东亚异蚤蝇及其携带白僵菌防治松墨天牛的研究

［目的］ 明确利用蚤蝇携带白僵菌防治松墨天牛（Monochamus alternatus）的效果。［方法］ 采用室内饲养结合室外释放的方法研究蚤蝇的生活史和生物学特性,并进行种类鉴定。采用蚤蝇携菌法、直接撒粉法等不同方法比较球孢白僵菌MA0813菌株对松墨天牛幼虫的防治效果。［结果］经形态学鉴定确认寄生松墨天牛的蚤蝇为东亚异蚤蝇（Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz）。该虫人工饲养、繁殖十分容易,活动能力强,飞行扩散超过400 m,在宁波全年发生10代,以蛹越冬。球孢白僵菌MA0813菌株滴涂法防治松墨天牛4～5龄幼虫,LD50为（0.145 5±0.110 5）×104孢子/头。菌蝇法防治松树内松墨天牛1～2龄幼虫,室内校正僵死虫率为46.4%;7月上中旬在山林中试验每隔100 m放菌蝇2次,校正僵死率达35%,优于其他防治方法。［结论］ 菌蝇法能明显提高对松墨天牛的防治效果。     

用酯酶同功酶分析白僵菌的林间扩散能力

在林间人工放菌和挂笼防治光肩星天牛试验的基础上，分离受感染的光肩星天牛白僵菌菌株，对分离的菌株用电泳法进行酯酶同工酶酶谱分析，用聚类分析法对不同分离株进行分类．并进一步分析白僵菌在林间的扩散和交叉感染作用。结果发现：在50m范围内，白僵菌可以有效地感染目标害虫，显示出较强的林间扩散能力和病害流行潜力。     

利用天敌真菌防治白星天牛

利用天敌真菌白僵菌(Brauberia brongniartii)防治白星天牛的研究已进入实用阶段。本文对白僵菌的培养载体,田间使用方法、时间,致病性及效果持续期均作了报道;文章还提出了防治注意事项和存在问题及展望。     

航空施菌防治马尾松毛虫

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker是松树的主要害虫,据1981年统计,南方十五省区马尾松毛虫发生面积达3388多万亩,严重影响了松木生产和松脂的产量与质量。近年来对松毛虫的防治除积极开展地面机械和航空化学防治外,还进行了航空施用菌剂和释放寄生蜂等生物防治的试验研究,并取得了良好的效果。有的地区基本控制了松毛虫的危害,如河南固始、湖南浏阳、广西高峰林场等保持了连续9年没有成灾的效果。目前,飞机施用白僵菌剂防治松毛虫在两广地区,尤其在飞机播种的林区,已普遍应用,并成为重要的防治措施。现根据数年来在中南地区航空施菌的试验与应用结果,对飞机喷菌的一些技术问题作一报道。     

白僵菌粘膏的研制和林间应用

白僵菌粘膏新剂型是以白僵菌孢子粉与废糖蜜、甘薯粉混合拌匀而成。菌膏直接涂于蛀干害虫排粪孔口,对多纹豹蠹娥和相思拟木蠹蛾,小区试验防治效果达93.6～96.8％,但对防治星天牛三无效。林间大面积防治木麻黄多纹豹蠹蛾583.7公顷,死亡率达88.5～98.4％。白僵菌膏成本费0.128元/公顷。菌膏在宣温下贮藏90天仍有效。     

利用天敌防治松墨天牛研究进展

综述国内外利用天敌防治松墨天牛的研究进展,阐述松墨天牛天敌的主要类群,包括花绒寄甲、肿腿蜂、白僵菌和昆虫病原线虫等,重点阐述这些天敌的应用现状和前景,综合来看,花绒寄甲、肿腿蜂和白僵菌仍然是国内外应用最广泛的天敌。     

