Soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions and water‐stable aggregation as affected by cropping and grassland reclamation in an arid sub‐alpine soil

This paper investigates effects of cropping abandonment and perennial grass growing on soil organic C and N pools and aggregate stability, by comparing soils under native grassland, crop cultivation, perennial grass growing and cropping abandonment, in degraded cropland at a sub‐alpine site in north‐western China. The pools of total and particulate organic C (115 and 37 Mg ha⁻¹) in the 0–30 cm soil layer of native grassland were reduced by 31 and 54% after 30 years of crop cultivation. After 4 years of conversion from cropland to perennial grass growing total and particulate organic C pools were increased by 29 and 56%, whereas 4 year cropping abandonment increased particulate organic C by 36%. Rapid increases in total and particulate N were also found in perennial grass growing and cropping abandonment soils. The native grassland soil and soils of cropping abandonment and perennial grass growing had higher carbohydrate C concentrations in the 0–10 cm layer than the cropped soil. The rapid recovery of particulate organic fraction and carbohydrates in the re‐vegetated soils were probably due to higher plant biomass inputs and lower organic matter decomposition compared with those in the cropped soil. Aggregate stability of the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly decreased by crop cultivation but showed a good recovery after 4 year re‐vegetations. This study suggests that reduction of soil organic matter and aggregate stability under crop cultivation may be remedied by cropping abandonment or perennial grass growing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contrasted Impact of Land Abandonment on Soil Erosion in Mediterranean Agriculture Fields

Abandonment of agricultural land results in on-and off-site consequences for the ecosystem. In this study, 105 rainfall simulations were carried out in agriculture lands of the Mediterranean belt in Spain(vineyards in Málaga, almond orchards in Murcia, and orange and olive orchards in Valencia) and in paired abandoned lands to assess the impact of land abandonment on soil and water losses. After abandonment, soil detachment decreased drastically in the olive and orange orchards, while vineyards did not show any difference and almond orchards registered higher erosion rates after the abandonment. Terraced orchards of oranges and olives recovered a dense vegetation cover after the abandonment, while the sloping terrain of almond orchards and vineyards enhanced the development of crusts and rills and a negligible vegetation cover resulted in high erosion rates. The contrasted responses to land abandonment in Mediterranean agricultural lands suggest that land abandonment should be programmed and managed with soil erosion control strategies for some years to avoid land degradation.     

Effects of cultivation and abandonment on soil carbon content of subalpine meadows, northwest China

Purpose

Land use changes have a significant impact on soil carbon emission and sequestration worldwide. Accurate evaluation of the effect of land use change (cultivation and abandonment) on soil carbon content of subalpine meadows is required to monitor the soil carbon dynamics of rangeland ecosystems in China.

Materials and methods

Based on collection of soil cores and vegetation, investigations of four types of land use (undisturbed natural meadow, land cultivated for 20?years, land abandoned for 3?years following cultivation, and land abandoned for 10?years following cultivation) were undertaken in the headwater area of the Heihe River in northwest China. Three soil carbon fractions [soil organic carbon (SOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and microorganism biomass carbon (MBC)] were determined in the laboratory, and the relative abundances of LFOC/SOC and MBC/SOC were calculated.

Results and discussion

Repeated cultivation by ploughing reduced the carbon content of the top soil layer, resulting in more uniform vertical distribution of soil organic matter. Ten years after cessation of cultivation, the organic carbon content within the top 10-cm soil layer (0?C10?cm) had reached 90?% of the content in native meadows, equivalent to a mean annual sequestration rate of 1.73?t?C?ha^?1. The rate of LFOC restoration was faster than that of SOC restoration. The variation in the ratio of MBC to SOC (0.91?C1.07?%) was small.

Conclusions

The activity of cultivation reduced all indicators of soil carbon status, which were not completely restored to the level of natural meadow, even after abandonment of cultivation for 10?years. Nevertheless, abandonment of cultivation is a practical, even if long-term, means of improving carbon sequestration in subalpine meadow of China.     

