Interactive effects of salinity and potassium availability on growth,water status,and ionic composition of Hordeum maritimum

The interactive effects of salinity and potassium (K⁺) availability on biomass production, water status, and ionic composition were investigated in Hordeum maritimum, an annual grass growing natively on saline soils. Plants were grown for 7 weeks on Hewitt nutrient solution supplied with NaCl (0, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mM) combined with low (0.232 mM) or high (5.8 mM) K⁺ levels. Independent of potassium availability, dry matter of both roots and shoots decreased consistently with increasing NaCl levels in the culture medium, in association with a significant reduction of the shoot water content. This salt‐induced growth reduction did not result from a restriction of K⁺ nutrition, since H. maritimum expressed similar growth under both low and high K⁺ supply. NaCl decreased shoot K⁺ concentrations. This effect was more pronounced in plants grown at high K⁺ supply than in plants grown at low K⁺ supply. This result suggests that the absorption systems were strongly selective for K⁺, and that this selectivity was enhanced by salt.     

外源氯处理对向日葵幼苗生长、养分吸收及植株硝态氮含量的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同水平外源氯处理对向日葵(Helianthus.annuus)幼苗生长、干物质积累、Cl-、NO3-、全N、全P、全K含量的影响。结果表明,不同浓度外源氯(Cl-6.253～00.mmol/L)处理8.d,油葵幼苗的茎生长速率均显著下降,外源Cl-浓度越大,生长下降越显著。Cl-6.252～5.mmol/L处理8.d,油葵幼苗干物质积累速率极显著高于对照,Cl-25、50.mmol/L处理,油葵幼苗的干物质积累速率与对照差异不显著;而Cl-2003～00.mmol/L处理的幼苗干物质积累极显著下降。Cl-处理下,植株体内氯含量极显著上升,而叶片中硝酸盐含量显著下降,其中以Cl-50.mmol/L处理的叶片硝酸盐含量最低。Cl-6.251～00.mmol/L处理,油葵幼苗茎、叶全N、全P含量与对照差异不显著;Cl-200.mmol/L处理下,叶、茎全N含量显著下降,而根系全N、全P含量随Cl-处理的增加而增加。随着Cl-浓度处理的提高,油葵幼苗根、茎、叶的全K含量增加,其中以根、茎增加较快。因此,一定范围的外源氯处理,不影响向日葵生物量甚至促进生物量积累的同时,也可明显的提高向日葵幼苗的氮素利用效率。     

Bacterial inoculants for rice: effects on nutrient uptake and growth promotion

Beneficial soil bacteria are able to colonize plant root systems promoting plant growth and increasing crop yield and nutrient uptake through a variety of mechanisms. These bacteria can be an alternative to chemical fertilizers without productivity loss. The objectives of this study were to test bacterial inoculants for their ability to promote nutrient uptake and/or plant growth of rice plants subjected to different rates of chemical fertilizer, and to determine whether inoculants could be an alternative to nitrogen fertilizers. To test the interaction between putatively beneficial bacteria and rice plants, field experiments were conducted with two isolates: AC32 (Herbaspirillum sp.) and UR51 (Rhizobium sp.), and different nitrogen fertilization conditions (0%, 50%, and 100% of urea). Satisfactory results were obtained in relation to the nutrient uptake by plants inoculated with both isolates, principally when the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 50% reduced. These bacterial strains were unable to increase plant growth and grain yield when plants were subjected to the high level of fertilization. This study indicated that the tested inoculant formulations can provide essential nutrients to plants, especially when the levels of nitrogen fertilizers are reduced.     

Effect of biofertilizers on the nutrient availability in soil in relation to growth,yield and yield attributes of Stevia rebaudiana

A field experiment was conducted at Rani Chandramma Agricultural University (Arabhavi, Belgaum), Karnataka, India, in basic soil to study the nutrient availability in soil, yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results showed that the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil increased up to the fifth month; and thereafter, decreased by the same amount with the progress of the plant growth up to the sixth month, irrespective of treatments. Results also showed that the fresh and dry biomass yields significantly increased up to the sixth month with different treatments, but the yield attributes like plant height and the number of branches were observed to be varied with various treatments, being highest in the combined application of biofertilizers over that of their corresponding sole applications.     