星天牛生物防治研究进展

星天牛Anoplophora chinensis Forster为亚洲本土的林木钻蛀性害虫,近年来已入侵到一些欧洲国家,被列为重要的国际检疫对象。本文综述了国内外有关星天牛的自然天敌种类及其人工利用的研究进展。我国古代曾用黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius防治危害柑橘树的星天牛,近年来开展了野外释放天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire成虫和卵卡防治星天牛的实践,都取得了较好的防治效果。川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao对星天牛低龄幼虫具有一定的控制作用,天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus fukutai Miwa&Sonan显示出了良好的生物防治利用前景,在意大利对星天牛的卵寄生率最高达72%。一些欧洲本地拟寄生蜂种类,如柄腹茧蜂Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael也可寄生入侵当地的星天牛自然种群。此外,利用昆虫病原微生物控制星天牛,也具有较好的防治前景,如用布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii Petch制成的无纺布菌条已经在日本开发成为一种商品,真菌侵染可引起天牛高致死率。昆虫病原线虫夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae Weiser也具有作为生物杀虫剂用于控制星天牛幼虫的开发前景。本文还讨论了目前星天牛生物防治中存在的不足及其原因,展望了今后研究的重点和方向。     

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂过冷却点和其防治栗山天牛幼龄幼虫研究

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao(膜翅目Hymenoptera:肿腿蜂科Bethylidae)是防治栗山天牛Massicus raddei Blessig幼龄幼虫的优秀天敌。为了明确白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂防治栗山天牛幼虫的最佳虫期和放蜂比例,我们首先在室内研究了不同放蜂比例对栗山天牛幼龄幼虫的防治效果,然后研究了林间白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对栗山天牛幼虫的寄生效果,并测定了该肿腿蜂的过冷却点。结果表明,释放白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂防治栗山天牛最佳虫期为栗山天牛1~2龄幼虫期,其寄生率和致死率均较高。在栗山天牛为害较重的林区,释放白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂防治栗山天牛的最佳虫蜂比为1:3,其寄生率最高,而且白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂雌蜂在补充营养过程中会直接致死较多幼虫,其产生的子代数量也最多,有利于白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在林间建立稳定的种群。在栗山天牛为害程度较轻的林区,按虫蜂比1:1释放即可。经测定,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂林间种群的成虫过冷却点平均为-26.2℃,表明白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂能够在东北林区栗山天牛发生林分安全越冬。     

白僵菌飞机喷雾防治马尾松毛虫试验初报

近年来,广东省在应用白僵菌油剂行进飞机超低容量喷雾大面积防治马尾松毛虫方面,取得了较好的效果.而我省应用白僵菌高含孢量菌粉的油剂,进行飞机超低容量喷雾防治马尾松毛虫还是首次,特别是用于防治第一代马尾松毛虫,更是一次尝试。     

白僵菌黄斑星天牛菌株林间应用

1981～1983年对白僵菌[Beauveria bassiana(Bals)Vuill]黄斑星天牛菌株进行了研究,1984～1985年利用该菌株防治黄斑星天牛幼虫。 试验林为大关杨行道树,树龄5～6年,平均树径17厘米,天牛为害株率为95％。 白僵菌粉每克含孢量36亿。施药次数分1、2、3次三种处理,连续3天定时(8时、14时、20时)施药,重复3次。     

喷雾法施用线虫大面积防治荔枝拟木蠹蛾

荔枝拟木蠹蛾(Arbela dea Swinhoe)是南方荔枝、木麻黄等主要的钻蛀害虫,作者利用拟木蠹蛾昼伏夜出的习性,用大蜡螟幼虫诱测和回收喷雾荔枝拟木蠹蛾粪道上的线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae Agriotos),不同温度、不同粪道大小对线虫存活影响的测试结果表明,应用1×10~3/ml线虫剂量喷雾拟木蠢蛾挂在树上的粪道,粪道上便有足够数量的线虫和时间使寄主感染。1995年喷雾法施用线虫防治荔枝拟木蠹蛾260hm~2,防治效果在85％～100％,平均为94.28％,有效地压低了田间的虫口密度。解决了树冠嫩枝受害后人工难以注射及倒置斜垂坑道的虫口防治效果差的矛盾,也使利用病原线虫防治害虫这一有效的生物防治手段更容易为果农所接受。     