Effects of crop abandonment and grazing exclusion on available soil water and other soil properties in a semi-arid Mongolian grassland

Improper cropping and overgrazing have led to land degradation in semi-arid regions, resulting in desertification. During desertification, vegetation changes have been widely observed, and are likely controlled to some extent by soil water. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in soil physical properties, organic C, and vegetation induced by land-use changes, with special reference to the dynamics of available soil water. We selected four study sites in a typical Mongolian steppe grassland: grassland protected from grazing, grazed grassland, abandoned cropland, and cultivated cropland. Grazing exclusion increased the cover of perennial grass, with little increase in the root weight. Since there was no difference in available water between the grasslands with and without grazing, there appears to be no serious soil compaction due to overgrazing. On the other hand, vegetation cover and the number of species were poor in both abandoned cropland and cultivated cropland. However, the root weight was greater in abandoned cropland. Although the abandonment of cultivation appeared to increase organic C, available water did not differ significantly in comparison with cultivated cropland. The silt contents were significantly lower in abandoned and cultivated cropland than in both grasslands, suggesting the effects of wind erosion. In addition, the silt contents were positively correlated with the volume fraction of storage pores for available water. Therefore, the lower silt contents may constrain the volume of available water in abandoned cropland. Moreover, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity results indicated that the diameters of storage pores for available water at the present study sites were smaller than those suggested by previous studies. Although the differences in vegetation cover by different land-use types were observed at every site, differences in the volume of available water were observed at between abandoned cropland and cultivated cropland. The reason why the no differences in available water between grazed grassland and grasslands protected from grazing may be short time of grazing exclusion for 2 years for evaluating the effects of exclusion on soil properties.     

山西平朔露天矿区复垦农用地表层土壤质量差异对比

以复垦农用地为研究对象,以原地貌未受损农用地和排土场未复垦地作为对照,共选择18个样地,对比研究复垦农用地、未复垦地及原地貌未受损农用地的土壤容重、田间持水量、pH值、有机质、全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾的差异,揭示复垦农用地土壤重构的过程及变异的规律。结果表明：（1）复垦农用地土壤容重、田间持水量、pH值、全钾、有效磷、速效钾的均值都略高于未受损农用地;而复垦农用地有机质、全氮的均值都略低于未受损农用地。（2）复垦农用地和未受损农用地在0-10cm的土壤容重及pH值均略低于10～20cm土层;0～10cm的土壤肥力指标均值略高于10～20em土层。（3）在0～10cm土层,复垦耕地和复垦林地的相关土壤理化性质要优于未受损耕地;在10—20cm,复垦林地土壤理化性质基本上优于未受损耕地。（4）复垦13年的耕地土壤容重、速效钾与未受损耕地差异不显著;复垦22年林地的单个土壤理化指标基本上优于复垦19年林地,复垦19年林地的单个土壤理化指标基本上优于未受损林地。     

Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China

Cultivation and overgrazing are widely recognized as the primary causes of desertification of sandy grassland in the semi-arid region of northern China. Very little is known about the effect of cultivation and overgrazing on soil physical, chemical and biological properties in this region. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the magnitude of changes in soil properties due to 3 years of cultivation (3CGS) and 5 years of ungrazed exclosure (5RGS) in a degraded grassland ecosystem of the semi-arid Horqin sandy steppe. Short-term cultivation resulted in a 18–38% reduction in concentration of soil organic C, and total N and P in the 0–15 cm plow layer. Cultivation had a significant influence on N and P availability and soil biological properties, with lower basal soil respiration (BSR) and enzyme activities than the grassland soils. This was mostly due to strong wind erosion when sandy grassland was cultivated. Data indicated a considerable difference in soil particle size distribution between the cultivated and grassland soils, and fine fraction (<0.1 mm) in the cultivated soil was lower than that in the grassland soils. Moreover, grassland vegetation recovery in the 5RGS resulted in significant improvement in soil properties measured at the 0–7.5 cm depth. From the perspective of soil resource management and environmental conservation, a viable option for these sandy grasslands would be to stop conversion of grassland to cropland and adopt proper fencing practices to limit overgrazing.     

