水晶蜜柚果实无籽机理细胞学研究

【目的】水晶蜜柚原产于马来西亚,是海南柚类的主栽品种之一,但有关水晶蜜柚果实无籽的原因未见报道,探究水晶蜜柚果实无籽原因可为蜜柚高效栽培和育种提供理论依据。【方法】从水晶蜜柚的花粉活力与萌芽率、花粉母细胞减数分裂,花粉管伸长荧光显微观察、杂交实验、胚胎胚囊石蜡切片观察等细胞学角度研究水晶蜜柚果实的无籽机理。【结果】水晶蜜柚活力强的花粉76.58%,萌芽率88.48%;花粉母细胞减数分裂正常,但出现异常二分体和三分体现象;水晶蜜柚杂交的花粉管能伸长至子房并到达胚珠,完成受精作用,而自交的花粉管只能伸长到花柱中下部,到达不了子房,不能完成受精作用;水晶蜜柚胚胎胚囊石蜡切片显示不做处理和自交的胚胎发育一致,前期发育正常,能观察到胚胎从幼胚发育到鱼蕾形胚,鱼雷形胚时胚囊出现中空异常状态,珠柄消失;杂交的胚胎能从幼胚正常发育到子叶胚,珠柄未消失,有发育成种子的迹象;水晶蜜柚与三红蜜柚杂交的坐果率为21%,其自交和去雄套袋不授粉的坐果率只有3%和2%;杂交所得的果实的种子为饱满可育的种子,其自交和去雄套袋不授粉的种子为败育和退化的种子。【结论】水晶蜜柚花粉育性正常,花粉母细胞减数分裂正常,胚囊正常...     

牡丹远缘杂种‘和谐’育性的初步研究

以我国选育出的首例牡丹与芍药远缘杂种‘和谐’为主要材料,对其雌雄蕊形态特征、花粉活力、授粉过程、杂交结实情况等影响其育性的关键因素和环节进行系列研究。结果表明:‘和谐’雄蕊量少,50～100枚,花丝长短不一,0.1～2.5cm;雌蕊4～5枚,花盘肉质,包裹心皮2/3左右。‘和谐’花粉多数败育,花粉活力为4.1%。牡丹和芍药混合花粉在‘和谐’柱头上萌发率很高,多数花粉管成团盘绕在柱头上,少数花粉管能进入柱头,但花粉管在花柱内因顶端膨大、胼胝质积累而停止生长,表明‘和谐’不结实是由受精前障碍造成的。‘和谐’作父本与‘艳紫’和‘粉蝴蝶’2个芍药品种杂交有一定的亲和性,并获得少量的种子和种苗,说明‘和谐’是珍贵的牡丹与芍药远缘杂交育种的亲本材料。     

金樱子与现代月季远缘杂交的生殖生物学特性

为了揭示蔷薇原种金樱子与现代月季品种间远缘杂交常不能结实的原因,以现代月季品种‘芦王特’、‘歌林娇红’、‘同情’、‘白雪山’为母本,二倍体野生蔷薇原种金樱子为父本,开展远缘人工定向杂交,测定父本花粉活力,研究授粉后花粉在柱头萌发形态以及胚胎发育等生殖生物学特性。结果发现,与以上4个月季品种杂交时父本金樱子的花粉活力分别为8.0%、22.0%、63.7%、39.8%;‘同情’人工授粉后2 h平均每个柱头上萌发花粉数分别有8.1粒,其他品种均未在柱头上观察到花粉萌发;授粉后4h平均每个柱头上萌发花粉数分别为17.6、21.9、11.7、12.0粒;到授粉后12 h时数量达到最多,分别为23.4、60.4、40.3、34.4粒;随后萌发数量急剧下降,且大部分花粉管细短、弯曲并停留在柱头表面。另外,4个月季品种授粉后每个柱头上的花粉萌发率均先升后降;在授粉10天后观察到的子房中含有的球形胚异常降解,金樱子与‘同情’及‘白雪山’的杂交胚胎中可观察到鱼雷形及子叶形胚,但后期出现胚胎异常降解。杂交时使用的父本花粉活力并不低,但授粉24 h之后的花粉管出现异常以及受精后胚胎大量败育可能是导致金樱子远缘杂交不结实的重要因素。     