昆虫病原真菌双生座壳孢的流行特点及其应用研究

双生座壳孢(Aschersonia duplex Berk.)是刺绵蚧强有力的昆虫病原真菌。致死后的虫尸,长期留存枝叶上,是病原在野外的保存形式,并成为再次侵染源。病原借水传、虫传而散播。人工放菌最佳时期是2月中至3月中。田间试验表明,人工诱发致病后通过持续感染,使虫口密度不断下降,防治效果显著。     

New South Wales Department of Agriculture,Entomology Branch,Annual Report 1966-7 (extracts)

Abstract

Damage to tea plants due to a root infection was observed on an estate in southern Malawi. Initial symptoms on plants in the infected areas varied from yellowing of leaves on individual branches followed by dieback to a more frequent rapid wilting of the leaves of entire bushes. The bark surface of superficial roots and collar region was covered by a loose mat of coarse fungal mycelium varying from white or cream to pale or bright yellow in colour. Infection was well developed on a large proportion of roots of affected plants before foliage symptoms appeared. The causal agent was identified as Pseudophaeolus baudonii (Pat.) Ryv.; this is the first record of the fungus in Malawi and the first record of its occurrence anywhere on tea. The fungus is widely distributed in Africa on a range of hosts. It is not yet known how the fungus is transmitted and definite control methods cannot be recommended although it is suggested that entire tea crops in diseased areas be removed and the land used for tobacco production. It is unlikely thatP. baudonii will have serious economic effects on tea crops in the area.     

蛴螬病原菌-乳状菌的研究——Ⅰ、不同菌株的毒力

从我国自然患病蛴螬中分离的乳状菌菌株“75P—1”;“77E—a”,“77T一1”,“780—1”等,用注射或喂食感染方法研究其对我国常见蛴螬种类的毒力。以上菌株对12种蛴螬有不同程度的敏感性。通过显微镜和直观症状观察了乳状菌在幼虫体内的发育阶段。用不同剂量和不同温度处理幼虫其感染率亦不同。优势虫种中(四纹丽金龟、阔胸犀金龟)注射感染率最高可达100%。田间小区试验中施用菌土方法虫口减退率可达71.4%。拌种方法虫口减退率达36.5%。     

人工培养液在植原体昆虫介体筛选中的适用性

研究了一种人工培养液对各种常见的昆虫(主要是叶蝉)的亲和性和适用性.结果表明,该人工培养液适于本试验中大多数昆虫的人工饲养.用此方法,悬钩子广头叶蝉Macropsis.ftscula Zetterstedt和桤树广头叶蝉Oncopsis alniSchrank分别被再次确认为悬钩子矮化植原体和桤树黄化植原体的传播介体;田旋花麦蜡蝉Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret再次被确认为葡萄黄化(stolbur)植原体的传播介体.此前,上述三种叶蝉已被传统的人工接种方法鉴定为相应植原体的传播介体.危害桤树的河谷树叶蝉Allygus modestus Scott尽管虫体DNA检测结果经常为阳性,但迄今其人工培养液的检测结果都是阴性,因此,我们认为河谷树叶蝉不是桤树黄化植原体的传播介体.Eppendorf管人工培养液饲养法不仅适用于潜在的植原体介体昆虫的筛选鉴定,而且可用于介体昆虫的生物防治研究.此外,本研究首次发现自然感染了葡萄上的一种被德国人称为"Vergi-lungskrankheit"植原体(AY组)的草地脊冠叶蝉Aprodes makarovi Zachvatkin.     

Increasing control reliability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orobanche cumana </Emphasis>through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. orthoceras (Appel & Wollenw.) Bilai is a potential biocontrol agent against the root-parasitic weed Orobanche cumana. In pot experiments with different sunflower cultivars, the application of F. oxysporum was combined with a treatment of BTH (Benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester), a product known to induce resistance against O. cumana in sunflower. The combined treatments resulted in highly reliable control and sometimes in increased control level compared to the Fusarium treatment alone. In laboratory experiments, no enhancing effect of BTH on virulence and growth of the fungus was observed. Future experiments should further investigate the basic mechanisms of the effect achieved by combining the two control strategies as well as the transfer of this innovative control approach into field experiments.     

