Sustainability of bean production systems on steep lands in Costa Rica

Responding to changes in rural-urban linkages and government policies, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production systems in Costa Rica are undergoing transitions. Impacts of changes in bean production systems on environmental and economic sustainability were analysed at the field, farm and policy levels. A combination of interviews, agronomic surveys, on-farm experiments, and secondary information was used. Changes in agronomic and economic conditions over time were assessed by conducting agronomic surveys and experiments on farms representing a range of land-use intensities. Trade-offs between productivity and stability were quantified using Modified Stability Analysis. The adoption of land and agrochemical-intensive methods by resource-poor farmers cultivating steep lands resulted in decreased environmented and economic sustainability. Farmers with adequate resources were able to maintain economic viability by transferring land out of beans and into other commodities, particularly cattle. However, this shift in resource use decreased social equity by decreasing farm labour opportunities for smallholders and landless farmers and diminishing land available for tenants. These studies indicate that the impact of technology introduction on farming system sustainability can be assessed effectively by conducting integrated socioeconomic and agronomic analyses across farms representing various land-use practices and intensities.     

Hydrological impact of biofuel production: A case study of the Khlong Phlo Watershed in Thailand

This study evaluates the potential impact of increased biofuel production on the hydrology of a small watershed, Khlong Phlo, in the eastern part of Thailand. The water footprint of biofuel energy was estimated for three crops in order to identify the most water-efficient crop. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate the impact of land use change (LUC) caused by the expansion of biofuel crops on the components of water balance and water quality in the studied watershed. Several LUC scenarios consisting of oil palm (biodiesel), cassava and sugarcane (bio-ethanol) expansion were evaluated. The water footprint results indicated that cassava is more water-efficient than the other two crops considered. Simulation results revealed that although oil palm expansion would have negligible alteration in evapotranspiration (0.5 to 1.6%) and water yield (−0.5 to −1.1%), there would be an increased nitrate loading (1.3 to 51.7%) to the surface water. On the contrary, expansion of cassava and sugarcane would decrease evapotranspiration (0.8 to 11.8%) and increase water yield (1.6 to 18.0%), which would lead to increased sediment (10.9 to 91.5%), nitrate (1.9 to 44.5%) and total phosphorus (15.0 to 165.0%) loading to surface water. Based on the results, it can be concluded that land use change for biodiesel production would affect water quality, while both the water balance components and water quality would be affected by the expansion of bio-ethanol crops. Overall, the study indicates that biofuel production would have a negative impact on the water quality of the studied watershed. Further research at large scale (e.g. basin level) and on the economic aspect is recommended, in order to contribute to developing suitable land use and energy policies.     

基于SWOT分析的新型城镇化路径探索——以云南省马龙县为例

运用SWOT分析法，详细分析了云南省马龙县基础设施建设、经济发展水平以及经济结构、产业发展规模等数据，对于马龙县新型城镇化建设的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行分析。马龙县新型城镇化建设还会面临一系列的问题，如土地城镇化高于人的城镇化；发展模式粗放造成生态环境的严重破坏和土地资源的严重浪费；城乡发展不平衡，农村凋敝、农业萎缩；城市空心化等问题。走新型城镇化道路是马龙县在新常态背景下的必然选择。      

The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know

Despite the importance of livestock to poor people and the magnitude of the changes that are likely to befall livestock systems, the intersection of climate change and livestock in developing countries is a relatively neglected research area. Little is known about the interactions of climate and increasing climate variability with other drivers of change in livestock systems and in broader development trends. In many places in the tropics and subtropics, livestock systems are changing rapidly, and the spatial heterogeneity of household response to change may be very large. While opportunities may exist for some households to take advantage of more conducive rangeland and cropping conditions, for example, the changes projected will pose serious problems for many other households. We briefly review the literature on climate change impacts on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries, and identify some key knowledge and data gaps. We also list some of the broad researchable issues associated with how smallholders and pastoralists might respond to climate change. The agendas of research and development organisations may need adjustment if the needs of vulnerable livestock keepers in the coming decades are to be met effectively.     

Enabling natural resource managers to self-assess their adaptive capacity

We describe the development of a low cost, repeatable self-assessment process enabling community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) groups to set priorities for building their capacity to adopt sustainable farming practices and adapt to global change. Regional measures of adaptive capacity derived from rural livelihoods analysis were populated with secondary data and used to communicate the multiple dimensions of adaptive capacity to groups of landowners. This conceptual framework was then used to derive locally relevant measures of adaptive capacity via focus groups drawn from pre-existing networks of land managers. The key issue discussed at the workshop was what constrained or enabled private land managers to effectively manage natural resources. This self-assessment process was designed to support dialogue between CBNRM groups, industry and governments to prioritise collective action for building adaptive capacity. The approach was piloted with CBNRM groups across New South Wales, Australia.     

