Effects of oxygen-enriched nutrient solution on greenhouse cucumber and pepper production

A series of experiments were conducted with greenhouse cucumber and pepper plants to determine the effects of oxygen enrichment of the irrigation water on yield and fruit shelf-life. The experiments were carried out in soilless culture in research greenhouses. Depending on the experiment, treatments included sub-ambient (2 mg L⁻¹), ambient (5–6 mg L⁻¹), medium (16 mg L⁻¹) and high (30–40 mg L⁻¹) levels of oxygen in the supply tank. Cucumber plants were grown in yellow cedar sawdust and pepper plants in either sawdust or perlite. Oxygen enrichment resulted in a promotion of cucumber yield in only one experiment; in two other experiments, none of the oxygen treatments, including those at sub-ambient levels, had an effect. There were no effects of oxygen enrichment on pepper yield. However, in both cucumber and pepper, fruit shelf-life was extended in oxygen-enriched treatments. In terms of system efficacy, oxygen levels in the irrigation water were measured at the dripper and found to decrease by 20–67% of initial values compared to the supply tank values, depending on the initial oxygen concentration and on the experiment. Oxygen concentrations decreased even further to virtually ambient levels when measured in the drain water or in the substrate reservoir. Cucumber plant growth was promoted under conditions which facilitated consistently high oxygen in the root zone, achieved through heavy irrigation (1 min in two) with oxygen-enriched nutrient solution of plants grown in saturated substrate (pumice). However, those extreme irrigation rates would not be practical for commercial cucumber or pepper production. Overall, this study demonstrates that oxygen enrichment of porous substrates under typical hydroponic conditions is difficult and possibly because of this, effects on yield are infrequent. However, fruit shelf-life may be improved.     

蔬菜有机生态型无土栽培营养生理研究进展

介绍了在有机生态型无土栽培系统中,基质的供肥特性,基质中营养元素、pH和EC的动态变化,蔬菜作物对养分需求规律,蔬菜作物固态肥营养类型,蔬菜作物适宜需肥量,以及对环境、产品品质、食用安全性和产量的影响等方面的研究进展。     

Almond shell waste: possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture

This industrial residue is the woody endocarp of the almond fruits. This material is normally incinerated or dumped without control. Almond shell used (100% pure) as growing media can be more ecologically-friendly and less expensive than traditional rockwool since it can be locally produced. Three commercially produced random samples of two different textures and two volumes (19 and 25 L) were evaluated as growing media for soilless production. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of volume and texture and to compare this substrate with rockwool in terms of yield and quality characteristics of fruits in melon and tomato culture. The physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties studied did not differ significantly between both textures. Tomato plants grown in almond shell residue used 21% less water compared to rockwool over the course of production. We found non-limiting in comparison to rockwool for melon and tomato crops in relation to fertigation parameters, water uptake and yield. Significant differences of yield were found when we used the big size, specially in melon crop where commercial yield and soluble solids of plants growing on 25 L bags was higher than that on small one. The results suggested that almond shells seem to be an acceptable growing media as rockwool substitute for soilless vegetable production.     

Response of some horticultural crops to irrigation in the semi-arid region of Tunisia

Response to a limited water supply was determined for 3 horticultural crops, pepper, melon (cantaloup) and tomato, in the Nebhana Valley, Tunisia. Varying fractions of potential evapotranspiration (PET), as calculated by Penman, were used to define 4 irrigation treatments which were replicated 4 times. The study was conducted on a shallow sandy loam soil in the lower Nebhana Valley, near Monastir. For each of the crops the following production parameters were evaluated: marketable yield; average fruit weight; number of fruits per unit land area. For socio-political reasons, the cost price of the irrigation water to the farmers in the Nebhana Valley is of negligible importance, and thus the economic threshold could be drawn from the relationship between yield and total available water. The marketable yield for pepper, melon and tomato crops was not significantly affected by rationing the seasonal water application volumes to 57, 47 and 67%, respectively, of the calculated PET. To increase the water-use efficiency for the crops studied, limited irrigation is advisable.     

吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜不同种植模式水分利用效率调查

为明确吐鲁番市设施蔬菜水分高效利用的合理灌溉方式，调查了沟灌和滴灌对吐鲁番市日光温室早春茬哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄产量、效益和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：在吐鲁番市，滴灌哈密瓜每667 m² 产量比沟灌高100 kg，每667 m²纯收入多1 017.6 元；滴灌黄瓜、辣椒和番茄每667 m²产量和经济效益均稍低于沟灌；但滴灌哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄的水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率比沟灌高1～3 倍。综合考虑，滴灌是吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜生产中应重点推广的灌溉方式。     

1株钩状木霉SX005的鉴定及其复合制剂对黄瓜和辣椒苗生长的影响

通过形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法,明确木霉菌株SX005的分类地位,并以该菌株的分生孢子粉为原料,分别与氨基寡糖素、矿源黄腐酸钾、壳寡糖、海藻精、FUNA-801进行复配,通过盆栽试验测定其复合制剂对黄瓜和辣椒苗生长的影响.结果表明,木霉菌株SX005为钩状木霉菌;其5种木霉复配制剂均能促进黄瓜和辣椒苗地上部分生长,...     

