Streptococcus suis serotype 9 bacterin immunogenicity and protective efficacy

Streptococcus suis diseases in pigs, most importantly meningitis, are worldwide responsible for major economic losses in the pig industry. About one fourth of invasive S. suis diseases are caused by S. suis serotype 9 strains in Europe. However, little is known about serotype 9 since most studies were performed with serotype 2. The objective of this study was to determine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a serotype 9 bacterin in piglets. Challenge was conducted with a reference serotype 9 strain, belonging to the same clonal complex but to a different sequence type as the bacterin strain. The bacterin induced protection against mortality but not morbidity. Eleven days post infection, 3 of 7 vaccinated survivors were not fully convalescent and had not eliminated the challenge strain from inner organs completely. In accordance with the clinical findings, the majority of piglets showed fibrinous-suppurative lesions in at least one inner organ or tissue. In contrast to the placebo group such lesions were not detected in one third of bacterin-vaccinated piglets. Determination of specific serum IgG titers revealed that the bacterin elicited seroconversion against muramidase-released protein and basic membrane lipoprotein. Furthermore, vaccination was associated with induction of opsonizing antibodies against the serotype 9 challenge strain. However, titers of opsonizing antibodies were rather low in comparison to those found in our previous serotype 2 vaccination trial. Piglets developed substantially higher titers of opsonizing antibodies after challenge. Opsonizing antibodies were absorbable with the serotype 9 challenge strain but not with an unencapsulated isogenic mutant of a serotype 2 strain indicating their specificity. The results indicate that a serotype 9 bacterin is less protective than a serotype 2 bacterin, most likely due to inducing only low titers of opsonizing antibodies. This might contribute to emergence of serotype 9 strains, in particular strains of this clonal complex, in Europe.     

Immunization of pigs against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection using a live avirulent strain.

Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 is still an important cause of economic losses in the swine industry. At the present time, vaccination of pigs against this infection is generally carried out with autogenous bacterins and results are equivocal. In this study, the protective effect of a live avirulent S. suis type 2 strain (#1330) which had induced a good protection in mice, was evaluated in swine. The experiment was performed in triplicate using 4 week-old piglets. A total of 15 piglets were vaccinated 3 times, 15 others were vaccinated 2 times, and 15 piglets were injected 3 times with sterile Todd-Hewitt broth. Using an indirect ELISA, an increase in the IgG response to S. suis antigens was noted in 27 of the 30 vaccinated piglets. On day 21 post-vaccination, all animals were challenged intravenously with a virulent S. suis type 2 strain (#999). In the 2 vaccinated groups, 26 animals were fully protected. Only 1 out of the 15 piglets vaccinated 3 times developed mild clinical signs. In the group vaccinated twice, 3 piglets showed clinical signs and 1 of them died after the challenge. In the control group, 7 animals died out of the 11 with clinical signs of infection. In conclusion, a protective immunity was observed in swine when using strain 1330. However, more studies are needed to assess the use of a live S. suis strain in a vaccine for pigs.     

猪链球菌2型三种重组表达蛋白对BALB/c小鼠的免疫保护性评价

将150只BALB/c小鼠随机分成5组。用猪链球菌2型pET32a-Sly、pET32a-38ku和pET32a-Sly-38ku表达的重组蛋白制备的疫苗,以及猪链球菌2型全菌灭活疫苗分别免疫A、B、C、D组小鼠,E组为生理盐水对照。首免后第2周加强免疫1次,二免后第2周,用致死量强毒猪链球菌2型四川分离株和江苏分离株以及马链球菌兽疫亚种安徽分离株攻毒,观察攻毒后对小鼠的免疫保护率。结果,A组与C、D组对猪链球菌2型感染的保护率差异显著（P〈0.05）,而C组与D组之间保护率无显著差异;A、B、C、D组之间对马链球菌兽疫亚种安徽分离株感染的保护率差异不显著;各免疫组的保护率极显著高于对照组。结果表明,3种重组疫苗具有良好的免疫原性,能对强毒株猪链球菌2型的攻击感染起到保护作用。     

Immunization of mice against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infections using a live avirulent strain.

In this study, the IgG response of mice injected with two virulent strains and one avirulent Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 strain was compared by Western blotting. The serum from mice immunized against the avirulent strain could recognize most proteins of the various strains tested and similar results were obtained with serum from mice injected with virulent strains. The live avirulent strain was injected twice (days 0 and 10) to groups of five mice, and four virulent strains from different geographical origins were used to challenge the animals. All mice, except one in one group, survived the challenge. These results suggest that a live avirulent strain could be used for immunization of swine, the natural host.     