发达国家农业规模化生产发展经验及对我国农业发展的思考

随着乡村振兴战略的实施,农业规模化生产经营已经成为农业现代化发展的必由之路。该文通过分析发达国家的农业规模化发展特点、发展现状、政府扶持政策以及新型经营主体建设和管理,总结发达国家农业规模化发展的先进经验,并结合我国人多地少的现状,在土地流转与集中政策、标准化与专业化种植、社会化服务组织、职业化农民培育和农业经营主体建设等方面对我国农业规模化生产经营提出发展建议,以促进我国农业现代化发展。      

Peasant emigration and land-use change at the watershed level: A GIS-based approach in Central Mexico

Demographic changes introduced by migration strongly affect economic activities and may thus trigger land-use changes. Migration has been usually overlooked in land use change modelling, even though it is recognized as a dominant demographic factor that influences land use. This paper analyzes to what extent migration patterns influence land-cover and land-use change at the watershed level. A RS-GIS and statistical approach was used to quantify and analyze both land-cover change and change in population per spatial unit. It was hypothesized that migration should exert a strong effect on land-cover change. The exercise was carried out in the Basin of Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, in Central Mexico, an area of high emigration to the USA, albeit showing a net increase in its total population. The expansion of scrubland areas at the expense of rain-fed agricultural land is associated with the abandonment of agricultural land with poor soils. As a consequence, vegetal succession has been promoted and subtropical scrubland increased.     

小型螺旋式油棕果榨油机的研制与试验研究

针对目前我国油棕产业刚起步而缺少小型油棕榨油设备的现状,在分析螺旋压榨原理的基础上,自行设计并研制了小型螺旋式油棕果榨油机。为验证设计的合理性和实用性,对其进行了性能试验研究,并对所得棕油进行了检测和分析。结果表明,样机性能达到设计指标,具有实用性。     

Mechanised production system of oil palm produce in Nigeria: A preliminary study on the establishment of location-allocation models

This paper describes a basic study preceding the establishment of location-allocation models for a government-controlled agricultural industry. The need to develop an efficient and low cost production system for the Nigerian oil palm industry is established. The peculiar handling techniques of oil palm produce are outlined and the requirement of location-allocation models for this industry is discussed. Data were collected in Nigeria and the relevant cost and distance functions were developed for the models.It is necessary to emphasise that this paper contains the pre-requisites for the establishment of location-allocation models. The techniques for establishing these models have been discussed by the author elsewhere.     

蒸汽加热油棕果捣碎机的研制

针对目前我国油棕产业刚起步急需小型棕榈油加工设备的现状,设计研制了一种蒸汽加热油棕果捣碎机。该机具有使用方便、结构简单、拆卸方便、易于加工制造及后续改进等特点。主要介绍了蒸汽加热油棕果捣碎机的工作原理、结构特点、主要技术参数以及安装使用性能等。     

推进北京市户籍制度改革的思考和政策建议

推进户籍制度改革是北京市实现城乡发展一体化、加快新型城市化发展的重要内容。北京市户籍管理制度改革,既是时代发展的需要,也是北京自身发展的需要。在新时期,北京市要将户籍制度改革提上公共政策议程,统筹制定户籍制度改革方案,针对具有北京本市户籍的城乡居民和没有北京市户籍的外来人口,采取分类和分步骤的改革政策,要从北京市全部行政区域以及首都圈等空间层次上进行产业布局和公共资源配置的相应调整。      

淮安市耕地时空变化特征及其驱动因素

淮安市地处黄淮平原和江淮平原,境内河湖交错,水系纵横,是江苏省北部的农业大市。研究其耕地时空变化特征及其驱动因素可为保障粮食生产和农业可持续发展提供指导。基于2000、2010和2018年3期土地利用数据,综合土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用动态度和多元逐步回归分析等对2000—2018年淮安市耕地的时空变化特征进行分析,并结合社会经济指标研究其驱动力。2000—2018年耕地减少速度不断加快,减少面积主要集中在清江浦区北部,与城乡工矿居民用地相互转移面积较多。耕地变化受经济发展和收入水平的影响,第三产业是耕地变化的核心驱动力。淮安市在发展经济的同时,需更加重视保护耕地资源,加大土地整治力度,提高土地利用效率,优化土地资源的利用与配置,确保耕地资源可持续利用。      

积极引导土地使用权依法流转 加快农业综合开发建设步伐

推行土地承包经营权流转,是认真贯彻落实科学发展观的体现．是发展现代农业、推进农业产业化的前提,是推进新农村建设的有效途径。通过土地承包经营权依法流转,必将加速农村土地集中和集约化经营,是专业合作社、种田能手、种粮大户可获得更多土地适应规模经营的发展空间．以促进农业生产更好更快发展。     

土地流转背景下南方自流灌区终端用水特点分析

随着经济社会的发展以及城镇化进程的推进,我国农村土地结构、人口结构、种植结构以及农村资本发生了巨大的变化,引发了农村土地的大幅度流转,催生了多种形式的农业经营主体。南方地区受自然条件、传统观念等方面的影响,农户配合度与参与度不高,南方灌区用水组织的内生动力、凝聚力较弱,终端用水管理体制也比较薄弱。新型经营主体对用水组织的供水质量提出了更高的要求,南方自流灌区的终端用水管理迎来了机遇与挑战。本文通过总结新型经营主体的经营特点,分析了新型经营主体在在农村水利设施的建设、管护与用水管理等方面对南方自流灌区终端用水管理的影响,从新型经营主体的参与、基层水管队伍的建设、水费计收机制的完善等角度提出科学有效的管理意见。     