华北农牧交错带土地沙漠化成因与土地利用调整对策

从气候变化、土地利用等角度对华北农牧交错带典型区——内蒙古多伦县的土地沙漠化形成机制进行分析。对干湿指数、最大可能蒸散量等指标的分析表明该区域近30a来气候变化在一定程度上有利于沙化土地的恢复。1985年和2000年两期土地沙漠化、土地利用监测数据空间叠加和地统计分析表明,该区域15a来不存在明显的开荒和毁林等土地利用方式转型现象,利用方式未变化的土地占总土地的95.98%。严重沙化土地的91.39%发生在利用方式未变化的草地、耕地和未利用土地,三者沙化程度加重分别占该区所有沙化程度加重土地的55.16%、25.92%和10.31%。实地调查和遥感、统计等相关数据分析表明,耕地沙化主要是秋耕和农业大机械的应用为风蚀创造了条件,连年耕作和经济作物的种植促进了耕地退化;草地和未利用土地沙漠化主要因为载畜量过重和草原交通对草场的破坏。针对以上土地利用强度过大等造成土地沙漠化的原因提出华北农牧交错带土地利用调整策略。     

科尔沁沙地东南部植被类型变化对土壤磷素状况的影响

In the past 50 years, large areas of the Horqin sandy land were afforested to prevent desertification. Although the afforestation policy appears successful, many people now doubt whether it is suitable to plant trees with high density on the poor soils in semiarid regions. Little is known about the impacts of afforestation on the sandy soil properties, although the evaluation of these impacts is fundamental to judge the rationality of afforestation policy. Soil phosphorus （P） fractions, acid phosphomonoesterase activities, and other soil chemical properties were compared among five adjoining typical ecosystems on poor sandy soils in southeastern Horqin sandy land. The ecosystems studied are natural elm savanna, degraded grassland, Mongolian pine （Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica） plantation, Chinese pine （Pinus tabulaeformis） plantation, and mixed plantation of Mongolian pine and poplar （Populus simonii）. The results showed that organic P dominated soil P （47%-65%） was the principal source of available P. The degradation of elm savanna to grassland significantly reduced soil pH and resulted in an overall reduction in soil fertility, although slightly increased labile inorganic P. Grassland afforestation had no significant influence on soil pH, organic carbon, and total N but significantly reduced total P. Impacts of grassland afforestation on soil P fractions depended on tree species. Natural elm savanna had higher soil P conserving ability than artificial plantations. Therefore, with the aim of developing a sustainable ecosystem, we suggested that vegetations with low nutrient demand （particularly P） and efficient nutrient cycling would be more suitable for ecosystem restoration in the semiarid region.     

三江源区草地退化与人工恢复对土壤理化性状的影响

以三江源区不同退化程度的天然草地及不同恢复年限的人工草地为研究对象,系统分析土壤理化性质随取样深度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)人工草地土壤含水量及全氮、全钾、全磷、速效钾、速效磷的含量随恢复年限均表现出先减小后增大的"V"形变化趋势;(2)随着退化程度增加,退化草地土壤中含水量逐渐降低,全氮、全钾、有机质、速效钾含量未表现出逐渐降低趋势,而草地的裸斑面积、土壤及养分的流失量逐渐增加;(3)人工草地及退化草地土壤中全氮、速效钾、有机质含量均随着取样深度增加而逐渐降低,草地恢复年限和退化程度基本不影响养分在土壤中的空间分布;(4)人工草地建设使退化草地有机质、全氮、全钾的含量增加,尤其有利于0-4cm的土壤养分增加。因而,人工草地建设可以作为三江源区退化草地土壤恢复的措施之一。     

Effect of land‐use on soil nutrients and microbial biomass of an alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau,China

Land‐use patterns affect the quantity and quality of soil nutrients as well as microbial biomass and respiration in soil. However, few studies have been done to assess the influence of land‐use on soil and microbial characteristics of the alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In order to understand the effect of land‐use management, we examined the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soils under three land‐use types including natural grassland, crop‐field (50 + y of biennial cropping and fallow) and abandoned old‐field (10 y) in the area. The results showed that the losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were about 45 and 43 per cent, respectively, due to cultivation for more than 50 y comparing with natural grassland. Because of the abandonment of cultivation for about a decade, SOC and TN were increased by 27 and 23 per cent, respectively, in comparison with the crop field. Microbial carbon (ranging from 357·5 to 761·6 mg kg⁻¹ soil) in the old‐field was intermediate between the crop field and grassland. Microbial nitrogen (ranging from 29·9 to 106·7 mg kg⁻¹ soil) and respiration (ranging from 60·4 to 96·4 mg CO₂‐C g⁻¹ C_mic d⁻¹) were not significantly lower in the old‐field than those in the grassland. Thus it could be concluded that cultivation decreased the organic matter and microbial biomass in soils, while the adoption of abandonment has achieved some targets of grassland restoration in the alpine region of Gansu Province on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil erosion and hydrological response to land abandonment in a central inland area of Portugal