Some effects of diallyl bisulphide on sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum: Possible novel control method for white rot disease of onions

Sclerotium cepivorum (the causal agent of white rot of onions) persists in soil in the form of sclerotia whose germination is triggered by volatile sulphides and thiols released into the soil from roots of the genus Allium. The effects of treatment of the soil with diallyl disulphide (DADS) on the germination of these sclerotia has been studied, because if the germination can be triggered in the absence of the host crop, control of the fungus could be achieved. Five isolates of the fungus responded similarly but marked effects of DADS concentration and of the time-of-year of application were discovered, poor results being obtained with summer applications of DADS. Promising results were obtained at other times of the year with DADS flooded on to land containing sclerotia. The effectiveness of DADS treatment was shown to be related to the rate at which the material disappeared from soil, which was itself dependent upon soil temperature.     

Biological control of the Western flower thripsFrankliniella occidentalis in cucumber using the entomopathogenic fungusMetarhizium anisopliae

Biological control of the western flower thrips (WFT)Frankliniella occidentalis, using the entomopathogenicMetarhizium anisopliae-7 (M. a-7) strain was studied in three consecutive seasons under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber plants infested with WFT were sprayed with spore suspension of the fungusM. a-7 (0.5 g m^-2), or the soil was treated with dry powder of the fungus (0.5 g m^-2); the control was without fungus application. In the 1997 spring experiment, when the cucumber plants were initially infested with only three or four insects per leaf, the spore suspension spray caused a significant reduction in growth of the thrips population compared with the other treatments and the control. However, in the 1997 summer experiment, when the plants were initially heavily infested with WFT (10–15 insects per leaf), the spray treatment caused only a modest reduction in WFT population growth, and only after 4 weeks of treatment was the reduction significant. In the 1999 experiment, with a low initial WFT population of three or four insects per leaf, the spray treatment was effective in reducing the population growth to a lower level than in the other treatments or control. TheM. a-7 strain was found to be effective in reducing the population growth of WFT under greenhouse conditions, particularly when the initial thrips population was low to moderate. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

Insecticidal efficacy of beauveria bassiana,diatomaceous earth and fenitrothion against rhyzopertha dominica and tribolium castaneum on stored wheat

Bioassays were conducted in stored grains to evaluate the combined use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, diatomaceous earth (DE) and fenitrothion against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The insecticide agents were applied to wheat as follows: the fungus at 1 × 10⁸ conidia/kg of wheat, DE at 3 g/kg of wheat and fenitrothion at a rate of 0.15 ml/kg of wheat (25% of field dose rate). Surviving insects and progeny production were monitored at thirty-day intervals until four months. For both insect species, significantly less progeny was produced on wheat treated with fenitrothion and DE + B. bassiana formulations in comparison with controls. The effect of insecticides on the grain damage, germination power of wheat and bulk density was also evaluated. After four months, B. bassiana mixed with DE reduced the damaged insect grains by 50% in comparison with both fenitrothion and control treatments. Trials using DE caused a reduction in bulk density while there were no significant differences for germination testing between treatments.     

Hot water treatment of Japanese pear trees is effective against white root rot caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosellinia necatrix</Emphasis> Prillieux

Hot water was dripped into the rhizosphere of Japanese pear trees (Pyrus serotina Rehd. grafted on P. betulifolia Bunge.) infested with the white root rot fungus Rosellinia necatrix Prillieux, to destroy the fungus. Isolates of R. necatrix from diseased roots of Japanese pear were vulnerable to water at temperatures above 35°C, and the fungus was eradicated from the colonized substrate when water at 35°C was provided for 3 days. The time required to eradicate R. necatrix decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. Japanese pear trees tolerated a temperature of 45°C without reduction in vigor. Field experiments demonstrated the practical use of hot water drip irrigation (HWD). HWD at 50°C completely destroyed white root rot mycelia on diseased roots, and many rootlets grew after the treatment. HWD at this temperature caused no injury to the trees. HWD of diseased orchard trees was assessed in Takamori and Iida in southern Nagano, Japan. The fungus recurred in two of four trees 28 months after treatment in Takamori and in two of ten trees 16 months after treatment in Iida. The new mycelia emerged on thick roots deep within the soil. Although there is a possibility of recurrence, HWD treatment is a practical control measure for white root rot.