Effects of NaCl salinity on some leaf nutrient concentrations,non-photochemical quenching and the efficiency of the PSII photochemistry of two Iranian pomegranate varieties under greenhouse and field conditions: Preliminary results

The present research was conducted to study the responses of ‘Malas–e–Saveh’ (M) and ‘Shishe–Kab’ (Sh) Iranian pomegranates to sodium chloride (NaCl) stress under greenhouse and field conditions. Treatments included waters electrical conductivity (EC = 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m^?1 for greenhouse) and (EC = 1.05 as control, 4.61 and 7.46 dS m^?1 for field studies). Interactive effects of salinity × variety indicated the highest chlorophyll and leaf potassium concentration, and the lowest leaf chloride and sodium in control under greenhouse study. Non-photochemical quenching, effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII reduced under the highest salinity level in field, however, basal quantum yield of non-photochemical processes in PSII increased in the highest salinity. Sodium and chloride increased with increased in salinity. Calcium, magnesium and iron significantly decreased with increased in salinity. It seems that there are differences between pomegranate cultivars and Malas-e-Saveh is more tolerant compared with Shishe Kab.     

氮素营养对芥蓝生长和品质的影响

利用营养液培养研究不同施氮水平对芥蓝生长和菜薹品质的影响。结果表明：在一定施氮范围内，芥蓝单株经济产量和生物产量都随着施氮量的增加不断提高，当施氮水平达到1*N以上时，施氮量的增加对芥蓝产量无明显影响。高氮水平会导致Vc、糖等营养成分含量下降，品质变差。芥蓝体内硝酸盐含量随着施氮量的增加而不断提高，当施氮水平超过1*N以上，硝酸盐大量积累，且芥蓝薹叶硝酸盐积累量明显高于薹茎。     

氮素营养对芥蓝生长和品质的影响

利用营养液培养研究不同施氮水平对芥蓝生长和菜薹品质的影响.结果表明在一定施氮范围内,芥蓝单株经济产量和生物产量都随着施氮量的增加不断提高,当施氮水平达到1*N以上时,施氮量的增加对芥蓝产量无明显影响.高氮水平会导致Vc、糖等营养成分含量下降,品质变差.芥蓝体内硝酸盐含量随着施氮量的增加而不断提高,当施氮水平超过1*N以上,硝酸盐大量积累,且芥蓝薹叶硝酸盐积累量明显高于薹茎.     

Effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on salt-stressed sorghum growth and nutrient contents

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on sorghum biomass and nutrient contents. Treatments were comprised of salinity levels (0 and 100?mM NaCl) and SA concentrations (0.3, 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5?mM). Salinity increased sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and copper (Cu) but decreased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents and the root and shoot dry matter. Fe and Zn were the most affected nutrients by salinity. However, SA reduced Na and Cl but increased plant dry matter and nutrient content. SA had greater positive effects on root than on shoot dry matter. Maximum increases through SA were achieved in N, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and shoot weight under salt stress but in Zn and root weight under non-saline condition. In most cases 1.1?mM was the most effective SA concentration in reducing the negative effects of salinity.     

地面灌溉和滴灌下覆膜对土壤盐分和氮素空间分布的影响

为探究地面灌溉和滴灌条件下覆膜对土壤剖面盐分、硝态氮和铵态氮空间分布特征的影响,指导土壤水分和养分的调控,于2021年在河套灌区盐碱地玉米种植农田,开展了覆膜地面灌溉和覆膜滴灌条件下的田间试验,测量玉米拔节期和成熟期膜内膜外土壤不同深度和距离覆膜不同位置的盐分、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,分析其分布特征。研究结果表明：地面灌和滴灌下覆膜均能明显抑制膜内表层土壤盐分,在玉米拔节期（7月17日）地面灌溉下覆膜可使膜内0～20 cm土层含盐量相比于膜外平均减少55.94%,但是2种灌溉方式下膜内和膜外的氮素含量差异明显。相比于覆膜滴灌,覆膜地面灌溉模式下追施氮肥产生的硝态氮更易大量积累在膜外0～40 cm（尤其是0～20 cm）土层,7月24日（拔节期）地面灌溉处理下膜内中心处0～20 cm硝态氮含量仅为4.88 mg/kg,明显低于膜外含量（46.48 mg/kg）,然而滴灌膜内中心处0～20 cm土硝态氮含量（34.18 mg/kg）却明显高于膜外（4.06 mg/kg）。＞40 cm土层,覆膜对土壤盐分和硝态氮的影响较小,不同灌溉方式和覆膜对土壤铵态氮分布影响都较小。针对地面灌溉下覆膜对土壤养分分布的影响,提出了提高养分利用效率的措施。研究结果可为河套灌区覆膜灌溉下玉米水肥调控和高产栽培提供科学依据。     

Nitrogen application effects on forage sorghum production and nitrate concentration