This paper analyses the effects of land abandonment on runoff and sediment yield in a central inland area of Portugal. Rainfall simulation experiments were performed in areas of traditional land use (land cultivated with cereals) with various types of soil plant cover associated with the period of abandonment (4–5 years, 15–20 years and 30–40 years) in two different seasons, namely under very dry conditions and after a long wet period. Statistical analysis showed a notable difference between the cultivated soils and those abandoned for a long period of time, which included appreciable vegetation recovery, higher organic matter content and negligible overland flow and soil loss. Cereal cultivation, in particular ploughing, is a very negative land management practice, due to the high runoff and soil loss. Within 4–5 years a crust develops over abandoned soils with sparse herbaceous plant cover, particularly after a dry season, which enhances runoff and sediment yield. In scrubland and oak plots, although marked water repellency was registered at the end of a dry, warm season, its influence seems to be irrelevant in terms of overland flow and erosion yield. The major factor in controlling overland flow and reducing soil erosion rates appears to be the role played by vegetation in protecting the soil surface and supplying organic carbon to the top layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喀斯特石漠化区不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分布特征

为探究喀斯特土壤有机碳分布特征及其对人为干扰的响应,挖掘了2 854个土壤剖面,采集了22 786个土壤样品,分析了贵州省不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分布规律;并结合贵州省石漠化防治规划,初步估算了石漠化防治工程的土壤碳增汇贡献。结果表明:贵州省土壤有机碳呈现含量高、密度小的特征。表层土壤(0-20cm)有机碳平均含量25.07g/kg,平均密度仅为4.27kg/m~2。不同用地类型土壤表层有机碳含量大小为灌木林地乔灌木林地灌草地乔木林地弃耕地与荒地草地水田园地旱地与坡耕地;表层碳密度大小为水田灌木林地乔木林地乔灌木林地弃耕地与荒地灌草地旱地与坡耕地草地园地。0-60cm土层土壤有机碳含量对人为干扰较为敏感,60-100cm土层土壤有机碳含量差异较小。实施退耕还林,人工种草及人工造林等石漠化防治工程会明显促进土壤有机碳的积累,到2050年,贵州省0-10,0-20,0-30,0-100cm土层土壤有机碳将增加1.99×10~(13),3.37×10~(13),4.45×10~(13),6.29×10~(13) g。可见,喀斯特地区土壤有机碳具有含量高、密度低的显著特征,石漠化治理能有效增加喀斯特地区土壤碳汇。     

Fungal biomass development in a chronosequence of land abandonment

Based on biomass size, the contribution of fungi to nutrient cycling and soil properties is in general more important in natural ecosystems than in agro-ecosystems. Therefore, we expect an increase of fungal biomass after cessation of cultivation to values of a natural ecosystem. However, so far, information on fungal dynamics in ex-arable land is limited. We quantified fungal biomass in a chronosequence of 26 ex-arable fields in the Netherlands ranging from 1-34 years of abandonment. Agricultural lands and semi-natural heathlands were included as reference sites for initial and final stages of succession, respectively. Fungal biomass values were low at the start of land abandonment and increased during the first 2 years after abandonment. After this initial increase of fungal biomass no further increase was apparent, neither did we find any relations with time since abandonment and changes in soil acidity, organic matter content or organic matter quality (quantity of recalcitrant C and C:N ratio). Therefore, we conclude that the initial increase of fungal biomass is caused by stopping agricultural management activities. A phase of stabilization occurs for at least three decades in which the size of the fungal biomass did not change significantly. We observed much higher values for fungal biomass, total and recalcitrant carbon in the heathland sites. We propose that a change in abiotic soil properties is a prerequisite for further increase of fungal biomass towards levels of representative heathlands.     