荧光实时定量PCR方法检测猪链球菌2型

以猪链球菌2型的荚膜多糖抗原编码基因cps2J为靶基因设计引物,利用SYBR GreenⅠ能特异地与双链DNA结合发出荧光的特性,以ABI7000为平台,建立荧光实时定量PCR检测猪链球菌2型的方法。该方法检测猪链球菌2型参考株和猪链球菌2型国内分离株都呈阳性,具有良好的特异性。整个检测过程于2h内完成,检测限度为24CFU,标准曲线的相关系数为0.997。对5份采集于猪链球菌2型病猪的病料进行检测,结果表明肝脏和脾脏最适于检测。     

从非法屠宰的猪肉中检出猪链球菌2型

从送检的非法屠宰的猪肉中分离到1株链球菌,结合其培养特性、生化特性、血清定型、PCR鉴定、动物实验等对其进行了鉴定。用国际通用的链球菌乳胶分型诊断液检测,结果表明其不属于链球菌兰氏分群的A～G群。但它凝集猪链球菌2型标准阳性血清,三重PCR扩增及测序结果表明其为猪链球菌2型。分离菌具有猪链球菌2型的CPS、MRP、EPF、SLY、ORF2五种主要毒力因子;将分离株人工静脉注射新西兰兔4只,均在12～24h均死亡,腹腔注射8只BALB/c小鼠后,3周内死亡5只,3只未死亡。     

Immunisation of pigs with killed cultures of Streptococcus suis type 2

Ten intravenous inoculations of 10(10) formalin-killed pathogenic Streptococcus suis type 2 stimulated detectable levels of opsonic antibody and a strong protective response against intravenous challenge with 10(9) viable S suis type 2 of the same strain. Heat-killed organisms did not stimulate a protective response, even though the type-specific antigen was intact and opsonic antibodies were induced. When the number of formalin-killed organisms in the inoculum was increased 10-fold, one inoculation was insufficient to stimulate a protective response, but two inoculations protected pigs against intravenous challenge with live, pathogenic organisms. Four-hour and overnight cultures were equally immunogenic, and the response was not enhanced by either Freund's incomplete adjuvant or aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant.     

猪链球菌2型新毒力相关基因lin缺失菌株的构建

利用温度敏感型穿梭自杀质粒pSET4s,定点敲除猪链球菌2型野生型强毒株ZY458的lin基因,构建基因缺失突变菌株458△lin,利用家兔感染模型对ZY458及其突变菌株的生物学特性进行比较研究.家兔感染试验表明,接种ZY458菌株的家兔体质量下降,出现明显的临床症状,5只家兔4 d内全部死亡;而458△lin感染组家兔生长正常,未出现任何明显临床症状.结果表明,lin基因是猪链球菌2型新发现的一种毒力相关基因,在猪链球菌2型的致病过程中具有重要作用.     

猪链球菌2型广西分离株的生物学特性鉴定

猪链球菌2型是一种人兽共患病原菌,主要引起猪脑膜炎、关节炎、心内膜炎、败血症和突然死亡等。在我国许多地方发病率呈不断上升趋势。各年龄段的猪都可感染此病,但多发于3～12周龄的猪,尤其是断奶仔猪易感染此病。猪链球菌2型不但对猪有致病性,而且可引起人的感染并致死。我国江苏省、四川省部分地区暴发2型猪链球菌病导致人员感染致死。本试验对从发病猪中分离到的链球菌株进行了形态、培养特性和使用猪链球2型、1型抗血清进行凝集试验,结果证明4株细菌为荚膜2型猪链球菌。PCR方法检测其5种毒力因子和对仔猪、家兔、小鼠的致病性试验。现将鉴定和试验结果报告如下。     

Rapid detection of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in weaned pigs

A survey to detect Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in 1,716 weaned pigs was done in Quebec. Forty-nine sow herds were included in this survey: in 26 herds, S suis serotype 2 had been isolated during the preceding 12 months and in 23 herds (control), the organism had not been detected during a previous study. Swab specimens of the nasal cavity and tonsils of pigs were obtained for bacteriologic culture, and S suis serotype 2 was easily detected by the use of brain-heart infusion agar containing a Streptococcus-selective supplement and 5% goat antiserum raised against S suis serotype 2. After measurement of the diameter of the precipitation zone of 539 isolates, a slide agglutination test was performed to identify the S suis serotype 2 isolates. The mean precipitation zone diameter obtained for group S suis serotype 2 was larger (P less than 0.001) than that for the group designated as "others". With slide agglutination test results as reference and on the basis of discriminant analysis to stimulate detection of S suis serotype 2, 93.1% of all isolates were correctly classified, using the precipitation zone diameter as unique classification criterion. Relative specificity was 94.5% and relative sensitivity was 88.7%. Use of the precipitation zone diameter on a quantitative basis led to the proposal of a simple and reliable technique to screen swine herds for S suis serotype 2 in weaned pigs. Nasal and tonsillar swab specimens were obtained and analyzed concurrently for S suis serotype 2. The organism was found in both sites in only 20.4% of 103 carrier pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