极晚熟杏品种‘冬杏’杂交亲和性研究

为了探讨极晚熟杏品种‘冬杏’的杂交亲和性并为选育其晚熟品种奠定基础,以‘冬杏’为母本、15个不同成熟期的新疆杏品种为父本进行了杂交实验,通过观察坐果率及花粉管的生长状况,探讨了不同父本与‘冬杏’的亲和性。结果表明,15个父本杏品种的平均花粉量为1 413.24粒/花药,平均花粉活力为51.0%,与‘冬杏’杂交后的平均坐果率为22.5%,‘贾格达玛依桑’、‘木孜佳娜丽’、‘赛买提’、‘克孜朗’等品种与‘冬杏’的杂交坐果率较高,‘毛拉肖’、‘索格佳娜丽’、‘旦杏’等品种与‘冬杏’杂交的坐果率相对较低。‘冬杏’自交坐果率小于6%,为自交不亲和类型。授粉后2 h有部分品种花粉在柱头上开始萌发,所有品种的花粉管在96 h后均到达了‘冬杏’的花柱基部,但各品种花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长动态的差异较大,其中以‘赛买提’和‘贾格达玛依桑’的花粉管最早到达基部,‘木孜佳娜丽’和‘克孜朗’等较早。‘贾格达玛依桑’、‘木孜佳娜丽’、‘赛买提’、‘克孜朗’等品种与‘冬杏’的杂交亲和性较好。     

连翘授粉受精过程的观察

为探索连翘自然结果率较低的原因,以长花柱和短花柱2种类型的连翘为材料,采用荧光显微和石蜡切片技术,对自花授粉和杂交授粉的授粉受精过程进行研究.结果表明:在自花授粉的情况下,授粉后48 h,长花柱连翘的花粉管刚开始进入花柱,短花柱连翘的花粉管已到达花柱的中部,但此后花粉管生长速度均很慢,仅后者有极少数胚珠受精,前者则未见胚珠受精的现象;在2种类型连翘相互授粉的情况下,以长花柱连翘为母本,授粉后168 h花粉管进入胚珠,以短花柱连翘为母本,授粉后120 h花粉管即进入胚珠,但二者完成受精作用均在授粉后18天左右.     

地锦和五叶地锦种间杂交不亲和性初步研究

将地锦和五叶地锦杂交,未能获得杂交种。对人工辅助自交和杂交后,花粉萌发和花粉管生长情况进行了荧光显微观测。观察发现：人工辅助自交后,花粉粒可在各自柱头表面正常萌发,花粉管可伸入花柱内。将地锦和五叶地锦杂交时,多数花粉粒不能在柱头表面萌发,或者花粉管呈卷曲、先端膨大、破裂等异常现象。授粉后2～48h的花柱中,未观察到花粉管。由此推断,地锦和五叶地锦之间的不亲和发生在柱头表面。     

鹅掌楸属两种植物花粉品质和花粉管生长的研究

应用ＦＤＡ荧光染色法、离体和活体培养及看护培养等方法检验了鹅掌楸属两种木本植物花粉的品质，观察了开花期间花粉品质的变化，同时也观察统计了自然和人工授粉情况下，花粉在柱头上萌发及花粉管在花柱中生长的情况。研究结果表明：在离体条件下，柱头和子房对花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长有明显的促进作用；花粉在自己或异己的柱头和胚珠上萌发均良好，是亲和的，但花粉管通过花柱的比率较低，仅２４％。与本课题前期工作的研究结果相一致。并从数量调查和活体观察两个方面，再一次证实雄配子体的发育水平是影响结籽率的重要因子之一，花柱是不亲合性反应的发生区域。     

文冠果授粉习性和果实发育规律的研究

以人工控制授粉方式对文冠果授粉特性、落果规律以及果实和种胚的发育规律进行试验,研究其落果原因。结果表明:文冠果不孕花新鲜花粉的活力可达93%以上,花粉在柱头上萌发及花粉管在花柱中的伸长均正常,但自花授粉的果实在早期败育;人工授粉的正常果实发育与自然授粉果实发育相比,存在生长速度慢、果实小的现象;种胚发育的球形胚阶段与果实发育的转折点存在对应关系。推测:文冠果落果与是否完成受精作用以及后期的营养竞争有关,而球形胚时期是营养竞争和果实发育的关键时期。     

小叶杨×旱柳属间杂交实验胚胎学研究

旱柳花粉能够萌发,花粉管能进入小叶杨柱头。受精过程基本正常。杂交障碍主要表现在:花粉管在花柱基部生长受阻;花粉管在子房腔中缠绕;受精频率低;胚和胚乳发育不协调,胚出现异常发育、停滞发育和败育现象。本文支持以不协调性模型解释杂交障碍的机制。报道了旱柳和小叶杨属间杂交原胚期胚珠培养的成功。     