Abstract

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important annual forage crop but prone to high nitrate concentration which can cause toxicity when fed to cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Two field experiments were conducted over six site-years across Kansas to determine the optimum nitrogen (N) rate for no-till forage sorghum dry matter (DM) yield and investigate the effect of N fertilization on sorghum forage nitrate content. A quadratic model described the relationship between sorghum DM and N rate across the combined site-years. Maximum DM yield of 6530?kg ha^?1 was produced with N application rate of 100?kg N ha^?1. The economic optimum N rate ranged from 55 to 70?kg N ha^?1 depending on sorghum hay price and N fertilizer costs. Crude protein concentration increased with N fertilizer application but N rates beyond 70?kg N ha^?1 resulted in forage nitrate concentrations greater than safe limit of 3000?mg kg^?1. Nitrogen uptake increased with N fertilizer application but nitrogen use efficiency and N recovery decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. In conclusion, forage sorghum required 55–70?kg N ha^?1 to produce an economic optimum DM yields with safe nitrate concentration.     

Harvest timing and N application rate effects on switchgrass yield,nutrient cycling,and partitioning

Harvest time (HT) and nutrient management may have an effect on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) yield and nutrient cycling. Experimental objectives were to quantify HT and nitrogen (N) rate effects on dry matter yield (DMY), nutrient concentration, and N use. “Alamo” switchgrass was grown under four N rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^?1) with six monthly HT (May to October) in a randomized complete block design experiment with a split-plot arrangement. Yield increased cubically and quadratically with HT in Years 1 and 2. Aftermath yield decreased linearly with HT in both years. N rate increased yield in Year 2 only with no yield benefit at rates >40 kg N ha^?1. Nutrient concentration decreased from May to October, while its removal was determined by DMY. N use and recovery were greatest at 40 kg N ha^?1 and declined with additional N inputs. Results indicate that harvesting post-frost-kill produced greater DMY with less nutrient concentration and removal.     

Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants

The increasing frequency of dry periods in many regions of the world and the problems associated with salinity in irrigated areas frequently result in the consecutive occurrence of drought and salinity on cultivated land. Currently, 50% of all irrigation schemes are affected by salinity. Nutrient disturbances under both drought and salinity reduce plant growth by affecting the availability, transport, and partitioning of nutrients. However, drought and salinity can differentially affect the mineral nutrition of plants. Salinity may cause nutrient deficiencies or imbalances, due to the competition of Na⁺ and Cl^– with nutrients such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NO . Drought, on the other hand, can affect nutrient uptake and impair acropetal translocation of some nutrients. Despite contradictory reports on the effects of nutrient supply on plant growth under saline or drought conditions, it is generally accepted that an increased nutrient supply will not improve plant growth when the nutrient is already present in sufficient amounts in the soil and when the drought or salt stress is severe. A better understanding of the role of mineral nutrients in plant resistance to drought and salinity will contribute to an improved fertilizer management in arid and semi‐arid areas and in regions suffering from temporary drought. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on plant nutrition under drought and salinity conditions. Specific topics include: (1) the effects of drought and salt stress on nutrient availability, uptake, transport, and accumulation in plants, (2) the interactions between nutrient supply and drought‐ or salt‐stress response, and (3) means to increase nutrient availability under drought and salinity by breeding and molecular approaches.     

Simulating NaCl accumulation in a closed hydroponic crop of zucchini: Impact on macronutrient uptake,growth, yield,and photosynthesis

Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants were grown in a closed‐loop hydroponic system and supplied with nutrient solution (NS) containing NaCl at different concentrations (0.7, 3, 5, and 7 mM). The primary aim of the study was to define the relationship between the concentration of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the root zone solution and the respective Na⁺/water or Cl⁻/water uptake ratios (uptake concentrations, UC). A second objective was to determine the UC of macronutrients (i.e ., N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and to test whether they are influenced by the gradual increase of the root zone salinity due to progressive NaCl accumulation. Two experiments were conducted, of which one (spring crop) was used to parameterize an existing empirical model, while the second one (autumn‐winter crop) was commissioned to test the validity of the determined model parameters. Both Cl⁻ and Na⁺ ions accumulated progressively in the root zone solution over time, showing a tendency to stabilize at final concentrations according to the corresponding NaCl treatment. The relationship between the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in the root zone and the Na⁺/water or Cl⁻/water uptake ratios was exponential and the model parameters successfully fitted to data from crops cultivated in different growth seasons. This model may be used to monitor Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in the root environment of zucchini crops as relationships of the plant water consumption. The exposure of plants to NaCl affected the UC of N, K, Ca, and Mg, but the results for some nutrients were not consistent in both growth seasons. The measurements of plant growth characteristics (i.e ., biomass, yield, fruit quality, and photosynthesis) revealed that water resources containing up to 3 mM NaCl do not cause unacceptable yield losses in zucchini crops grown in completely closed hydroponic systems.     