重庆市农村建设用地复垦工程经济效益评价

为揭示重庆市农村建设用地复垦工程经济效益的变化规律,选择了渝西丘陵低山工程类型区和渝东中低山工程类型区共5个区县为研究对象,采用层次分析法（AHP）研究了5个区域复垦工程的经济效益。结果表明:渝西丘陵低山类型区复垦工程经济效益较渝东中低山类型区好,合川、忠县、綦江、酉阳和巫山5区县复垦经济效益评价值分别为0.722、0.618、0.538、0.605和0.226。5个区域直接和间接经济效益权重趋于一致,而农户经济效益权重差异较大,除巫山县外,其余4个区县农户经济效益占复垦经济效益的权重较大,约为0.430。不同区域农村建设用地复垦工程经济效益存在明显差异,应该在充分利用每一寸土地资源的前提下,采用差别化政策对待不同区县复垦的经济效益问题,更好地促进重庆市城乡统筹的发展。      

Agricultural land use and flood risk management: Engaging with stakeholders in North Yorkshire

Recent changes in agricultural and flood defence policies create new opportunities for involving rural land use, in particular agriculture, in flood risk management. This paper presents the results of a case study on land management and flooding in the Laver and Skell catchments in North Yorkshire. The perceptions of local stakeholders were explored through interviews with farmers and discussions among stakeholders that were held, supported by the Floods and Agriculture Risk Matrix (FARM) tool, during a stakeholder workshop. These stakeholder perceptions are reviewed against scientific evidence. Temporary storage of runoff water on farmland was found to have potential to mitigate flooding, but the participating stakeholders thought that this was beyond farmers’ responsibility of good farming practice. During the stakeholder workshop, it was therefore agreed among all participants that targeting funding is needed, as well as stakeholder engagement and demonstration farms, in order to successfully involve farmers in flood risk management.     

黑龙江省耕地数量变化及驱动因子分析

采用趋势分析法和回归分析法,剖析了黑龙江省耕地数量变化的驱动因子,研究了其变化机理.结果表明:黑龙江省经济增长与耕地递减呈明显线性负相关关系,社会经济发展因子是耕地减少的主要内在驱动力,经济利益和有关土地政策是引起耕地变化的外在驱动力,并指出保护耕地和确保粮食安全是土地管理工作的当务之急.     

加快双峰县农机产业集群发展的思考

农机产业是双峰县的传统优势产业．双峰县素有“全国米机之乡”美称，也是市内培育的十大产业集群、全市高新技术产业基地，是全省唯一的“省农机产业基地”。随着社会主义新农村建设的一系列政策的到位，购机补贴项目增多、额度加大，极大地增强了农民的购买力，同时也给双峰农机产业带来了前所未有的机遇。尽管双峰农机产业具有基础优势、产品优势和市场优势，还是存在一些不可忽视的问题与困难。指出，应尽快出台促进农机产业发展的有关政策．加快培育龙头企业与知名品牌．优化农机产业发展环境，加大财政支持力度，进一步解决项目投入及融资等问题。     

Assessing the performance of a nucleus estate and smallholder scheme for oil palm production in West Sumatra: a stochastic frontier analysis

In this paper, we study the performance of smallholders in a nucleus estate and smallholder (NES) scheme in oil palm production schemein West Sumatra by measuring their technical efficiency using a stochastic frontier production function. Our results indicate a mean technical efficiency of 66%, which is below what we would have expected given the uniformity of the climate, soils and plantation construction among the sample farmers. The use of progressive farmers as a means of disseminating extension advice does not appear to have been successful, and more rigorous farmer selection procedures need to be put in place for similar schemes and for general agricultural extension in future. No clear relationship was established between technical efficiency and the use of female labour, suggesting there is no need to target extension services specifically at female labourers in the household. Finally, education was found to have an unexpectedly negative impact on technical efficiency, indicating that farmers with primary education may be more important than those with secondary and tertiary education as targets of development schemes and extension programs entailing non-formal education.     

Mediating technological learning in agricultural innovation systems

In policy and innovation systems characterized by fragmented institutional arrangements, communication between system participants can be problematic. Understanding the perspectives of system participants, and sources of agreement and disagreement between them, is critical for the development strategies for change requiring collective action. The policy systems analysis and mediation (PSAM) template has been developed as an analytical approach that facilitates a shared understanding between policy and innovation system participants and better enables collaborative strategies to be developed. The PSAM template was applied in the on-farm sector of the New Zealand dairy industry in 2002–2003 in the context of industry on-farm productivity policy. It enabled key institutional interplay issues to be isolated, areas of alignment and misalignment between system participants to be identified, and it highlighted opportunities for change. The PSAM template, in augmenting existing analytical techniques, has particular value in facilitating the development of strategies for change in functionally differentiated and organizationally fragmented policy and innovation systems.