毛乌素沙地生物土壤结皮与沙化土地的关系研究

生物土壤结皮在荒漠地区广泛分布,是固沙和促进沙地生态恢复的重要生物因子。利用1989,2002和2006年的Landsat遥感影像,分别通过生物土壤结皮指数和NDVI阈值法,提取了毛乌素沙地生物土壤结皮和沙化土地的空间分布,并分析了二者之间联系。结果表明:(1)研究区1989,2002和2006年结皮面积所占比例分别为54.77%,55.72%和64.29%,表现为持续增加趋势,结皮斑块间连接度在增强,结皮的稳定性进一步巩固。(2)1989—2006年区内沙化土地的程度逐渐减弱,沙化程度综合指数由1989年的3.24下降到2006年的2.65。(3)1989—2006年,中度和重度沙化土地结皮分布范围最为广泛,均在70%以上;极重度沙化土地内的结皮面积表现为持续下降,1989,2002和2006年分别为19.40%,5.76%和2.80%。(4)以1989年沙化土地的格局为基础,1989,2002和2006年极重度沙化土地内生物结皮的数量比例分别为19.40%,33.18%和45.21%,处于上升趋势。     

Carbon sequestration in secondary pasture soils: a chronosequence study in the South African Highveld

Soil restoration is a means of combating desertification in semi‐arid and arid parts of the world. There, vast areas of the cropped soil degrade, particularly because of the loss of organic matter. One approach to reverse this loss is the conversion of cropland into permanent grassland for use as pasture. This study was designed to evaluate how fast and to what degree degraded cropland may re‐sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) when converted into permanent secondary pasture. Topsoil samples (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm) were taken from chronosequences of secondary pastures (1 to 31 years old) at three agro‐ecosystems in the semi‐arid Highveld of South Africa. Long‐term croplands and primary grassland used as pastures served as the controls. In bulk soil samples (<2 mm) and their clay (<2 µm), silt (2–20 µm), fine sand (20–250 µm) and coarse sand (250–2000 µm) fractions, the contents of carbon (C) and nitrogen were determined. In all three agro‐ecosystems, using a mono‐exponential model, the SOC stocks increased exponentially until a maximum was reached 10–95 years after land conversion. This gain in SOC was clearly pronounced for the top 0–5 cm of soil, but hardly detectable at 10–20‐cm depth. The sand fractions recovered organic C more rapidly but less completely than did the finer size separates. Overall, between 9.0 and 15.3 t of SOC were sequestered in the 0–20 cm of surface soil by this land conversion. Thus, the SOC recovery in the secondary pastures resulted in SOC stocks that were 29.6–93.9% greater than those in the arable land. Yet, in no agro‐ecosystem, at any soil depth, nor in any soil fraction, did the measured SOC content reach that of the primary grassland. In part this can be attributed to a slightly finer texture of the primary grassland that had not lost silt through wind erosion or had never been used as arable land because of slightly elevated clay contents. Overall it appears, however, that previous losses of SOM cannot easily be rectified, suggesting that the native primary grassland soils are only partially resilient to land‐use change.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复中生物土壤结皮特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞县墩滩山的退耕地为研究对象,分析了退耕地植被自然恢复过程中生物土壤结皮的特点及其对土壤水分、土壤有机质和土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)生物土壤结皮的盖度随着退耕年限的增长不断增大,结皮的厚度也渐渐增加,且稳定在0.1~0.3 cm之间;(2)有结皮样地0—40 cm土层的土壤含水量一般比对照样地的土壤含水量要低,有结皮样地和对照土壤含水量都随土层深度逐渐升高,但升高幅度逐渐变小;(3)有生物结皮的样地土壤表层0—10 cm有机质含量比对照样地有机质含量大;10—20 cm土层有生物结皮的样地比对照样地有机质含量也高,但是差异不如0—10 cm土层明显;(4)随着退耕年限的增长,土壤侵蚀量逐渐减少,与退耕初期相比,退耕10 a以上样地土壤侵蚀量可减少30%~80%。说明在退耕地植被恢复的过程中,生物结皮改善了土壤表层性质,增强了土壤抗侵蚀能力。     