Nitrogen nutrition and adaptation of glycophytes to saline environment: a review

Relations between nitrogen (N) nutrition and salinity tolerance in plants are multifaceted and varies significantly depending on many soil and plant factors. Saline environment might experience an N dilemma due to the opposing effects of salt ions on N uptake, translocation and metabolism within the plant body. Adequate regulation of N under saline conditions can be a promising approach to alleviate salinity’s effects on plants by ameliorating ion toxicity and nutrient imbalances through its impacts on the uptake and redistribution of salt ions within the plant. Certain N-containing compounds including proline, glycine betaine, proteins and polyamines help the plants to tolerate salinity through their involvement in improving water uptake and water use efficiency, membrane integrity, enzyme activation, hormonal balance, chlorophyll synthesis, stimulation of photosystems and CO₂ assimilation under salinity stress. Nitrogen, particularly NO₃^? represents a stress signal that triggers the activation of antioxidant enzymes to protect the plants against salinity-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the source/form of N application can affect not only N-interactions but also the behavior of other nutrients in stress environment. The present review deals with N-salinity relations in plants, particularly glycophytes, emphasizing on N-induced mechanisms which can improve plant adaptation to saline environment.     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长及氮素利用的影响

以宁麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及氮肥基追比例对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长、植株氮素积累量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节前0-60cm土层硝态氮含量随基施氮量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程的推进各处理硝态氮显著向下层土壤淋洗;拔节期追施氮肥显著提高了孕穗期0-40cm土层硝态氮含量,且随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,N300和N3/7处理硝态氮显著向40-60cm土层淋洗。根系主要生长于0-20cm土层,拔节前各土层根长密度均随基施氮量的增加而增加,拔节后则随施氮量增加和适当的追肥比例而增加。各施氮处理均以拔节至开花期为小麦氮素积累高峰期。适宜增加施氮量并适当提高追肥比例,有利于提高产量、植株氮素积累量和氮素利用效率。因此,在小麦生产中,适当降低施氮量并提高拔节期追肥比例有利于促进小麦根系生长和植株氮素积累,进而提高小麦产量并减少硝态氮淋洗损失。     

指数施肥对美国山核桃幼苗生长及叶片养分含量的影响

为探究施肥对美国山核桃幼苗生长和叶片养分状况的影响,以美国山核桃1年生实生苗为试验材料,共设置0 (CK)、100、200、400、600、800 mg/株6个不同的施氮处理,运用指数施肥法研究了6种氮素施肥处理下美国山核桃生长和叶片养分含量的变化。结果表明:美国山核桃幼苗的苗高、地径、生物量随着施氮量的增加均呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,分别在N600处理(600 mg/株)达到最大值,分别为33. 4 cm、5. 08 mm和9. 33 g/株。运用临界浓度法确定出美国山核桃幼苗叶片氮、磷、钾含量的临界值分别为22. 58、1. 89和12. 71 g/kg,最适含量范围分别为22. 58～32. 73、1. 89～3. 15和12. 72～22. 05 g/kg。综合3种养分的最适含量范围,推断出美国山核桃幼苗的最适施氮量为600 mg/株。     

Survival of Aporrectodea caliginosa and its effects on nutrient availability in biosolids amended soil

Few earthworms are present in production agricultural fields in the semi-arid plains of Colorado, where earthworm populations may be constrained by limited water and/or organic matter resources. We conducted a 12-week laboratory incubation study to determine the potential of a non-native endogeic earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa) to survive in a low-organic matter Colorado soil (1.4% organic C content), supplemented with or without biosolids, and to determine the effects of A. caliginosa on soil microbial biomass and soil nutrient availability. A factorial design with three main effects of A. caliginosa, biosolids addition, and time was used. Data was collected through destructively sampling at one, two, four, eight, and twelve weeks. During the 12-week study, 97.5% of the worms in the soil survived, and the survival of the earthworms was not significantly affected by the addition of biosolids. The addition of biosolids, however, did significantly reduce the gain in mass of the earthworms (8% mass gain compared to 18% in soil without biosolids). The presence of A. caliginosa significantly increased soil NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations by 31% and 4%, respectively, which was less than the six fold increases in both soil NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations supplied from biosolids. Microbial biomass carbon was not affected by A. caliginosa, but microbial biomass N was affected by an earthworm × biosolids interaction at week 1 and 12. We concluded that A. caliginosa can survive in a low-organic matter Colorado soil under optimal moisture content and that once established, A. caliginosa can provide modest increases in inorganic N availability to crops Colorado agroecosystems.     