猪链球菌2型对家兔的试验感染及其病理学观察

利用猪链球菌2型四川分离强毒菌株458#,通过腹腔注射接种日本大耳白家兔,观察其临床症状和病理学变化。结果表明,猪链球菌2型强毒株458#可引起家兔发病或死亡,并能从发病家兔的组织样品中分离到所接种毒株。感染家兔的特征性组织病理学变化表现为典型的弥漫性血管内凝血和微血栓形成。猪链球菌2型感染家兔动物模型的建立,对于评价猪链球菌2型的毒力,探索其发病机制具有重要的意义。     

猪链球菌2型表面蛋白sp融合基因的构建与高效表达

利用PCR方法从猪链球菌2型四川资阳分离株449-1扩增出sp基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,构建出克隆载体pMD18T-sp。以SalⅠ和BamHⅠ从pMD18T-sp中切下目的sp基因片段并克隆到质粒pMAL-p2X中,构建重组表达质粒pMALp2X-sp,转化宿主菌TB1中进行诱导表达。分析表明sp基因序列比GenBank报道序列AY864331少了270 bp;SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果表明,重组菌株表达出了136 Ku左右的目的蛋白MBP-Sao,目的蛋白为可溶表达,约占菌体蛋白总量的12.3%。表达的蛋白可用Amylose树脂纯化。将纯化的融合蛋白MBP-Sao免疫家兔,所得抗血清经ELISA检测,结果显示融合蛋白MBP-Sao包板抗体效价达1:16 000,且与猪链球菌2型和9型呈阳性反应,而与沙门氏杆菌及巴氏杆菌呈阴性反应。本试验对猪链球菌2型表面蛋白Sao的高效表达及其免疫原性进行了初步研究,为进一步研究猪链球菌2型表面蛋白Sao的结构和功能奠定了基础。     

Production of capsular material by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 under different growth conditions.

The procedure currently used for the production of Streptococcus suis antigen is very long and includes several subcultures. The aim of the present work was to study the in vitro production of capsular material by S. suis serotype 2 after each of these subcultures. The amount of capsular material produced was evaluated by electron microscopy using bacterial cells grown on blood-agar plates and in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB) or THB supplemented with serum. In addition, the production of antibodies in rabbits with antigens produced using different growth conditions was compared. Antigens produced after only three subcultures possessed as much capsular material as cells obtained after the complete procedure and induced a similar antibody response. The use of serum as a supplement to the broth did not assure a higher production of capsule; in addition, antibody titers obtained with antigens produced in THB were as high as those obtained with antigens produced in THB supplemented with serum. We recommend the use of three subcultures in nonsupplemented broth for the production of immunogens. This revised protocol offers two main advantages: it is less time-consuming because of the limited number of subcultures and is also less expensive since nonsupplemented broths are used.     

猪链球菌2型对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药机制的初步研究

为研究猪链球菌2型(S.suis2)对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制,本研究采用PCR和基因测序的方法分析氟喹诺酮类药物耐药诱导菌株的gyrA和parC喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR).与亲本药物敏感菌株和自然耐药菌株相应的氨基酸序列对比,所有耐药诱导菌株GyrA QRDR均无特征性的氨基酸变异;而有62.5％耐药诱导菌株(5/8)的ParC QRDR在第83位氨基酸突变为赖氨酸.应用质子能驱动型外排泵抑制剂氰氯苯腙(CCCP)与氟喹诺酮类药物联合用药后,CCCP可以使耐药诱导菌株对药物的敏感性提高8倍～32倍.交叉耐药性结果显示,耐药诱导菌株获得了氟喹诺酮类药物交叉耐药.     

Immunisation of pigs with live cultures of Streptococcus suis type 2

Repeated intravenous injections of pigs with live virulent cultures of Streptococcus suis type 2 stimulated a strong protective response against subsequent challenge. This protection was transferred passively to susceptible pigs by the inoculation of sera from protected pigs. A strong protective response was also stimulated by repeated inoculations of live cultures of non-pathogenic isolates. The protective response did not eliminate S suis type 2 organisms already established in the tonsils or joints, nor prevent the establishment of subclinical infection in the tonsils.     

猪链球菌2型荚膜多糖cps2J基因的克隆与原核表达

利用PCR方法从猪链球菌2型(SS2)四川资阳分离株449-1扩增出cps2J基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体,经酶切与表达质粒pMAL-p2x构建重组表达质粒pMALp2x-cps2J,转化至宿主菌TB1中诱导表达.SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果表明,重组菌株表达出了约80 ku的可溶性目的蛋白MBP-cps2J,约占菌体蛋白总量的13.5%.表达蛋白用Amylose树脂层析柱纯化,将纯化的融合蛋白MBP-cps2J免疫家兔制备抗血清,经ELISA和协同凝集试验检测,其与SS2呈特异性阳性反应.     

