开张角度在30°～35°之间的枝条为对照(CK),设置拉枝60°、90°和110°3个处理,统计拉枝后枝条的数量和类型、成花数和坐果数,计算坐果率,测定叶片的光合特性、叶绿素含量、叶片的营养元素含量和坚果品质。【结果】拉枝90°时显著提高了黔核7号的总枝条数、短枝数和中长枝数,与对照相比分别提高了36.8%、64.0%和81.0%;并且,拉枝90°时雌花数、坐果数、坐果率达到最大值,比对照组分别提高了206.6%、231.1%和14.1%;树体内膛、中部和外围的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量在拉枝90°时达到最大值,拉枝90°和110°能够显著降低中部和外围叶片的胞间CO2浓度;叶片的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn元素含量在拉枝90°时也有不同程度的增加;拉枝在不明显改变黔核7号的纵径、横径、果形指数、壳厚、出仁率的情况下,能够促进其核仁质量、蛋白质含量和粗脂肪含量的积累,其中,只有拉枝90°显著...     

Effects of growth-regulating chemicals on two cultivars of Mid-Century Hybrid lily

The effects on growth and flowering of Mid-Century Hybrid lilies ‘Enchantment’ and ‘Joan Evans’ of soil drench applications of ancymidol at 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm have been compared with those produced by drenches of chlormequat chloride, chlorphonium chloride and ethephon at 25 000, 1000 and 1000 ppm, respectively.Ancymidol inhibited stem growth more effectively than a 5000-fold greater quantity of chlormequat chloride. Chlorphonium chloride had little dwarfing effect, and ethephon, although producing height reductions similar to those obtained with 5 ppm ancymidol, delayed flowering slightly in both cultivars (significantly in ‘Enchantment’), and adversely affected overall plant appearance.Ancymidol reduced the lateral spread of foliage, increased the proportion of the total stem length bearing dead leaves, did not significantly delay flowering in either cultivar and appeared to favour the initiation and survival of secondary flowers in ‘Enchantment’.     

贮藏环境湿度对采后杨梅果实品质的影响

以荸荠、东魁和炭梅3个品种杨梅果实为试材,研究了不同贮藏环境湿度对果实腐烂率、硬度、失重率、出汁率、糖和酸等品质指标的影响。结果显示,0℃条件下,高湿(100%RH)处理果实的腐烂率最高;低湿[(71.0±1.85)%RH]处理导致失重率增加,出汁率减少,果实品质显著下降;中湿[(84.1±1.84)%RH]处理可明显减少腐烂发生,有效维持采后果实品质。     

不同果袋对丰水梨果实发育微环境及采后冷藏品质的影响

选择10种不同类型的果袋对丰水梨果实进行套袋处理,研究了套袋对果实发育微环境及采后冷藏品质的影响。结果表明,套袋改变了果实生长发育的微环境,套袋果实在冷藏过程中品质发生了不同变化,如冷藏80d时大部分套袋处理果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、维生素C和可滴定酸含量均显著高于对照,表明套袋处理有效地维持冷藏过程中果实的内在品质。在10种果袋类型中,外黄内黑的双层袋(编号为D-6)套袋处理的果实在冷藏80d时品质最佳。     

1-MCP对不同成熟度粉红女士苹果贮藏生理和品质的影响

以粉红女士苹果为试材,研究了1-MCP对不同成熟度果实贮藏生理的影响。结果表明,用0.5μL/L的1-MCP在20℃下处理粉红女士苹果24h,显著降低果实在0℃贮藏期间呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率和ACC氧化酶活性,延缓果实硬度和可滴定酸含量下降。虽然不同成熟度的果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放速率到达平台期的时间不同,但1-MCP处理对不同成熟度果实品质的影响无明显差异。SDS-PAGE分析表明粉红女士苹果在贮藏过程中出现了分子质量分别为37.1、18.0、16.6ku的3条特异性蛋白条带,1-MCP处理显著抑制特异蛋白表达,延缓特异蛋白出现的时间。     