不同钾、钙、镁水平对厚皮甜瓜产量和品质的影响

利用营养液进行盆栽试验,研究不同钾、钙、镁水平对厚皮甜瓜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:钾490 mg/L、钙206 mg/L、镁65 mg/L的试验处理能显著促进厚皮甜瓜生长发育,提高果实的产量和品质,而低钾(30 mg/L)、低钙(10 mg/L)、低镬(5 mg/L)的各试验处理都明显延缓了厚皮甜瓜的生长发育,降低了果实的产量和品质.     

不同营养液配方对阳台水培黄瓜的影响

以‘戴多星’黄瓜为试材,系统研究了7种不同营养液配方T1~T7对阳台水培黄瓜生长的影响,通过测定黄瓜的株高、茎粗、SPAD值、产量、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C等指标,初步筛选和评价出适合阳台水培黄瓜的最佳营养液配方。结果表明:使用T7营养液配方水培黄瓜可以显著提高叶面积,达到429.25 cm2;SPAD值增至47.08;结瓜数14个、单瓜质量65.08 g和单株产量889.34 g、维生素C含量145.68 mg·kg-1和可溶性固形物含量4.24%。与其他配方相比,T7增幅差异显著,可作为阳台上水培黄瓜的最佳营养液配方。     

南京地区大棚春提早厚皮甜瓜有机生态型无土栽培品种比较试验

以厚皮甜瓜品种金蜜、新月、玉姑、雪里红、黄皮9818、天仙、天橙、银翠、珍珠、红珍珠为试材,采用3膜覆盖和有机生态型无土栽培技术进行品种比较试验。结果表明:光皮甜瓜品种玉姑、新月和网纹甜瓜品种天仙、银翠综合性状优异,适宜在南京地区作为有机生态型春提早生产品种优先选用。     

菇渣有机生态型无土栽培基质配方初探

以黄瓜为试验材料,常规土壤种植为对照,以菇渣为基础基质,探索菇渣作为有机生态无土栽培基质的可能性;共设3个处理,采用随机区组设计,3次重复;结果表明,菇渣、鸡粪基质配方对黄瓜的生长及产量有不同程度的提高。初步认定菇渣作为有机生态型无土栽培基质具有一定可行性。     

LED灯对设施栽培瓜果类蔬菜产量的影响

采用红蓝组合(2∶3)LED灯对设施栽培蔬菜全生育期进行补光处理,研究其对不同蔬菜坐果率以及产量的影响.研究结果表明,LED灯补光处理能不同程度地提高供试蔬菜作物的坐果率;可显著增加瓜类蔬菜的主蔓雌花数,提高其单果质量和667 m2产量,其中节瓜最为显著,其单果质量和每667 m2产量分别提高5.3%和15.6%;LED补光处理对茄子影响也较明显,单果质量和每667 m2产量分别提高7.6%和7.8%,但对番茄和辣椒影响不明显.     

无土栽培基质对辣椒产量及品质的影响

为探讨克服蔬菜栽培中土壤盐渍化、连作障碍、辣椒单产低、品质相对较差的问题,以具有代表性的蔬菜辣椒作为研究对象,采用草炭、河沙与珍珠岩不同比例的栽培基质对辣椒进行栽培比较试验,结果表明,无土栽培和土壤栽培对辣椒植物的农艺性状、产量和品质有显著性差异,无土栽培其生长势更强、开花更早、产量和品质显著提高,草炭：河沙：珍珠岩1：1：1是增强植株生长势,提高辣椒产量和品质的最佳基质配比。     

张掖市日光温室主要蔬菜钾素经济效益最佳施用量研究

为实现温室蔬菜化肥减量增效的目标,开展了张掖市主要蔬菜钾素经济效益最佳施用量研究。结果表明:西葫芦、黄瓜、茄子、番茄、辣椒和芹菜钾素经济效益最佳施肥量分别为128.60、161.15、40.30、239.42、258.91、199.47kg/hm~2时,理论产量分别为78.38、77.49、58.02、92.44、65.02、103.99t/hm~2。不同蔬菜施肥利润由大到小的变化顺序为:番茄芹菜辣椒黄瓜西葫芦茄子。     