澳洲坚果花粉管荧光显微观察制片方法的对比分析

【目的】探索荧光显微观察澳洲坚果花粉管原位生长的最佳制片方法,为澳洲坚果品种间杂交(不)亲和性及生殖生物学研究提供技术支撑。【方法】以品种‘HAES842’为母本、‘HAES863’为父本,异花授粉5 d后,采集雌蕊为试验材料,经过固定、软化、染色、镜检等步骤,比较分析不同制片方法下澳洲坚果花粉管的荧光显微观察效果。【结果】1)28℃下,NaOH溶液软化、徒手切片法中,选择1、2 mol·L^-1 NaOH溶液对雌蕊软化,徒手切片容易获得雌蕊的完整组织;浓度为4、6 mol·L^-1时,雌蕊细胞反应剧烈,迅速失水后缓慢复水,切片时花柄易脱离,子房和柱头易破裂。2)100℃高温高压整体软化透明法中,NaOH溶液和Na2SO3溶液对澳洲坚果雌蕊均具有很好的软化效果,虽然镜检时花粉管被花柱其他组织遮挡,但此方法为整体观察澳洲坚果花粉管提出了新方向。3)未调节pH值和pH值7.0的染色液对澳洲坚果雌蕊进行染色,均未能明显区分花粉管和花柱其他组织;染色液pH值10.0时,花柱其他组织仅发微弱荧光,花粉管发黄绿色荧光,花粉管清晰明了,根根分明。【结论】28℃...     

俄罗斯无核沙棘引种实验初报

介绍了俄罗斯无核沙棘引种经过，论述了无核沙棘生物学特性，通过实验观察了无核沙棘在我国阜新地区的表现，实验表明无核沙棘幼龄期在当地能够正常生长。     

植物无籽果实发生机理研究综述

无籽果实以其含糖量高、口感好、食用方便等优点一直深受人们的喜爱。但无籽果实发生的机理并不都是一样的,本文从两大方面阐述了无籽果实产生的原因,对植物无籽果实新品种的研究培育提供理论依据。     

京亚葡萄无核高效栽培技术

介绍了京亚葡萄无核化栽培的药剂处理、果穗整理、肥水管理、负载量控制、整形修剪、生长季架面管理、病虫害防治、存在问题及解决办法等技术和效益情况。     

美国无核白鸡心提子高产高效技术研究

历经 4年对无核白鸡心提子进行引种试验 ,对大棚避雨栽培过程中各个技术环节进行标准化管理 ,取得极为显著的生产效益和经济效益。     

极早熟三倍体无核葡萄新品种夏黑及其栽培技术

绝大多数早熟葡萄品种由于生育期短,存在果粒偏小,糖度低,酸度高,风味品质较差,耐贮运性能不好,影响了葡萄的消费量。由于早熟品种生育期短,管理比较简单,而且可以赶在葡萄旺季上市,抢占市场,潜在的市场需求大。夏黑的引进,既满足了早熟的需要,又符合风味品质优异的要求,而且抗病力强,易上色,及耐贮输,天然无核,是一个难得的早熟优质葡萄好品种。 1 品种育成及引种经过 该品种原产日本,原名:サマーブラック,别名:黑夏,夏黑无核。欧美杂种,由日本山梨县果树试验场1968年杂交所得,其亲本为巨峰×トムソンシードレス。经日本20所试验场29年的…     

世纪无核葡萄在民勤“棚中棚”栽培越冬试验初报

经过4年对引进国外葡萄优良品种世纪(森田尼)无核在民勤荒漠区进行栽培试验,结果表明,在冬季外界最低气温-27.0℃以下,搭建"棚中棚"双层膜保护条件下最低气温在-8.0℃以上,葡萄植株可安全越冬。春季萌发时间晚于日光温室种植而早于露天种植,填补了温室种植和露天种植之间的葡萄成熟期时间空间,建立了"棚中棚"葡萄自有时空的市场域。同时,世纪无核品种"棚中棚"葡萄安全越冬保护性种植技术比常规单膜拱棚平均每年节约成本18%;该"棚中棚"和常规太阳能温室种植比较,可节约成本30%,比当地露天相同面积同龄葡萄园产值高6倍多,经济效益非常显著。在民勤荒漠绿洲区及同类地区具有较好的推广价值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.