Influence of almond × peach hybrids rootstocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration,yield and vigour of two peach cultivars

Flower and foliar nutrient content of ‘Queen Giant’ and ‘Tebana’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on six almond × peach hybrids rootstocks (‘Adafuel’, ‘Adarcias’, ‘GF 677’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Felinem’) were determined during one season. The mineral elements analysed were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. Leaf N concentration in ‘Queen Giant’ was the highest on ‘Cadaman’ and ‘GF 677’ and the lowest on ‘Adarcias’. The P, Fe and Zn concentrations in flowers and leaves were significantly correlated. The leaf chlorophyll concentration at 120 DAFB was positively correlated with Fe floral concentration and with K, Zn and Na leaf concentration, in ‘Queen Giant’, and with K and Mn leaf concentration, in ‘Tebana’. In ‘Queen Giant’, the greatest trunk cross-sectional area was exhibited with ‘Felinem’ and ‘Garnem’ and the lowest with ‘Adarcias’. In contrast, the greater yield efficiency was found on ‘Adarcias’. In ‘Queen Giant’, a negative correlation was found between yield efficiency and Ca in leaves and in flowers. A positive correlation was observed between tree vigour and flower Fe, flower Ca and leaf Ca concentration. Correlation was also found between yield efficiency and Mg in ‘Tebana’ flowers. In ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Felinem’ rootstock showed the weakest balanced nutritional values (ΣDOP index) compared with other rootstocks.     

喷施磷酸二氢钾对桃叶片和果实性状的影响

以不同成熟期的桃品种豫甜、豫香、秋甜、秋蜜红为试材,研究了喷施磷酸二氢钾对其叶片叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比及果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量等品质特性的影响。结果表明,喷施磷酸二氢钾能提高叶片中叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比和果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量;对果实的可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量影响不明显;叶片喷施不同浓度和次数的磷酸二氢钾均可推迟桃果实成熟期;喷施清水和对照处理间叶片性状和果实品质差异不明显;喷施磷酸二氢钾浓度和次数以500mg/L3次效果最显著,以300mg/L3次最经济有效。     

槲树叶提取液对冷藏期间桃品质及抗氧化系统的影响

以生理成熟期‘新泰红’桃果实为试材,分别用0、2.5、5.0、7.5 g/L槲树叶提取液浸泡果实,以蒸馏水为对照,并于0℃冷藏,测定冷藏期间果实可溶性蛋白等品质指标以及酶活力与活性氧等物质,探讨槲树叶提取液对采后桃果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:槲树叶提取液处理能够有效延缓冷藏期间桃果实冷害指数升高以及硬度下降,使整个冷藏期间果实可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C含量维持相对较高水平,并且能够有效延缓膜脂过氧化产物(丙二醛)以及活性氧物质(超氧阴离子自由基、过氧化氢和羟基自由基)积累;同时,槲树叶提取液处理还能够显著抑制果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,从而延缓冷藏期间桃果实褐变程度。综上所述,槲树叶提取液处理能够缓解冷藏期间桃果实冷害症状,以5.0 g/L槲树叶提取液处理效果最为明显。     

甜樱桃不同品种贮藏性的研究

通过试验,在常规栽培管理条件下,采用自行研制的甜樱桃专用保鲜剂和专用保鲜袋,预冷48h,于0±0.5℃下冷藏,拉宾斯、雷尼、巨红表现为最耐贮藏,红灯、佳红、红艳较耐贮藏,萨米脱和斯坦勒最不耐贮藏。     

Effects of post-harvest salicylic acid treatment on fruit quality and anti-oxidant metabolism in pineapple during cold storage