绿之园4号对黄瓜上白粉虱的防效试验

用生物制剂绿之园4号对黄瓜上白粉虱进行防治试验。试验结果表明,用绿之园4号300倍液在晴天的日出前露水未干时对作物叶面叶背进行喷施,效果非常显著;用药前黄瓜叶片上白粉虱的虫口密度为233×10~4头/cm~2药后1 d防效为100%,药后10 d防效仍在70%以上。     

小麦填闲减钾肥对黄瓜生长发育及光合作用的影响

以"津春2号"黄瓜为试材,以小麦作为填闲植物,研究了小麦填闲减量施钾对植株的形态指标、生理指标和产量的影响,以期为小麦填闲栽培模式的合理施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:与不填闲处理比,小麦填闲的植株形态指标以及植株干鲜质量上没有显著差异,但是黄瓜的单株产量上小麦填闲处理显著增加了26.03%,单果质量上提高了15.22%;在黄瓜盛瓜期以及拉秧期,小麦填闲减钾肥处理的植株叶片的光合速率均显著高于不填闲处理。说明小麦填闲减钾肥有利于黄瓜的生长发育。     

不同作物根系分泌物对莴苣化感作用的研究

通过组织培养的方式,研究了不同作物根系分泌物对莴苣的化感作用。结果表明：不同作物根系分泌的化感物质均能明显抑制莴苣幼苗的生长,其根系生长也明显受到抑制。通过隶属函数值可得出,不同作物对莴苣化感作用的大小顺序为黄瓜〉西瓜〉辣椒〉番茄〉白菜。     

黄瓜无土栽培基质研究进展

无土栽培在黄瓜生产中应用广泛，而栽培基质是固定黄瓜根系，协调“水、肥、气”的基础物质，不同基质理化性质不同，可直接影响黄瓜的长势、产量及品质。研发筛选出适宜黄瓜生长的栽培基质是节能增效、促进生产的关键，从以椰糠、菌渣、农业废弃物堆肥为主的有机栽培基质，以蛭石、珍珠岩、河沙等为主的无机栽培基质，有机基质与无机基质混合的栽培基质，基质粒径大小、堆肥时间、栽培方式等性质和微生物制剂、腐植酸、生物炭、硅元素等外源添加物等方面综述了不同栽培基质对黄瓜生长、产量及品质影响的研究进展。基质栽培应用市场广阔，且将低成本可重复利用的农业作物废弃物作为有机基质并与无机基质混合配制成环保型复合基质成为无土栽培基质研究的主要方向。     

黄瓜菇渣基质育苗营养液配方的初步研究

菇渣基质是一种新开发替代草炭的基质,研究其在园艺作物栽培和育苗中的配套应用技术有重要意义。以菇渣为试验材料,采用完全随机设计,研究了菇渣与蛭石混配用于黄瓜穴盘育苗的配套营养液配方。结果表明,综合考虑各项指标,在本试验条件下,处理1[Ca(NO3)2.4H2O∶KH2PO4∶KNO3=329∶97.33∶219.33]的营养液配方对黄瓜菇渣基质育苗的促进效果最优,这一结果为菇渣在黄瓜育苗上的应用提供了科学依据和技术指标。     

有机生态型无土栽培技术及其营养生理基础

以番茄为试材,介绍了应用消毒有机肥代替营养液的有机生态型无土栽培技术的方法与原理。1991～1994年的试验结果表明:与营养液栽培相比,有机生态型无土栽培方法可降低肥料成本、增加果实中还原糖和维生素C含量、降低有机酸含量;采用有机生态型无土栽培,在番茄的整个生长期间,基质中营养元素的供应水平与植株对营养元素的吸收要求一致,吸收氮、磷、钾的比例为N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.251:1.141;同时,有机生态型无土栽培对环境无污染。     

甘肃武威日光温室生产模式及效益调查分析

2012 年对甘肃省武威市25 个乡镇43 个村498 户日光温室园艺作物栽培模式及效益进行调查分析。结果表明：武威市日光温室栽培作物以黄瓜、番茄、辣椒等果菜类为主,主要栽培茬口为一年一大茬和一年两茬;棚膜、草帘、种苗、肥料是生产成本的主要组成部分,占总成本的82.4%;一年多茬和一年一大茬栽培的投入产出比相对较高,平均单方水效益也较高;多年生栽培效益低的主要限制因子是产量偏低,但单方水效益较高。综合考虑产投比及当地水资源状况,建议在武威市中部地区适当发展一年多茬栽培模式,在海拔高度1 500 m 以上的冷凉灌区和二阴山区适度发展多年生栽培模式。