猪链球菌2型的鉴定及其毒力因子检测

猪链球菌的感染不仅对养猪业造成巨大的损失,同时对公共卫生尤其是相关从业人员的生命造成威胁,严重感染引起死亡.根据参考文献,设计了1对猪链球菌2型特异性引物.对四川分离的7株链球菌、江苏分离的1株、北京分离的6株和菌种中心保存的5株C群马链球菌兽疫亚种、1株D群链球菌、4株R型链球菌、2株S群链球菌和E、F、G、K、L、M、N、O、P群链球菌各1株进行了检测.结果7株四川分离株均为2型;1株江苏分离株为2型;6株北京分离株有3株为2型;1株R群、2株s群链球菌为2型猪链球菌.对检测出的14株猪链球菌2型的毒力因子做进一步检测.MRP基因检出率为92.9%(13/14);EF基因检出率为100%(14/14);sly基因检出率为71.4%(10/14);Cps2A基因检出率为92.9%(13/14);gapdh基因检出率为64.3%(9/14);FBPS基因检出率为92.9%(13/14);orf2基因检出率为71.4%(10/14).毒力因子全为阳性的菌株有6株,MRP-EF+菌株有2株.本研究从259份健康猪扁桃体中分离到16株2型猪链球菌,健康猪带菌率为6.2%(16/259).16株猪链球菌2型中,MRP、EF、Cps2A全为阴性,只从1株2型猪链球菌中检测到了sly基因(1/16);gapdh基因检出率为56.25%(9/16);FBPS基因检出率为75.0%(12/16);Orf2基因检出率为37.5%(6/16).     

猪链球菌2型多重耐药菌株的人工诱导

采用6种常用抗菌药物对临床分离的38株猪链球菌2型进行敏感性检测,从中选择3株对红霉素和环丙沙星敏感的菌株,采用体外递增药物浓度的方法分别诱导成对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药的菌株,按临床检验标准委员会(CLSI)推荐的方法测定了红霉素和环丙沙星对同一亲本的敏感株和诱导耐药株的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并测定在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下敏感株和诱导耐药株的MIC变化情况。微量稀释法测定的MIC结果显示:在所选的6种抗生素中,氟苯尼考和氨苄西林对临床分离的38株猪链球菌的作用最好,抑菌率都为100%,红霉素及环丙沙星有一定作用,耐药率分别达39.5%(15/38)和28.9%(11/38),而磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、四环素的抑菌效果最差,耐药率达100%。浓度递增法成功诱导了猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药性,其MIC值分别由0.001 8 mg/L上升至128 mg/L。在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下,抗菌药物对部分猪链球菌2型菌株的MIC值下降。结果提示:逐步增加药物浓度可以诱导猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药性,而且猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性的产生可能与耐药性相关的主动外排机制有关。     

Safety and efficacy of two live Pasteurella multocida aro-A mutant vaccines in chickens

Two auxotrophic aro-A mutants of Pasteurella multocida designated PMP1 (serotype 1) and PMP3 (serotype 3) were tested as vaccine candidates to protect chickens against fowl cholera. A reliable intratracheal challenge method was established that resulted in > or = 75% mortality in both specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broiler breeders 24 hr after challenge. Dose protection studies indicated that at least 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) of PMP1 and 10(8) CFU of PMP3 were required to provide complete protection against challenge in all birds. Although high doses of 10(9) CFU of the vaccine strains produced some endotoxinlike reactions, lower but protective dose levels produced no clinical sign or lesion in any chicken. Both vaccine strains provided cross-protection with a heterologous challenge strain PM206 (serotype 4). Future studies will examine the duration of protective immunity induced by the two vaccine candidates, PMP1 and PMP3, and cross-protection against other serovars.     

多重荧光PCR检测Ⅱ型猪链球菌方法的建立及应用

建立了一种快速检测Ⅱ型猪链球菌（Streptococcus suis）的多重荧光PCR（multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction）方法。首先，从GenBank中获得Ⅱ型猪链球菌荚膜抗原编码基因簇中的cps2I和溶菌素释放蛋白基因mrp，用PrimerExpress2．0设计引物和Taqman荧光探针，在ABl7500荧光PCR仪上进行荧光PCR检测。荧光曲线表明该多重荧光PCR可以特异性地检测Ⅱ型猪链球菌，而参考猪链球菌、大肠杆菌等细菌和空白对照均为阴性；检测方法灵敏度达10个细菌的最小检测量，整个过程仅需60min；稳定性试验表明，2次检测所得的ct值之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。本试验建立的多重荧光PCR检测Ⅱ型猪链球菌的方法快速、特异性强，灵敏度高，稳定性好，适合于大批量样品的检验，可广泛用于出入境检疫和动物防疫监督部门的疫情监测。