Summary

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. ‘Comte de Paris’) fruit at commercial maturity (180 fruit per treatment, three replicates) were immersed in 0, 1.0, 3.0, or 5.0 mM salicylic acid (SA) for 15 min, then stored at 10ºC and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 20 d. After 20 d in cold storage, they were moved to 20ºC for 2 d to simulate shelf-life. Physiological and biochemical responses were studied. The results showed that the 3.0 or 5.0 mM SA treatments lowered the internal browning (IB) index, while the 5.0 mM SA treatment decreased the soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and soluble sugar content, but increased ascorbic acid (AsA) levels at the end of shelf-life. Furthermore, during cold storage, all SA treatments significantly decreased the rate of tissue respiration in pineapple fruit. SA at 5.0 mM significantly decreased the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), but increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) compared with the non-SA treated (untreated) controls. Overall, these results indicate that post-harvest treatment with 5.0 mM SA delayed the occurrence of IB in pineapple, extended its shelf-life, and maintained fruit quality during cold storage.     

高渗CO_2和PE保鲜袋对冷藏及货架期‘砀山酥梨’果实品质的影响

【目的】明确冷藏‘砀山酥梨’适宜的保鲜膜包装。【方法】研究不同保鲜膜包装的‘砀山酥梨’果实在(0±0.5)℃低温条件下冷藏150 d和210 d,常温20℃条件下放置24 h和货架9 d时果实呼吸强度、乙醇质量分数、虎皮病和果心褐变以及贮藏品质的变化规律。【结果】果实贮藏210 d+20℃货架9 d时,CK(裸果)果实呼吸强度和乙醇质量分数高,可溶性固形物(SSC)和硬度低,果皮颜色暗、黄,虎皮严重,风味异常,由于失水导致果皮皱缩,果柄干枯、褐变严重,商品价值降低;与CK相比,PVC薄膜袋虽能抑制果皮转黄,保持果实的硬度和果柄的新鲜程度,降低货架期果实的呼吸强度,但由于冷藏期间PVC袋内CO2体积分数高(2.30%~2.70%),O2体积分数低(17.0%~17.9%),导致果实中乙醇积累,造成货架期虎皮病和果心褐变严重,引起风味劣变;PE薄膜袋扎口包装的果实风味基本正常,贮藏效果稍好于PVC包装;PE薄膜袋掩口和高渗出CO2保鲜袋能保持贮藏和货架期果实较高的硬度和可溶性固形物(SSC)以及较低的乙醇质量分数,而且果实风味和外观颜色正常,无虎皮,果心褐变轻微。【结论】‘砀山酥梨’不宜裸果贮藏。相对于PVC和PE薄膜袋扎口包装来说,PE薄膜袋掩口和高渗出CO2保鲜袋对‘砀山酥梨’长期贮藏、保持货架期果实品质和抑制褐变具有良好的效果。     

Effects of high-humidity storage on quality,decay and storage life of cherry,lemon and peach fruits

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium (L.) ‘Lambert’ and ‘Blackboy’), lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. ‘Lisbon’) and peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, ‘Summerset’) were stored at 77–83, 90–94 and 95–99% RH (high humidity) at near-optimal storage temperatures after harvest and treatment with fungicides. High-humidity storage did not increase the storage life of peaches held at 0°C, but the life expectancy of cherries (both cultivars) was extended by 7–10 days at 0°C, and of lemons by at least 4 weeks at 10°C when fruit were stored at 95–99% RH compared with levels below 95%. The beneficial effects of high humidity were attributed to retardation of peel desiccation and associated reductions in fruit deformation, peel de-greening, chilling-injury and decay in lemons and to the maintenance of a fresher stalk and a firmer, less shrivelled fruit in cherries. High humidity had no effect on decay in cherries or peaches, but it significantly reduced weight loss and delayed the appearance of shrivel in peaches stored at 0°C. However, after storage at high humidity for 4 weeks, peaches ripened with low rates of C₂H₄ evolution and showed severe low-temperature injury, slight peeling-injury and a poor flavour ex-store.     