The combined effects of salinity and nitrogen forms on Catharanthus roseus: The role of internal ammonium and free amino acids during salt stress

Catharanthus roseus is widely cultivated at the seaside of Hainan island of China for production of vinblastine with anticancer activity. Improving growth of this plant and vinblastine content under saline conditions is one of the agronomic challenges. In this study, we compare the responses of C. rosesus upon nitrate (N1) or ammonium nitrate (N2) nutrition to salinity. Biomass accumulation, reproductive growth, photosynthetic gas exchange, and the concentrations of soluble sugars (SS), free amino acids (FAA), ammonium (NH$ _4^+ $ ), sodium (Na⁺), and vinblastine were determined during 3 weeks of treatment in N1‐control, N1‐salt, N2‐control, and N2‐salt plants. The retarded growth caused by salt stress was largely ameliorated by the N2 nitrogen form. One of the reasons for this improved salt resistance in N2‐salt plants was related to the competitive uptake of NH$ _4^+ $ and Na⁺. The N2‐salt plants displayed a more rapid response to salinity, leading to decreased transpiration rate, well‐kept water relations, and reduced uptake of Na⁺. The N2‐control plants rapidly increased the concentrations of soluble sugars and free amino acids, such as sucrose, glucose, proline, and threonine in the first week. These compounds may act as compatible solutes to adjust osmotic stress and retain ion homeostasis in salt‐stressed plants. The increased FAA was found to be at the expense of glutamate accumulation, and the activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes were tightly linked with this process. The medical alkaloid vinblastine in C. roseus was significantly increased in N2‐salt plants in the first week and in N1‐salt ones in the third week compared to their controls. It is concluded that the supplied nitrogen regime modified salinity‐induced vinblastine production in a time‐dependent way, and this process was tightly related to NH$ _4^+ $ status.     

秸秆还田对土壤氮素养分及微生物量氮动态变化的影响

通过定位试验研究玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田及小麦秸秆旋耕施肥播种同步完成的前提下,秸秆还田循环利用对小麦玉米两熟制土壤氮素养分及土壤微生物量氮的动态变化。结果表明小麦、玉米秸秆还田能满足小麦旺盛生长阶段拔节期对氮素养分的需求,秸秆还田处理或施肥处理的土壤全氮量总体上在小麦拔节期处于最低值,而既无秸秆还田又没有施肥的对照处理土壤全氮含量最低值出现的时期延后,在小麦开花期出现,持续至小麦的灌浆期。对于麦玉秸秆还田但不施氮磷钾肥而言,小麦生长后期(小麦开花期以后)土壤脱氮比较严重。秸秆还田后土壤碱解氮含量在小麦整个生长发育时期呈现上升的趋势。单独施肥或秸秆还田对提高土壤微生物量氮均有一定的作用,但是仅仅施肥其后效不足。秸秆还田并且施肥显著地促进了土壤微生物的活动,能持续地增加土壤微生物量氮含量。     

Interaction effect of nitrogen,phosphorus, and zinc fertilization on growth,yield, and nutrient contents of aromatic rice varieties

Abstract

Studies on nutrient interactions in aromatic rice are needed for proper understanding of impact of imbalanced use of nutrients in the era of multi and micro-nutrient deficiencies. A pot experiment was conducted during the rainy/wet season (June–October) of 2013 at New Delhi, to study the interaction effects of two levels each of nitrogen (N) (0 and 120?kg?ha^?1), phosphorus (P; 0 and 25.8?kg?ha^?1), and zinc (Zn; 0 and 5?kg?ha^?1) in two aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, viz. Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 and Pusa Basmati 1121. Application of N, P, and Zn resulted in increase of dry matter (0.91, 0.32, and 0.24?g plant^?1, respectively) 60?days after sowing (DAS) and grain yield of rice (3.68, 1.67, and 1.17?g plant^?1). The increase in yield of rice owing to N application was relatively higher by 0.98, 0.22, and 1.05?g plant^?1, respectively, when either P or Zn or both were applied with N than alone application of N, indicating synergetic effect of P and Zn application with N. The higher concentration and uptake of K in grain (0.25% vs 0.10%) and straw (1.32% vs 0.94%) were observed in the treatment received N than no N, though K was applied uniformly in all the treatments. It indicates positive interaction of N and K. The higher uptake of P in grain and straw was observed when P was applied with N and Zn (3.34 and 2.15?mg plant^?1), or with N (3.26 and 2.11?mg plant^?1) signifying positive effect of N on P uptake in rice.