Effect of land use on soil nutrients in the loess hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the effects of land use change on soil properties is important for soil quality improvement and sustainable land use. In this study, six land use types including wasteland (WLD), cropland (CLD), abandoned land (ABD), artificial grassland (AGD), shrubland (SLD) and woodland (WOD) were selected to analyse the effects of land use types on soil nutrient in the Anjiapo catchment in the western part of the Loess Plateau in China. Significant differences were found in soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NON) (P < 0.01) between the six land use types. Our study also showed that land use types have different effects on soil nutrient storage, and vegetation restoration may improve soil nutrients and soil quality. While crop plantation can significantly decrease soil fertility, the trend can be reversed by cropland abandonment and afforestation. It is recommended that more C input, alternative cultivation practices, vegetation restoration and education and techniques training of local farmers could be used to improve soil conditions and to advance the sustainable land use and local development in the loess hilly area in the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

垦殖对黄河三角洲盐渍土碳氮分布特征的影响

以黄河三角洲新生盐碱地为例,采用空间替代时间的方法,选取未利用的盐碱地对照(CK)和平均开垦年限分别为小于5 a、10~15 a、20~25 a、30~35 a、50~60 a的小麦/玉米连作土地类型为研究对象,对1 m深土壤碳(有机碳、无机碳、全碳)、氮(全氮、碱解氮)含量进行了分析,研究不同垦殖年限下土壤碳氮水平和垂直分布特征。结果表明:垦殖后,土壤有机碳含量较未垦殖盐碱地均表现为显著提高(p0.05);盐碱地垦殖显著增加了0~40 cm土壤的碳储量,且随垦殖年限增加而增加;40~100 cm土层的有机碳含量无趋势性变化规律;土壤全氮、全碳、无机碳变化与有机碳变化表现出相似规律;垦殖30 a后土壤碳氮养分基本稳定,表层(0~40 cm)含量高于底层(40~100 cm)含量;垦殖年限主要影响0~30 cm土壤碱解氮含量;无机碳作为组成全碳的主要成分,极易受灌溉和地下水的影响。垦殖虽然显著增加土壤有机碳、全氮含量,但垦殖后碳氮比(C/N)呈降低趋势,约30 a后基本稳定,不同垦殖年限C/N平均为9.35,低于全国平均水平,反映出研究区土壤碳氮养分不均衡问题。     

水蚀风蚀交错区土壤呼吸影响因素及其对土地利用方式变化的响应

为准确评估黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤呼吸速率季节变化影响因素及其对不同土地利用方式的响应,于2009~2012年植物生长季节,选取6 种当地典型的土地利用类型,应用红外气体分析法对土壤呼吸速率进行测定,并结合土壤水、热与养分因子进行分析。结果表明, 水蚀风蚀交错区退耕会显著改变土壤呼吸强度,该区典型农地的土壤呼吸速率为1.06～1.39 mol/（m2s）,农地转变为裸地的过程中,土壤呼吸速率下降为原来的42%～63%,尤其在植物生长旺季的7、 8、 9 三个月下降明显。 农地弃耕后建设人工草（灌木）地使土壤呼吸速率提高了109%～200%,农田撂荒样地土壤呼吸速率约为农地的79%～179%,农地略高于长芒草地和荒草地。该区土壤呼吸速率变化的主导因子为土壤温度,尤其与10 cm土层的土壤温度相关性最好,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量之间拟合优度较差, 但土壤温度与含水量双因子指数模型Rs=aebTc 对该地区土壤呼吸速率的拟合均优于相应的单因子模型。10 cm土层的土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数（Q10值）排序为:无植被生长样地（裸地,2.09）农地（农地、坡地农地,2.07～1.69） 撂荒地（坡地撂荒地、撂荒地、梯田撂荒地,1.71～1.53）草（灌木）地（柠条地、苜蓿地、长芒草地、荒草地,1.51～1.42）,可见随着未来气温的升高,在生态系统土壤呼吸整体有可能增加的背景下,退耕还林（草）会降低土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性,且Q10值随土壤含水量降低而降低。土壤呼吸速率与土壤有机质、全氮之间有极显著的正相关关系。因此,水蚀风蚀交错区土壤呼吸受到土壤温度、水分、养分及土地利用方式的显著影响。