The interaction of a dormancy-breaking cold treatment,ancymidol, and ethephon in relation to stem elongation and flower production of Lilium cultivars

Stem elongation of Lilium cultivars ‘Black Beauty’, ‘Jamboree’ and ‘Nutmegger’ was lessened by treating the bulbs with ancymidol (10 p.p.m.) or ethephon (500 p.p.m.). Ancymidol was the more effective inhibitor of stem elongation, although applied at a much lower concentration. Application of the growth regulators prior to a dormancy-breaking cold treatment provided more effective control of stem elongation than post cold-treatment application. The total number of flowers and the number of secondary flowers per stem of ‘Black Beauty’ and ‘Nutmegger’ were increased by treating the bulbs with ancymidol. However, unlike the optimal time for lessening stem elongation, enhancement of flower production was greatest when ancymidol was applied after completion of the cold treatment. Ethephon was unsatisfactory, since it inhibited flower production by ‘Black Beauty’ and ‘Nutmegger’, while ‘Jamboree’ was relatively insensitive to it, as indicated by a lack of inhibition of flower production and a small degree of inhibition of stem elongation.     

自发气调包装和乙烯吸收剂对‘玉露香’梨果实品质及耐贮性的影响

【目的】研究不同厚度的保鲜袋自发气调包装和乙烯吸收剂对‘玉露香’梨采后生理和贮藏品质的影响,为生产应用提供技术参考。【方法】分别将商业成熟的‘玉露香’梨采用0.02 mm PE袋、0.02 mm PE袋+乙烯吸收剂、0.03 mm PE袋、0.03 mm PE袋+乙烯吸收剂、0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PE袋+乙烯吸收剂扎口处理形成自发气调环境,于温度(0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%～95%条件下贮藏,并以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口为对照处理。定期监测不同包装袋内O2、CO2和乙烯浓度,在‘玉露香’梨冷藏150 d和210 d时测定各处理果实叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸、货架期呼吸强度和乙烯释放量等理化指标,并调查果心褐变情况。【结果】采用扎口处理的不同厚度保鲜袋内气体成分在第35天时达到平衡,气调能力水平由高到低依次为0.04 mm PE袋0.03 mm PE袋0.02 mm PE袋,CO2浓度最高可达到3.2%,最低为0.9%。与其他厚度保鲜袋相比,采用0.03 mm PE袋包装进行自发气调处理能够抑制果皮叶绿素含量、Fm、Fv和Fv/Fm的下降,果实硬度与对照无显著差异,但果心褐变指数显著高于对照,可溶性固形物含量显著低于对照。【结论】0.03 mm PE袋的自发气调可使环境维持在O2为18.7%～19.5%、CO2为1.2%～1.5%时有效保持‘玉露香’梨果实果面绿色,但降低了果实可滴定酸、维生素C等内在品质,同时增加了果心褐变程度。乙烯吸收剂对保绿效果不明显,因此,需要自发气调结合1-MCP处理,从而既达到保绿效果,又能有效维持果实内在品质的目标。     

Variety-specific responses of lettuce grown under the different-coloured shade nets on phytochemical quality after postharvest storage

This study illustrates the effects of light quality as influenced by photo-selective shade nets (red, yellow, and pearl with 40% shade) and the widely used commercial black net (25% shade) on overall retail quality and phytochemical contents of three lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties (two green varieties, Ashbrook and Aquarell, and a red variety, Exbury) at after postharvest storage. Variety-specific responses were observed with respect to different coloured shade nets with regards to the accumulation of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, flavonoids (kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, myricetin, anthocyanin), and antioxidant activity at harvest. Growing var. Ashbrook under the pearl net improved the ascorbic acid and myricetin contents after postharvest storage. Var. Exbury (red) produced under the black net showed higher retention of ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents after postharvest storage. Also pearl net production improved the β-carotene content after postharvest storage in var. Aquarell. All lettuce types produced under the pearl nets showed less weight loss, and overall acceptance after postharvest storage. Spectral quality under the shade nets enabled us to improve the phytochemical content and antioxidant properties in light-sensitive varieties Ashbrook Aquarell and Exbury, during winter season.     

温度和PE袋包装对皖金猕猴桃果实采后品质变化的影响

[目的]探究猕猴桃新品种皖金的采后贮藏特点,明晰其适宜的贮藏温度及包装膜袋厚度.[方法]试验分为两部分:首先将部分果实分别放入(0±0.5)℃、(1±0.5)℃、(2±0.5)℃,相对湿度(90±5)％冷库以及常温(CK1)下贮藏,定期取样测定相关指标,确定皖金适宜贮藏温度;在上述适宜贮温基础上,进一步优化贮藏条件,采...     

Effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on the growth,flower quality and nutrient uptake of Anthurium andreanum, cultivated for cut flower production

Sustainable agriculture has become a concern, due to the pressures of the “energy crisis” and issues of “environmental protection”. The use of organic fertilizer made from agricultural waste regenerates natural resources and reduces the consumption of fossil energy as well as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) deposits. There is scant information available concerning the use of organic fertilizer as the sole source of nutrients in flower production, especially in the cultivation of flowers in a soilless condition. The objective of this study was to develop an organic fertilization management system to replace the chemical fertilization management of the cut flower production of Anthurium andreanum Lind. cultivated under soilless conditions. Four fertilization treatments were carried out consisting of two chemical fertilizers [controlled release fertilizer (CRF) and a chemical nutrient solution (CNS)], and two organic fertilizers [pea and rice hull compost (PRHC) and cattle dung with tea leaf residue compost (CDTC)]. The effects of the various fertilizations on A. andreanum were evaluated based on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and cut flower quality during the 1-year experimental period. The results show that the growth, yield, and cut flower quality of plants receiving PRHC were the same as those receiving CNS and CRF, indicating that PRHC can substitute for CRF and CNS as a nutrient source for cut flower production of A. andreanum cultivated in soilless condition. The plants that received the CNS and PRHC treatments had a significantly increased leaf number and new leaf growth area than those that received the CRF and CDTC treatments. The plants receiving the CDTC showed the lowest increase in leaf area and number of flowers. The retardant growth of plants treated with CDTC has been explained as being due to less carbon (C) being assimilated, most likely as the result of an insufficient supply of nitrogen (N) and manganese (Mn) toxicity. The petiole and peduncle length of the plants receiving the CRF were the shortest, which might be due to the low level of potassium (K) accompanying the magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Even though there were significant differences in the N and K concentrations of the plants among the different treatments, no significant differences were observed in the cut flower quality. In short, the organic fertilizer PRHC can meet the nutrient requirements of A. andreanum cultivation for the cut flower production under soilless conditions.     

Effects of diluted and undiluted treated wastewater on the growth,physiological aspects and visual quality of potted lantana and polygala plants

In many nurseries in the Mediterranean area irrigation water supply is a major problem due to climatic conditions, and it is important to evaluate alternative water resources, such as treated wastewater, for ornamental plant production. For this reason, a nursery study was conducted in order to determine: (1) the effect of irrigation with a saline reclaimed wastewater (reused water) on the growth and visual quality of Lantana camara and Polygala myrtifolia, and (2) the effectiveness of the mixing the same water with canal water to reduce any negative effects observed with the reused water. Potted plants were irrigated with reused water, canal water and reused water diluted 50% with canal water. The results suggest that polygala can be irrigated with reused water since visual damage is minimal and growth reduction very slight, which seems to be related with the plant's low accumulation of saline ions. In lantana, reused water led to an excessive uptake of chloride, sodium and boron in the leaves, which was associated with defoliation, leaf burn, leaf chlorosis and damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, diminishing both growth and its aesthetic value. The dilution of reused water alleviated some negative effects in lantana, but not sufficiently to avoid a significant loss of plant quality.